United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2021) Drugs monitoring platform (DMP). URL: https://dmp.unodc.org/

McGregor, Iain S and Cairns, Elizabeth A and Abelev, Sarah and Cohen, Rhys and Henderson, Mat and Couch, Daniel and Arnold, Jonathon C and Gauld, Natalie (2020) Access to cannabidiol without a prescription: a cross-country comparison and analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy , 85 , p. 102935.

Bhala, Neeraj and Cezard, Genevieve and Ward, Hester JT and Bansal, Narinder and Bhopal, Raj (2016) Ethnic variations in liver- and alcohol-related disease hospitalisations and mortality: The Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Study. Alcohol and Alcoholism , 51 , (5) , pp. 593-601.

Bräker, Astrid B and Soellner, Renate (2016) Alcohol drinking cultures of European adolescents. European Journal of Public Health , 26 , (4) , pp. 581-586.

Ali, M Adam and Way, Michael J and Marks, Michael and Guerrini, Irene and Thomson, Allan D and Strang, John and McQuillin, Andrew and Morgan, Marsha Y (2015) Phenotypic heterogeneity in study populations may significantly confound the results of genetic association studies on alcohol dependence. Psychiatric Genetics , 25 , (6) , pp. 234-40.

Kuntsche, Emmanuel and Wicki, Matthias and Windlin, Béat and Roberts, Chris and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse and van der Sluijs, Winfried and Aasvee, Katrin and Gaspar de Matos, Margarida and Dankulincová, Zuzana and Hublet, Anne and Tynjälä, Jorma and Välimaa, Raili and Bendtsen, Pernille and Vieno, Alessio and Mazur, Joanna and Farkas, Judith and Demetrovics, Zsolt (2015) Drinking motives mediate cultural differences but not gender differences in adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Adolescent Health , 56 , (3) , pp. 323-329.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Drug prevention interventions targeting minority ethnic populations: issues raised by 33 case studies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Goodman, Anthony and Hurcombe, Rachel and Healy, Jane and Goodman, Sue and Ball, Emma (2011) Teenage drinking and interethnic friendships. London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard and Ducimetière, Pierre and Montaye, Michele and Haas, Bernadette and Bingham, Annie and Yarnell, John D and Amouyel, Philippe and Arveiler, Dominique and Kee, Frank and Bongard, Vanina and Ferrières, Jean (2010) Patterns of alcohol consumption and ischaemic heart disease in culturally divergent countries: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). British Medical Journal , 341 , (c6077) .

Bhala, Neeraj and Fischbacher, Colin and Bhopal, Raj (2010) Mortality for alcohol-related harm by country of birth in Scotland, 2000-2004: potential lessons for prevention. Alcohol and Alcoholism , 45 , (6) , pp. 552-556.

Montanari, Linda and Serafini, Marco and Maffli, Etienne and Busch, Martin and Kontogeorgiou, Katerina and Kuijpers, Wil and Ouwehand, Anton and Pouloudi, Maria and Simon, Roland and Spyropoulou, Maria and Studnickova, Bela and Gyarmathy, V. Anna (2010) Gender and regional differences in client characteristics among substance abuse treatment clients in the Europe. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy , 18 , (1) , pp. 24-31.

Gilligan, Robbie and Curry, Philip and McGrath, Judy and Murphy, Derek and Ní Raghallaigh, Muireann and Rogers, Margaret and Scholtz,, Jennifer Jean and Gilligan Quinn, Aoife (2010) In the front line of integration: young people managing migration to Ireland. Dublin: Children's Research Centre.

World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Brooks, Fiona and van der Sluijs, Winfried and Klemera, Ellen and Morgan, Anthony and Magnusson, Josefine and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse and Roberts, Chris and Smith, Rebecca and Currie, Candace (2009) Young People’s Health in Great Britain and Ireland: Findings from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey, 2006. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire, CRIPACC.

