PURPOSE: [Attentional bias refers to the tendency for certain stimuli to capture or hold an individual's attention]. The relationship between attentional bias and substance use patterns and cravings in addiction is well documented. However, the connections between attentional bias and relapse remain unclear. This systematic review aims to examine and synthesize longitudinal studies on the relationship between attentional bias and relapse.

METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Scopus were searched, yielding 1992 articles. Ultimately, 13 studies were included in this systematic review. Studies were evaluated and coded using a tool developed by the researchers. This review includes studies that explore the associations between attentional bias and relapse related to alcohol and other psychoactive substances.

RESULTS: Findings on the relationship between attentional bias and relapse were inconsistent. However, studies with larger sample sizes demonstrated significant associations between attentional bias and relapse. Generally, the lack of a clear definition of relapse, varied assessment methods, and differences in the implementation of attentional bias tasks contributed to conflicting results.

CONCLUSION: The findings provide valuable insights for professionals in the field of addiction and researchers focusing on attentional bias. Further research is necessary to elucidate the relationship between attentional bias and relapse, emphasizing the need for clear definitions of relapse and the use of reliable methods to evaluate both relapse and attentional bias. In addition, studies investigating the impact of attentional bias modification on relapse outcomes would be beneficial.