Key message: CCE does not happen suddenly. It develops over time — through early exposure, familiar people, and small tasks, then grows through pressure, belonging, and lack of alternatives. Strong relationships, trusted adults and access to safe, structured supports can interrupt this pathway and support young people to resist involvement.

The full report examines child criminal exploitation in the context of local drug markets in Dublin 2 and Dublin 4. It shows that exploitation is often visible in everyday community life rather than hidden from view. The research shows that involvement typically develops over time, beginning with exposure and progressing through contact, small tasks and increasing involvement. However, not all young people who are exposed to these environments become involved in exploitation. The findings suggest that consistent engagement with youth services, schools, sports and trusted adults plays a key protective role. Young people who remain connected to these supports are more likely to resist involvement, highlighting the importance of early engagement and sustained relationships. The report argues that CCE should be understood first as a safeguarding issue. This is particularly important where children may be viewed as offenders rather than recognised as experiencing harm. Many children who appear to be involved in criminal behaviour are also being manipulated, pressured or controlled for the benefit of others. Across the findings, the strongest protective factors were trusted adults, youth workers, safe and welcoming spaces, consistent support over time, and access to opportunities outside the immediate local environment.