Article

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Guiney, Ciara (2021) Debts, threats, distress, and hope: drug-related intimidation in Dublin’s north east inner city. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 77, Spring 2021 , pp. 26-29.

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Murphy, Laura (2017) Drug-related intimidation. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 62, Summer 2017 , pp. 25-27.

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Connolly, Johnny (2011) Council of Europe highlights drug-related violence in Irish prisons. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 37, Spring 2011 , p. 27.

Connolly, Johnny (2011) Citywide conference on drug-related intimidation. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 38, Summer 2011 , pp. 1-3.

Connolly, Johnny (2010) Debt-related intimidation of drug users and their families. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 33, Spring 2010 , p. 18.

Higgins, Kathryn and Kilpatrick, R (2005) The impact of paramilitary violence against a heroin-user community in Nothern Ireland: A qualitative analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy , 16 , pp. 334-342.

Report

Policing Authority. (2024) Policing Authority assessment of policing performance 2023. Dublin: Policing Authority.

Robinson, Janet and Doherty, Jim (2024) Drug and Alcohol Trends Monitoring System (DATMS) 2023: year 8. Dublin: Blanchardstown Local Drug and Alcohol Task Force.

Europol. (2024) Decoding the EU’s most threatening criminal networks. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Ireland. Department of Justice. (2023) National action plan to prevent and combat human trafficking 2023 - 2027. Dublin: Government of Ireland.

Duopah, Yaa Asuaba and Elmusharaf, Khalifa and Moran, Lisa and Kelly, Dervla (2023) Cocaine and crack cocaine health-related harms in the South Inner City. A report commissioned by the South Inner City Drugs and Alcohol Task Force. Dublin: South Inner City Local Drugs and Alcohol Task Force.

Morton, Sarah and Gallagher, Blaithin and McLoughlin, Emma (2023) 'You can't fix this in six months': the intersectionality of women's substance use in the Irish context. Dublin: University College Dublin and Merchants Quay Ireland.

Policing Authority. (2023) What we heard 2022. Dublin: Policing Authority.

Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2023) Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2022. Dublin: Health Research Board.

NEIC Programme Office. (2022) Dublin North East Inner City progress report 2022. Dublin: Dublin City Council NEIC Programme Office.

Fitzpatrick, Finbarr (2022) The landscape of substance misuse and its impact on the communities of Tallaght’s Drugs and Alcohol Task Force. Dublin: Tallaght Drug & Alcohol Task Force.

Brennan, Rebekah (2022) “Singing from the same hymn sheet”: an evidence base for the development of an interagency Drug Related Intimidation (DRI) specific training programme in the SICDATF area. Dublin: South Inner City Local Drugs and Alcohol Task Force.

Policing Authority. (2022) Policing Authority assessment of policing performance 2022. Dublin: Policing Authority.

An Garda Siochana. (2022) An Garda Síochána strategy statement 2022 - 2024. Dublin: An Garda Siochana.

HM Government. (2022) Guidance for local delivery partners. From harm to hope: A 10-year drugs plan to cut crime and save lives. London: HM Government.

Chairperson of the Dublin City Joint Policing Committee. (2022) Annual report of the Joint Policing Committees 2021. Dublin City Council. Dublin: Policing Authority.

Ipsos European Public Affairs. (2022) Flash Eurobarometer 493. Impact of drugs on communities Ireland. Brussels: European Commission.

Ipsos European Public Affairs. (2022) Flash Eurobarometer 493 – Impact of drugs on communities – June-July 2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Bray local drugs and alcohol task force. (2022) Bray local drugs and alcohol task force annual report 2021. Bray: Bray local drugs and alcohol task force.

North Dublin Regional Drug & Alcohol Task Force. (2022) 'Improving health outcomes by understanding the lived experiences of young people in North Dublin’: North Dublin risk and protective factors Planet Youth report 1. Dublin: Merlin Press.

Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2022) Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2021. Dublin: Health Research Board.

Police Service of Northern Ireland. (2021) Chief Constable’s accountability report to the Northern Ireland Policing Board. Belfast: Police Service of Northern Ireland.

Montague, Andrew (2021) Building community resilience, how to sustain momentum. An evaluation of the building community resilience project in Dublin south central. Dublin: Dublin City Council.

DRIVE Oversight Committee. (2021) A data-driven intervention model to respond effectively to drug-related intimidation and violence in communities in Ireland. Dublin: Department of Health.