Cebolla, Beatriz and Bjornberg, Arne (2009) The Euro HIV Index 2009 – a reality check of public policy and best practice in 29 countries. Brussels: Health Consumer Powerhouse.

Ward, Mark and McGee, Hannah and Morgan, Karen and Van Lente, Eric and Layte, Richard and Barry, Margaret and Watson, Dorothy and Shelley, Emer and Perry, Ivan J (2009) Slan 2007: one island - one lifestyle? Health and lifestyles in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland: comparing the population surveys of Slan 2007 and NIHSWS 2005. Dublin: Department of Health and Children.

Keane, Martin (2009) Substance use in new communities in the WRDTF area. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 30, Summer 2009 , pp. 12-13.

Rao, R and Wolff, K and Marshall, EJ (2008) Alcohol use and misuse in older people: a local prevalence study comparing English and Irish inner-city residents living in the UK. Journal of Substance Use , 13 , (1) , pp. 17-26.

Central Statistics Office. (2008) Census 2006. Non-Irish Nationals living in Ireland. Dublin: Stationery Office .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Towards a better understanding of drug-related public expenditure in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - National drug-related research in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Baptista, Isabel and O’Sullivan, Eoin (2008) The role of the state in developing homeless strategies: Portugal and Ireland in comparative perspective. European Journal of Homelessness , 2 , pp. 25-43.

Kabir, Zubair and Clarke, Vanessa and Keogan, Sheila and Currie, Laura M. and Zatonski, Witold and Clancy, Luke (2008) Smoking characteristics of Polish immigrants in Dublin. BMC Public Health , 8 , (428) .

Domenig, Dagmar and Fountain, Jane and Schatz, Eberhard and Broring, Georg, eds. (2007) Migration, marginalisation and access to health and social services: overcoming barriers. Amsterdam: Foundation Regenboog AMOC .

Malin, Katja and Nastamo, Lioudmila and Puro, Päivi and Mikkonen, Mika, eds. (2007) Peer training in a multicultural environment: snowball and individual training at the Vinkki health advice centre in Helsinki. Amsterdam: Foundation Regenboog AMOC.

Kelleher, Cecily and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse and Tay, J (2007) Influence on self-rated health of socio-demographic, lifestyle and affluence factors: an analysis of the Irish and International Health Behaviour among School-Aged Children (HBSC) datasets 1998. Irish Medical Journal , 100 , (8, sup) , pp. 43-46.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2007: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drugs and driving. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drug use and related problems among very young people (under 15 years old). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Muscat, Richard and Bjarnason, Thoroddur and Beck, François and Peretti-Watel, Patrick (2007) Risk factors in adolescent drug use: evidence from school surveys and application in policy. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Galvin, Brian (2006) Drugs and Diversity seminar. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 20, Winter 2006 , p. 7.

Risk Behaviour Focus Group of the HBSC. Kokkevi, Anna and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse and Spyropoulou, Joseph Simon Maria (2006) Early initiation of cannabis use: a cross-national European perspective. Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 , pp. 712-719.

March, Joan Carles and Oviedo-Joekes, Eugenia and Romero, Manuel (2006) Drugs and social exclusion in ten European cities. European Addiction Research , 12 , (1) , pp. 33-41.

Bogt, T ter and Schmid, H and Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse and Fotiou, A and Vollebergh, W (2006) Economic and cultural correlates of cannabis use among mid-adolescents in 31 countries. Addiction , 101 , (2) , pp. 241-251.

Point, Pavee and Quay, Merchants, eds. McCarthy, Deirdre (2006) Drugs and diversity: exploring drug issues amongst New Communities and the Traveller Community. Dublin: Pavee Point Travellers Resource Centre, Merchants Quay Ireland.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual Report 2006: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Hawdon, James E (2005) Drug and alcohol consumption as functions of social structures: a cross-cultural sociology. Mellen studies in sociology; v. 47 Lewiston [N.Y.]: Edwin Mellen Press .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: selected issues. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Ramstedt, Mats and Hope, Ann (2005) The Irish drinking habits of 2002: drinking and drinking-related harm in a European comparative perspective. Journal of Substance Use , 10 , (5) , pp. 273-283.

