Importance: Cannabis use disorders (CUD) are associated with adverse health effects, including mental disorders and motor vehicle collision-related injuries. However, little is known about whether CUDs are associated with increased mortality risk.

Question: Are individuals who have hospital-based (emergency department or hospitalization) care for a cannabis use disorder (CUD) at increased risk of death?

Findings: In this cohort study of 11.6 million people studied for a median of 5 years, individuals with incident hospital-based care for a CUD were at a 2.8-fold increased risk of death within 5 years relative to the general population.

Meaning: These results suggest that individuals who require hospital-based care for a CUD may be at increased risk of premature death.