Friis Søgaard, Thomas and Højlund Bræmer, Marie and Mulbjerg Pedersen, Michael (2021) Exploring drug supply, associated violence and exploitation of vulnerable groups in Denmark. Technical report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Montague, Andrew (2021) Ballymun – a brighter future. A plan to tackle the underlying causes of addiction and crime and to tackle open drug dealing. Dublin: Ballymun Local Drugs and Alcohol Task Force.

McCreery, Sarahjane and Keane, Marcus and Bowden, Matthew (2021) Debts, threats, distress and hope: towards understanding drug-related intimidation in Dublin’s North East Inner City. Dublin: Ana Liffey Drug Project.

Geiran, Vivian (2021) Drogheda: creating a bridge to a better future. Community safety & wellbeing: report of a scoping review for the Department of Justice. Dublin: Department of Justice.

Mulcahy, Jane (2021) Relentless caring: trying something new. An evaluation of the targeted response with youth TRY project. Dublin: Slaintecare, Pobal and Government of Ireland.

Health Research Board. (2021) Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2020. Dublin: Health Research Board.

Mulcahy, Jane (2020) Safety in numbers: an evaluation of Community Crime Impact Assessment (CCIA) pilot projects. Dublin: Citywide.

Hales, Gavin and du Mont, Sophie and Desroches, Callyane and Redgrave, Harvey (2020) What is driving serious violence: drugs. “The marketplace is more volatile and violent than it has ever been”. London: Crest Advisory.

Department of Justice and Equality. (2020) Department of Justice and Equality. Briefing document for Minister. Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality.

Health Research Board. (2020) Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2019. Dublin: Health Research Board.

Walsh, Kathy and McNally, Michelle and Bennett, John (2019) Perceptions of safety among people living and working in the Finglas Community Safety Forum catchment. Dublin: Finglas Safety Forum.

Kelly, Kathyan (2019) Substance misuse issues in Dublin’s north east inner city. A community-based needs analysis. Dublin: North Inner City Drug and Alcohol Task Force.

Turner, Alexandra and Belcher, Lucy and Pona, Iryna (2019) Counting lives. Responding to children who are criminally exploited. London: The Children's Society.

Bowden, Matthew (2019) The drug economy and youth interventions: an exploratory research project on working with young people involved in the illegal drugs trade. Dublin: Citywide.

Connolly, Johnny and Mulcahy, Jane (2019) Building community resilience. Responding to criminal and anti-social behaviour networks across Dublin South Central: a research study. Dublin: Four Forum Network and Dublin City Council.

O'Flynn, Alice (2019) Findings from a study on how families are affected by substance misuse in the North East Region of Ireland. Dundalk: Family Addiction Support Network.

Citywide. (2018) NDS briefing for Public Representatives April 2018. Dublin: Citywide.

An Garda Siochana. (2018) An Garda Siochana: annual report 2017. Dublin: An Garda Siochana.

Murphy, Laura and Farragher, Louise and Keane, Martin and Galvin, Brian and Long, Jean (2017) Drug-related intimidation. The Irish situation and international responses: an evidence review. Dublin: Health Research Board.

Mulvey, Kieran (2017) "Creating a brighter future ". An outline plan for the social and economic regeneration of Dublin's North East Inner City. Dublin: Government Publications.

Connolly, Johnny and Buckley, Lisa (2016) Demanding money with menace: drug-related intimidation and community violence in Ireland. Dublin: Citywide Drugs Crisis Campaign.

Department of Children and Youth Affairs. (2016) Lifting the lid on Greentown. – Why we should be concerned about the influence criminal networks have on children’s offending behaviour in Ireland. Dublin: Government Publications.

Jennings, Philip (2015) Melting the iceberg of fear: a collective response to anti-social behaviour, drugs misuse, criminal activity and drug debt intimidation. Dublin: Safer Blanchardstown.

Citywide. (2014) Submission to the Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality on the effects of gangland crime on communities. Dublin: Citywide.

North Inner City Drugs Task Force. (2013) North Inner City Drugs Task Force trends and behaviours online survey . Violence, intimidation and threats. Dublin: North Inner City Drugs Task Force.

Citywide. (2013) Citywide seminar report on drug-related intimidation in communities. Dublin: Citywide.

Jennings, Philip (2013) Melting the iceberg of fear: a collective response. Dublin: Safer Blanchardstown.

Citywide. (2011) Working together - tackling intimidation. Dublin: Citywide.