Orford, Jim and Natera, Guillermina and Copello, Alex and Atkinson, Carol and Mora, Jazmín and Velleman, Richard and Crundall, Ian and Tiburcio, Marcela and Templeton, Lorna and Walley, Gwen (2005) Coping with alcohol and drug problems: the experiences of family members in three contrasting cultures. London: Routledge .

Sinclair, Hamish (2004) Binge drinking and drinking-related harm: a European comparison. Drugnet Ireland , Issue 10, March 2004 , p. 7.

Prinzleve, Michael and Haasen, Christian and Zurhold, Heike and Matali, Josep Lluis and Bruguera, Eugeni and Gerevich, Jozsef and Bacskai, Erika and Ryder, Niamh and Butler, Shane and Manning, Victoria and Gossop, Michael and Pezous, Ann-Marie and Verster, Annette and Camposeragna, Antonella and Andersson, Pia and Olsson, B and Primorac, Andjela and Fischer, Gabriele and Guttinger, Franziska and Rehm, Jürgen and Krausz, Michael (2004) Cocaine use in Europe - a multi-centre study: patterns of use in different groups. European Addiction Research , 10 , (4) , pp. 147-155.

Merchants Quay Ireland. Corr, Caroline (2004) Drug use among new communities in Ireland: an exploratory study. Dublin: National Advisory Committee on Drugs.

Ramstedt, Mats and Hope, Ann (2004) The Irish drinking culture: drinking and drinking-related harm, a European comparison.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2004) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2004 Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Haasen, Christian and Prinzleve, Michael and Zurhold, Heike and Rehm, Jürgen and Guttinger, Franziska and Fischer, Gabriele and Jagsch, Reinhold and Olsson, B and Ekendahl, Mats and Verster, Annette and Camposeragna, Antonella and Pezous, Ann-Marie and Gossop, Michael and Manning, Victoria and Cox, Gemma and Ryder, Niamh and Gerevich, Jozsef and Bacskai, Erika and Casas, Miguel and Matali, Josep Lluis and Krausz, Michael (2004) Cocaine use in Europe - a multi-centre study. European Addiction Research , 10 , (4) , pp. 139-146.

South, Nigel and Coomber, Ross, eds. (2004) Drug use and cultural contexts 'beyond the west' : tradition, change and post-colonism. London: Free Association .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2003) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the acceding and candidate countries to the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2003) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Barrett, Mags and Burnett, Tracy and Calvo, Mayte and Conlon, Stephanie and Coveney, Emer and Cozma, Otilia and Kelly, Michelle and Kilkenny, Anna and Majola, Akiem and Power, Sharon and Trujillo, Begona and Wallace, Jennifer and Wanzenböck, Jessica and Barrett, Pat and Watson, Tanya (2003) Guidelines for intercultural best practice in local service provision. Dublin: Intercultural Working Group of the North West Inner City.

Bless, Ruud (2002) Pompidou Group multi-city study update report 1999-2000: 32nd meeting of experts in epidemiology of drug problems (Strasburg, 27-28 May 2002). Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group).

Redfield, Mark and Brodie, Janet Farrell, eds. (2002) High anxieties: cultural studies in addiction. Berkeley: University of California Press .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): Report on the drug situation in the candidate CEECs 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Pinchbeck, Daniel (2002) Breaking open the head: a psychodelic journey into the heart of contemporary shamonism. New York: Broadway Books .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Annual report on the state of the dugs problem in the European Union and Norway 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Dillon, Mary Ellen (2002) Ireland. In: Substance abuse: a global view. London: Greenwood Press , pp. 115-128.

