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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2019) Drugs in syringes from six European cities: results from the ESCAPE project 2017. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

National Advisory Committee on Drugs and Alcohol, Northern Ireland. Department of Health. (2018) Prevalence of drug use and gambling in Ireland & drug use in Northern Ireland. 2014/15 drug prevalence survey: polydrug and new psychoactive substances results. Bulletin 4. Dublin: Department of Health.

Mentor, Adfam. (2017) Talking to your children about new psychoactive substances and club drugs. A handbook for parents and carers. London: Mentor and Adfam.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Recent changes in Europe’s MDMA/ecstasy market. EMCDDA rapid communication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2016) Terminology and information on drugs. New York: United Nations.

Bingham, Tim and O'Driscoll, Colin and De Barra, Graham (2015) National student drug survey 2015. Dublin: .

Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network. Abdulrahim, D and Bowden-Jones, O (2015) Guidance on the clinical management of acute and chronic harms of club drugs and novel psychoactive substances. London: NEPTUNE.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2013) EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Campus.ie. (2013) The National student survey 2013. Dublin: Campus.ie.

O'Gorman, Aileen and Piggott, Kevin and Napier, Kristina and Driscoll, Alan and Emerson, Darren and Mooney, Robert and Fennelly, Cara and Gately, Pamela and Foley, Mary (2013) An analysis of current licit and illicit drug use patterns in the Finglas-Cabra local drugs task force area. Dublin: Finglas/Cabra Local Drugs Task Force.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2011) 2011 Global ATS assessment. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2009) MDMA (‘ecstasy’): a review of its harms and classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. London: Home Office.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Health Promotion Unit, Department of Health and Children. (2008) Know the facts about drugs. Dublin: Health Service Executive.

Reaper-Reynolds, Sheilagh and Williams, James and Wolfe, Esther and Keane, Rory (2005) Understanding substances and substance use: a handbook for teachers. Kildare: South Western Area Health Board.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2003) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ecstasy and amphetamines global survey 2003. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

Merchants Quay Project. (2001) The situation concerning drug use and drug prevention in Dublin and what was done within the European Project: final report. Dublin: Merchants Quay Project.

McEvoy, Kieran and McElrath, Karen (1999) Ecstasy use in Northern Ireland: a qualitative study. Belfast: Stationery Office.

Murphy, Tim and O'Mahony, Paul and O'Shea, Marie (1998) Ecstasy use among young Irish people: a comparative and interdisciplinary study. (Unpublished) Cork: National University of Ireland, Cork. Centre for European Social Research and Department of Law.

Bissett, Fran (1997) Ecstasy and young people. Dublin: National Youth Council of Ireland & Health Promotion Unit, Department of Health.

Webpage

HSE drugs.ie. (2025) Drug trend updates and warnings. URL: https://www.drugs.ie/drugs_info/drug_trend_updates...

European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study. URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/html/pods/...

European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) EU drug market: MDMA. URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/eu-drug-ma...

European Union Drugs Agency. (2024) European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus): data and analysis. URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/data-facts...

European Union Drugs Agency. (2024) Frequently asked questions (FAQ): therapeutic use of psychedelic substances. URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/frequently...

National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. (2024) The Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS). URL: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/project/ecstasy-and-...

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2023) Most recent data from the European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise (ESCAPE): data explorer, analysis and key findings. URL: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/data-fac...

HSE drugs.ie. (2023) Harm reduction for different types of drugs. URL: https://www.drugs.ie/drugs_info/campaign/

FactSheet

HRB National Drugs Library. (2025) Factsheet: MDMA/ecstasy - the Irish situation. Dublin: HRB National Drugs Library.

Simon Community Scotland, Public Health Scotland. (2025) How to save a life: emergency response to a drug overdose, and harm reduction advice. Edinburgh: Public Health Scotland.

Trans-European Drug Information Network. (2024) Drug checking data from the Trans-European Drug Information (TEDI) network. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Jordan, Deborah (2024) Ecstasy: what is it? Wicklow: East Coast Regional Drug and Alcohol Task Force.

Organization of Teratology Information Specialists. (2023) Mother to baby: fact sheets [Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists.

UK Teratology Information Service. (2016) BUMPS: Best use of medicines in pregnancy - Ecstasy. London: UK Teratology Information Service.

Ana Liffey Drug Project. (2014) What is PMA / PMMA? Dublin: drugs.ie.

Dail Debates

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 589 – illicit trade [19908/25]. (29 Apr 2025)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 153 & 154 - Revenue Commissioners [30540/24 & 30541/24]. (11 Jul 2024)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 468 - Departmental data [drug seizures] [38593/23]. (11 Sep 2023)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 930 - Drugs crime [Ecstasy & the internet] [35486/13]. (16 Jul 2013)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answers 141, 143, 144 - National Drugs Strategy [44249/10, 44357/10, 44377/10]. (24 Nov 2010)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 65 - Substance abuse [Herbal ecstasy] [32596/07]. (05 Dec 2007)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 225 - Medicinal Products [Herbal ecstasy] [20962/07]. (02 Oct 2007)

Book

National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. (2017) Quick guide to drugs & alcohol. New South Wales: Drug Info. State Library of NSW .