O'Leary, Megan (2009) Intimidation of families. Dublin: Family Support Network.

Dail Debates

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 – National security [2791/24]. (20 Feb 2024)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 1134, 1135 – Drug dealing [intimidation] [1706/1707/24]. (17 Jan 2024)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 609 – Health strategies [drug intimidation] [53781/23]. (05 Dec 2023)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 5 & 12 Taoiseach's communications [drugs policy] [30915/23] [32556/23]. (04 Jul 2023)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann Debate. Written answer 505 - Crime prevention [9845/23]. (28 Feb 2023)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answer 13 - Drug dealing [Intimidation] [60618/22]. (06 Dec 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answers 317 & 62 - Departmental projects & Crime prevention [Intimidation] [51618/22 & 52410/22]. (20 Oct 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answer 501 - An Garda Síochána [35446/22]. (05 Jul 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answer 66 – Drug dealing [35981/22]. (05 Jul 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answer 787 – Health services [DRIVE] [14466/22]. (22 Mar 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Written answers 1376 & 1495 - Health strategies [Task forces & DRIVE] [63043/21 & 63404/21]. (19 Jan 2022)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 154 – Drug dealing [Drug-related intimidation] [58050/21]. (25 Nov 2021)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Topical issue debate - Medical cards [Drug crime and intimidation]. (11 Mar 2021)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Counterfeiting Bill 2020: Second Stage. (11 Feb 2021)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2020 [Seanad]: Second Stage (Resumed). (03 Feb 2021)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Other questions - Crime prevention [22994/20, 22869/20, 23176/20]. (10 Sep 2020)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Questions: Regeneration projects [15758/20]. (14 Jul 2020)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Cabinet Committee Meetings [50087/19, 51822/19, 52728/19] Drug gangs. (17 Dec 2019)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 249 - Drugs crime [27295/15]. (07 Jul 2015)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 485 - Drugs crime [11829/15]. (24 Mar 2015)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 24 - Garda operations [2164/15]. (19 Feb 2015)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 136 - Drugs-related intimidation [46715/14]. (04 Dec 2014)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 323 - Garda resources [35842/14]. (23 Sep 2014)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 8. Organised crime [39814/13]. (25 Sep 2013)

[Oireachtas] Dail Eireann debate. Written answer 43 - National Drugs Strategy [Intimidation] [46042/10]. (14 Dec 2010)

Conference or Workshop Item

National Drugs Forum. (2022) National Drugs Forum 2022 - speaker recordings. In: National Drugs Forum 2022 – Building research capacity: knowledge for a safer future,, 2 November 2022, Gibson Hotel, Dublin.

Quality Matters. (2019) Lives without fear – what works? Conference report and recommendations. In: Lives without fear – what works, 18 June 2018, Croke Park, Dublin.

Connolly, Johnny (2010) Community responses to issues of safety and intimidation. In: Community drugs problem: defining the problem - defending the responses conference, 15 October 2010, Dublin.

O'Leary, Megan (2010) Intimidation of families. In: Community drugs problem: defining the problem - defending the responses conference, 15 October 2010, Dublin.

Audio

Prior, Darren J (2024) Near FM audio interviews with people working in Task Forces and other alcohol and drug areas in Ireland.

Teaching Resource

Western Region Drug and Alcohol Task Force. (2022) Drug related intimidation programme. Galway: Western Region Drug and Alcohol Task Force.

Other

DRIVE Oversight Committee. (2021) Drug related intimidation & violence engagement (DRIVE) leaflet. DRIVE, Dublin.

News

[The Guardian] , Kelly, Annie ‘We’re seeing firearms, arson, attacks on homes’: the families in the eye of Ireland’s cocaine storm. (16 Jun 2024)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 'Violence, intimidation, addiction behind all that bling'. (25 Mar 2024)

[thejournal.ie] , Ryan, Orla 'Everyone knows drugs are sold and people are intimidated in areas affected by poverty'. (17 Mar 2024)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 37% drop in Cork's garda drug squad numbers compared to 14% nationwide. (21 Feb 2024)

[Irish Examiner] , Dunphy, Liz Drug-debt enforcers 'terrorising families in every county'. (06 Aug 2023)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Cormac O'Keeffe: Invest in frontline to help tackle street violence. (22 Jul 2023)

