BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in the global prevalence and incidence of substance use disorders (SUDs). The global negative impact of the same has been substantial. Considerable morbidity and mortality have been associated with SUDs, in addition to its major societal and quality of life impacts. Considering the role dental clinicians play in dental and other orofacial pain management, it is highly desirable that the impact of the use of potentially addicting medications be reviewed by the dental community. To this effect, a clear understanding of the neuroscience of SUDs becomes paramount.

TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors searched 5 major databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE, for articles pertaining to the neuroscience of SUDs. The authors conducted a search of the literature published from 1990 through March 15, 2026, for SUD-related articles with a focus on neuroscience.

RESULTS: The concept of terminology such as substance abuse and drug abuse has changed drastically and evolved into the novel concept of SUDs. Medications such as opioids, if not prescribed judiciously, have an inherent risk of converting a vulnerable patient into a patient with an SUD. The dentist has a crucial role to play in preventing and aiding in the management of SUDs.

CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians in general and dental clinicians can potentially be the first line of defense against a rise in SUDs by virtue of the possibility of screening, reporting, managing care, and promptly referring these patients.