In Southeast Asia, UNODC supports Member States to develop and implement evidence-based rule of law, drug control and related criminal justice responses through the Regional Programme and aligned country programmes. This study is undertaken under the framework of the Mekong MOU on Drug Control which UNODC actively supports through the Regional Programme, including the commitment to develop data and evidence as the basis for countries of the Mekong region to respond to challenges of drug production, trafficking and use. To assess the scope of opium poppy cultivation and opium production in Myanmar, UNODC has been conducting opium surveys regularly in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar since 2002. The opium surveys have been implemented within the technical framework of the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP), established in 1999 upon request of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in its resolution 42/3, Monitoring and verification of illicit cultivation. The objective of ICMP is to assist the international community in monitoring the extent and evolution of illicit crops and to compile reliable and internationally comparable data. Currently, UNODC carries out and supports monitoring activities in the following countries affected by illicit crop cultivation: coca surveys in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru; and opium poppy surveys in Afghanistan, Mexico and Myanmar. ICMP is part of UNODC’s Research and Trend Analysis Branch.