This report explores the recent resurgence in use of MDMA in Europe and increased availability of high-strength MDMA tablets, crystals and powders. It notes that the picture is not uniform across European countries, and while overall the region’s MDMA market is now in a period of consolidation, there are some temporal ripple effects as latecomer countries catch up.

Table of contents

• Study rationale and methods
• A short history of MDMA/ecstasy
• A range of MDMA products
• MDMA markets — production and supply
• MDMA use and cultural context
• MDMA harms and deaths
• Discussion
• Acknowledgements
• References