[thejournal.ie] , Halpin, Hayley 'Staff have been attacked, spat at': Dublin city businesses on impact of anti-social behaviour. (09 Jun 2023)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Child, 8, used by gang to collect drug debts on bike. (29 May 2023)

[Irish Times] , Gallagher, Conor How drug debts are used to control Irish communities: ‘Men are forced to go to jail on someone’s behalf’. (01 Apr 2023)

[Irish Times] , Power, Jack Families pressured to remortgage homes over drug debts, says senior garda. (17 Jan 2023)

[Irish Times] , Power, Jack Nearly 200 reports of drug-related intimidation in north Dublin. (16 Jan 2023)

[Irish Times] , Power, Jack Concern over increasing prevalence of drug-related ‘cuckooing’. (09 Nov 2022)

[Irish Times] , Dalton, Eoghan Addiction and drug debts wreak havoc on community. (04 Jul 2022)

Department of Health. Minister for Public Health, Wellbeing and the National Drugs Strategy advocates multi-agency response to EU report on impact of drugs on communities. (03 Feb 2022)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Almost 290 drug intimidation cases reported in Dublin last year. (26 Jan 2022)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Women being forced into sex to pay drug debts as intimidation rises. (27 Nov 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 'Growing concern' at level of intimidation by drugs gangs. (23 Nov 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , Murray, Sean Drug-related intimidation 'normalised' way of resolving disputes, seminar hears. (17 Nov 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 'He owed money and these people wanted money': drugs, debts and the silent toll on families. (18 Sep 2021)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Hostile takeovers: dealers sell from the homes of vulnerable addicts. (17 Apr 2021)

[Irish Times] , Holland, Kitty ‘I’ll blow your f**king legs off’: crime and neglect in Dublin city centre. (13 Feb 2021)

[Irish Times] , Lally, Conor Dublin's north inner city: Hospital records to help analyse 'violence as disease'. (08 Feb 2021)

Ana Liffey Drug Project. [Ana Liffey Drug Project] Report highlights need to work together to address drug-related intimidation. (26 Jan 2021)

[Department of Justice and Equality] Minister McEntee to assess impact of criminal activity in Drogheda. (21 Aug 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , Dunphy, Liz Drug dealers calling in €30k drug debts from Cork families. (15 May 2020)

[Southern Star] , O'Mahony, Kieran West Corks cocaine wars (part 1). (11 May 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Teen cannabis dealers go from oppressed to oppressor. (22 Apr 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Reducing drug deaths made national priority under Operation Tara. (17 Feb 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Cormac O’Keeffe: Pledges galore, but will anything change on the ground? (05 Feb 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 'This is a national crisis' - Drogheda families speak ahead of protest against criminality and violence. (25 Jan 2020)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Status and money pull youth into drugs trade. (23 Dec 2019)

[Irish Times] , Holland, Kitty Drug-related intimidation causing ‘havoc’ in Traveller community. (13 Nov 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Parents ‘want to keep heads down’ over drugs trade. (11 Nov 2019)

[Irish Times] , Horgan Jones, Jack and Gallagher, Conor Gangs stealing scrap metal to fund drug deals, Government told. (19 Oct 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , Baker, Noel Parents pay price for drug debts of children, says judge. (08 Jun 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac 'Low-level dealing is enough to have your life taken': Garda appeals to youth to shun drug life. (23 May 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Young people see drug dealing as ‘work’ to buy consumer goods. (30 Apr 2019)

[Irish Times] , Gallagher, Conor Drug debts: First come bullets in the post. Then the family home is firebombed. (09 Feb 2019)

[thejournal.ie] , Hennessy, Michelle Dealers make violent threats against 12-year-olds over cannabis debt. (28 Jan 2019)

[thejournal.ie] , Dunphy, Shane A mother on drug crime in Ireland: 'When the dealers called to my door and wanted me to settle his debts, I’d had enough'. (07 Jan 2019)

[Irish Examiner] , Walsh, Louise Residents of Meath village unite to stop drug dealers. (20 Dec 2018)

[Dublin People] Shocking drug trends emerging. (04 Dec 2018)

[The Times] , Hourihan, Anne Marie Addiction can’t be left to desperate families. (21 Nov 2018)

[Independent.ie] , Keogh, Elaine People under threat from drug dealers should tell us - Garda chief. (20 Nov 2018)

[Independent.ie] , Sheehan, Maeve 'Fear stalks feud town as gangs 'tax' families over children's drug debts'. (18 Nov 2018)