Isralowitz, Richard and Afifi, Mohammed and Rawson, Richard, eds. (2002) Drug problems: cross cultural policy and program development. Connecticut: Auburn House .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2001) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2001. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Arveiler, Dominique and Evans, Alan and Amouyel, Philippe and Ferrières, Jean and Ducimetière, Pierre (2001) Different alcohol drinking and blood pressure relationships in France and Northern Ireland: The PRIME Study. Hypertension , 38 , (6) , pp. 1361-6.

Skog, Ole-Jorgen (2001) Alcohol consumption and mortality rates from traffic accidents, accidental falls, and other accidents in 14 European countries. Addiction , 96 , (Supplement 1) , pp. 49-58.

Ramstedt, Mats (2001) Per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality in 14 European countries. Addiction , 96 , (Supplement 1) , pp. 19-34.

Skog, Ole-Jorgen (2001) Alcohol consumption and overall accident mortality in 14 European countries. Addiction , 96 , (Supplement 1) , pp. 35-47.

Ramstedt, Mats (2001) Alcohol and suicide in 14 European countries. Addiction , 96 , (Supplement 1) , pp. 59-75.

Bless, Ruud (2000) 3rd Multi-city study: drug use trends in European cities in the 1990s. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Hibell, Bjorn and Andersson, Barbro and Bjarnason, Thoroddur and Ahlstrom, Salme and Balakireva, Olga and Kokkevi, Anna and Morgan, Mark (2000) The 1999 ESPAD report: alcohol and other drug use among students in 30 European countries. Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, CAN, Council of Europe, Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group).

Fox, Anne (2000) Prisoners' aftercare in Europe: a four-country study. London: ENDHASP .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2000) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2000. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

McArdle, Paul and Wiegersma, Auke and Gilvarry, Eilish and McCarthy, Steven and Fitzgerald, Michael and Kolte, Brigitta and Brinkley, Aoife and Blom, Maria and Stoeckel, Ingo and Pierolini, Anna and Michels, Ingo and Johnson, Rob and Quensel, Stephan (2000) International variations in youth drug use: the effect of individual behaviours, peer and family influences, and geographical location. European Addiction Research , 6 , (4) , pp. 163-169.

Morgan, Mark and Hibell, Bjorn and Andersson, Barbro and Bjarnason, Thoroddur and Kokkevi, Anna and Narusk, Anu (1999) The ESPAD study: implications for prevention. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 6 , (2) , pp. 243-256.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Derks, Jack and Albrecht, Hans-Jorg and van Kalmthout, Anton, eds. (1999) Current and future drug policy studies in Europe: problems, prospects and research methods. Kriminologische Forschungsberichte 88 Freiburg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht .

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998: summary and highlights. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Grube, Joel W and Chen, MJ and Madden, PA and Morgan, Mark (1997) Drinking and drinking problems: a cross-national comparison of Irish and American adolescents. European Addiction Research , 3 , (2) , pp. 75-82.

Hibell, Bjorn and Andersson, Barbro and Bjarnason, Thoroddur and Kokkevi, Anna and Morgan, Mark and Narusk, Anu, eds. (1997) The 1995 ESPAD Report: Alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, CAN.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1997) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1997. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

O'Hare, Aileen (1996) Multi-city study of drug misuse. 1990 update of data: Dublin City report. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1995) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1995. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Greenslade, Liam and Pearson, Maggie and Madden, Moss (1995) A good man's fault: alcohol and Irish people at home and abroad. Alcohol and Alcoholism , 30 , (4) , pp. 407-417.

Hartnoll, Richard (1994) Multi-city study: drug misuse trends in thirteen European cities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe .

Harrison, Larry and Sutton, Matthew and Carr-Hill, Roy (1993) Consumption and harm: drinking patterns of the Irish, the English and the Irish in England. Alcohol and Alcoholism , 28 , (6) , pp. 715-723.

Hartnoll, Richard and Avico, A and Ingold, FR and Lange, K and Lenke, L and O'Hare, Aileen and de Roij-Motshagen, A (1989) A multi-city study of drug misuse in Europe. Bulletin on Narcotics , 41 , (1) , pp. 3-27.