Shapiro, Harry (2010) The media guide to drugs: key facts and figures for journalists. London: Drugscope .

Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna. (2003) Ecstasy and Amphetamines - Global Survey 2003. New York: United Nations .

Conference or Workshop Item

Corrigan, Desmond (2004) Drugs: mood, memory and mayhem. In: Drug Treatment Centre Board Evening Seminar Series, 4 November 2004.

Corrigan, Desmond (1997) Dispelling drug myths. In: Drugs in Dublin: Working Together We Can Make a Difference, 5th February 1997, Dublin Castle.

Thesis

McCarthy, Muireann (2017) Recreational drug use being normalised amongst the young people of Ireland. Other thesis, University College Cork.

Maguire, Richard (2001) The development, validation and application of analytical methods for the analysis of drugs of abuse. PhD thesis, Trinity College Dublin.

O'Brien, Aoife (1998) The ecstasy of agony? Moral panic in the print media. MSc thesis, Trinity College Dublin.

Video

Darke, Shane (2023) Drugs and the body video series. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney.

Dataset

European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) EUDA statistical bulletin - data and statistics on the drug situation in Europe.

Health Research Board. (2021) National Drug and Alcohol Survey [Ireland].

News

Health Service Executive. [Health Service Executive] HSE warns of dangers of new 'designer drugs' in circulation ahead of festival season. (30 May 2025)

[Sunday World] , Fetherstonhaugh, Neil How ‘pink cocaine' – the drug that killed Liam Payne – is taking a grip in Ireland. (24 Oct 2024)

[Health Service Executive] Supporting act: HSE drug harm reduction teams and lab at Electric Picnic 2024. (15 Aug 2024)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Revenue confirms risk checks 'from time to time' at private airfields. (09 Jul 2024)

[Health Service Executive] HSE Safer Nightlife Programme hosts harm reduction services at Mother Pride Block Party 2024. (28 Jun 2024)

[Health Service Executive] ‘Reduce Drug Harm’ at events and festivals this weekend. (07 Jun 2024)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac HSE prepares for arrival of killer synthetic drugs following Taliban opium crop crackdown. (01 Sep 2023)

[HSE press office] HSE drug trends update following ‘back of house’ drug checking at festival. (06 Jun 2023)

[Irish Times] , Gleeson, Colin Three alerts issued at Life Festival on back of drug-checking scheme. (03 Jun 2023)

[Irish Independent] , Coyne, Ellen Addicts caught with cocaine or ecstasy ‘should be cautioned and not charged’ says drugs strategy minister. (04 Nov 2022)

[Health Research Board] New European survey sheds light on how Irish people are using drugs. (04 Aug 2022)

[Health Research Board] European drug report 2022. HRB press release. (14 Jun 2022)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Use of ecstasy and cocaine drops during pandemic. (21 Jan 2022)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Drug trends under scrutiny after third seizure of new synthetic stimulant. (12 Jan 2022)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Experts want pilot project to test drugs at music festivals. (17 Sep 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Rourke, Ryan HSE issues warning about strength of MDMA and cocaine. (08 Aug 2021)

[Department of Health] Minister Feighan says HRB Drug Treatment Data for 2020 highlights importance of health-led response to drug and alcohol use. (20 Jul 2021)

Health Research Board. New HRB report examines drug use in Ireland. (01 Jul 2021)

[Department of Health] Minister Feighan welcomes publication of the National Drug and Alcohol Survey 2019/20 by the Health Research Board. (01 Jul 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , Dunphy, Liz Deadly synthetic drugs 'now mixed with cocaine and ecstasy', addiction therapists warn. (27 Aug 2020)

[Irish Times] , Mullally, Una When ecstasy was dealt openly on the Dublin rave scene. (13 Oct 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Electric Picnic festival goers warned of high strength drugs. (29 Aug 2019)

[Independent.ie] , Kelly, Aoife 'Bad batch is a red herring' - Irish doctor dispels drug myths and warns festival-goers about high potency MDMA. (29 Aug 2019)

[thejournal.ie] , McCrave, Conor`` Cork hospital warns festival-goers of 'bad batch' of ecstasy tablets causing 'severe illness'. (03 Aug 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , Leogue, Joe Drug harm-reduction campaign for music festivals. (20 Jun 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Concerns at trends with cannabis, ecstasy and heroin. (07 Jun 2019)

[Independent.ie] , Dillon, Fiona Improving economy leads to rise in demand for 'party drugs' in Ireland - new report. (08 Nov 2018)

[thejournal.ie] , Mcgrath, Dominic 'People tend to start doing cocaine because it's so much more socially acceptable'. (10 Sep 2018)