[thejournal.ie] , MacNamee, Garreth Drug dealing criminals using bookmakers' online accounts to stash money. (19 Oct 2018)

[Irish Times] , Harrold, Pat When a local GP suddenly finds themselves in a scene from ‘Love/Hate’. (08 Aug 2018)

[thejournal.ie] , MacNamee, Garreth Revealed: The human trafficking heroin gang behind an acid attack on a drugs garda. (16 Jul 2018)

[thejournal.ie] , MacNamee, Garreth Drugs unit garda suffers acid attack at hands of heroin gang he's investigating. (06 Jul 2018)

[Belfast Telegraph] , Smyth, Lisa Northern Ireland addicts with huge drug debts are taking their own lives rather than face angry dealers, claims front line worker. (26 May 2018)

[Independent.ie] , Foy, Ken Cocaine: The Gang Wars connection. (19 Nov 2017)

[thejournal.ie] , Ryan, Orla People warned that small weed or cocaine habits are fuelling violent crime. (08 Nov 2017)

[Belfast Telegraph] , Black, Rebecca Group issues death threat against 14 in west Belfast. (07 Nov 2017)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac ‘Zero tolerance’by gangs to all drug debt. (16 Oct 2017)

[Merrionstreet.ie] Government responds comprehensively to Mulvey report recommendations for north east inner city. (16 Feb 2017)

[Irish Examiner] , English, Eoin Facebook page threatens vigilante strikes on drug dealers. (12 Feb 2017)

[Independent.ie] '1 in 3 people threatened over a drug debt is your Ma' - Hard-hitting campaign targets teens. (22 Dec 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Children as young as 12 being sucked into crime. (30 Nov 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Recreational drug use ‘feeding’ local gang intimidation. (24 Oct 2016)

[Irish Mirror] , McMenamy, Emma Jailed gang members forcing inmates to collect drugs thrown over the wall 'or face beating'. (08 Oct 2016)

[thejournal.ie] , Fitzgerald, Cormac Members of the public and gardaí gathered last night to discuss crime in the capital. (29 Sep 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , Ó Fátharta, Conall Staff shortages, drugs and inmate violence blight jails. (25 Jun 2016)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac No more ‘going through the motions’, warns youth expert. (27 May 2016)

[thejournal.ie] , Clonan, Tom Invisible police and invisible politicians are the roots of Dublin's narco terror violence. (27 Apr 2016)

[RTE News] Majority of drug users do not report attacks - report. (16 Feb 2016)

[Irish Examiner] Study reveals 75% of people do not report intimidation by drug gangs. (12 Nov 2015)

[Independent.ie] , O'Faherty, Jane 75pc of people who experienced drug intimidation did not report the incident to gardai. (12 Nov 2015)

[Independent.ie] , Fegan, Joyce Drug debt is now a huge issue for Irish teens, warns leading psychiatrist. (09 Aug 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Need for mini CABs to tackle drug gangs. (19 Feb 2015)

[Limerick Post] , Jacques, Alan Violent undercurrent to Limerick City’s drug problem. (12 Feb 2015)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Drug-hit areas feel ‘hopeless’ over fear of gangs. (11 Dec 2014)

[thejournal.ie] , MacGuill, Dan “Horrific”: Gangs passing drug debts on to families bereaved by suicide. (11 Dec 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Special report: The drugs trade in Ireland. (24 Oct 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , Neylon, Laoise and Ó Fátharta, Conall Trafficking fears over drug case convictions. (18 Oct 2014)

[Irish Examiner] , Woulfe, Jimmy European drugs gang targets immigrants. (09 Oct 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Initiative to tackle drug-debt bullying by dealers. (02 Jul 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Baker, Noel Drug debt teens threatened with guns. (17 Jun 2013)

[Herald.ie] , Feehan, Conor Dealers forcing parents to pay for drug debts. (10 May 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Baker, Noel Cannabis drug debts leading to suicide. (25 Mar 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , Baker, Noel Intimidation over drug debts on rise. (04 Mar 2013)

[Irish Examiner] , O'Keeffe, Cormac Help for families intimidated by dealers. (05 Feb 2013)

[Irish Independent] , Ryan, Philip Sex assaults and drug offences also quashed by gardai. (23 Dec 2012)

[Alcohol Action Ireland] One in 11 report they or a family member assaulted by someone under the influence of alcohol in past year. (14 Dec 2011)