[Independent.ie] , McCrave, Conor Doctor who treated unconscious teen warns Irish people are playing 'Russian roulette' with drugs. (11 Jul 2018)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Fears at revival in stronger cocaine and ecstasy. (08 Jun 2018)

[thejournal.ie] , Fitzgerald, Cormac Young adults in Ireland are taking more MDMA and cannabis than they used to. (07 Jun 2018)

[Dublin Inquirer] , Neylon, Laoise An advice service keeps drug users up to date on trends. (08 Nov 2017)

[Independent.ie] HSE 'closely monitoring' rogue batch of deadly UFO pills after teen dies of suspected overdose. (28 Oct 2017)

[Belfast Telegraph] , Leonard, Victoria Drug Fentanyl 100 times more powerful than morphine is killer, warns Northern Ireland coroner. (22 Sep 2017)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Drug treatment centres shut due to user incidents. (14 Jun 2017)

[Irish Medical Times] , Shannon, June Is that really ecstasy? (09 Jun 2017)

[Irish Times] , McMahon, Aine MDMA use among young Irish adults rising – drugs report. (07 Jun 2017)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Sharp rise in ecstasy and cannabis use as alcohol sales increase. (26 Feb 2017)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Irish teen drinking at a low in European table for alcohol use. (21 Sep 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Cases of drug addiction treatment continue to rise. (01 Jun 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac EU report Ireland had fourth highest quantity of ecstasy seized. (01 Jun 2016)

[Independent.ie] , Phelan, Shane Even before they're teenagers, children are trying drugs. (24 Jan 2016)

[thejournal.ie] Drug-using students urged to be more careful when taking pills. (23 Oct 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , Shanahan, Catherine Third of students use legal drugs to ‘get high’. (28 Aug 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Half of students have used cannabis. (29 Jun 2015)

[thejournal.ie] Of 23,000 who say they took MDMA, 202 ended up in hospital. (18 Jun 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Irish drug users near top for problems caused by ecstasy and alcohol. (15 Jun 2015)

[thejournal.ie] , Ryan, Orla Irish recreational drug users reveal cocaine and MDMA use – and talk ‘mystery white powders’. (08 Jun 2015)

[Independent.ie] , Schiller, Robin Six others hospitalised on night tragic teen collapsed. (21 May 2015)

[Independent.ie] , Hade, Emma Jane and Cullen, Adam and Schiller, Robin Teenage girl dies after collapsing outside nightclub. (18 May 2015)

[thejournal.ie] , O'Faolain, Aodhan Three men tell High Court they should be let out of jail because of the ecstasy loophole. (25 Apr 2015)

[thejournal.ie] The judge who allowed ecstasy and ketamine to be legalised explains why he did it. (11 Mar 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , McDonald, Brian Coroner issues ecstasy warning after two drownings. (13 Dec 2014)

[Independent.ie] , Naughton, Gareth Coroner in warning about 'super-ecstasy' following inquests. (18 Jul 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , Ring, Evelyn Ecstasy abuse linked to spinal artery rupture. (04 Jul 2014)

[independent.ie] , Brady, Tom Death toll from lethal ecstasy tablets rises to 11. (09 Jun 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Ireland has third highest drug-related fatalities. (28 May 2014)

[independent.ie] , Cusack, Jim Home-made drugs are 'driving students to self-harm'. (25 May 2014)

[independent.ie] , Hogan, Louise and Brady, Tom Ten deaths in two years linked to lethal ecstasy, gardai fear. (24 May 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Halloran, Georgina Coroner warns against ‘deadly poison’ ecstasy after fatalities. (09 Apr 2014)

[Irish Examiner] New synthetic ecstasy tablet puts five in hospital. (24 Mar 2014)

[Independent.ie] , Murray, Alan and Reilly, Jerome Cross-border alert over lethal batch of ecstasy after man's death. (29 Dec 2013)

[Independent.ie] , Brady, Tom Explosion in new 'designer drugs' sparks fears for safety of users. (25 Dec 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Keogh, Elaine ‘Super-ecstasy’ killed young woman. (12 Dec 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Cahill, Ann Keeping up with legal high market ‘impossible’. (18 Sep 2013)

[Irish Independent] , Cusack, Jim Republicans and loyalists linked to deadly drug. (07 Jul 2013)

[Belfast Telegraph] , Alexander, Stephen Warning over contaminated Ecstasy. (04 Jul 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Lally, Conor Seizure of banned synthetic drugs in post reaches all-time high. (01 Jul 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Revellers warned of new drug’s dangers. (24 Jun 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac €3m ecstasy haul is the biggest in nine years. (06 Jun 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Moore, Ollie Irish scientists leading street drug research. (30 Apr 2013)

[rte.ie] HSE in warning to drug users over powder form of ecstasy. (12 Sep 2012)

[RTE News] Sinn Féin wants refocus on drugs crisis. (16 Nov 2011)

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. [United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime] UNODC: Amphetamine-type stimulants ranked world's second most used drug after cannabis. (13 Sep 2011)