Background A growing body of research details the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic-related public health directives and service disruptions on people who use unregulated drugs, however, there is limited research on the gendered impacts, particularly among mothers.

Methods To explore experiences navigating the COVID-19 pandemic during a toxic drug crisis, phone-based semi-structured interviews were conducted from May 2020–Sept. 2021 with 45 women who use unregulated drugs in British Columbia. Iterative-based thematic analysis informed by intersectional theory identified unaccounted for impacts on parents.

Findings Respondents’ experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic involved contending with an increasingly toxic drug supply alongside reduced resources, including service reductions and closures and reduced access to harm reduction supplies in a context already marked by women's marginalization within treatment and policy. Mothers described pandemic-related increased custody and care barriers and burdens, resulting in inability to prioritize self-care. Decisions to prioritize associated risks of either COVID-19 or drug toxicity, given conflicting public health guidelines, were experienced as high stakes for mothers, due to their unique vulnerability to institutional scrutiny. Pandemic-informed overdose risk mitigations, such as access to legal pharmaceutical-grade alternatives to the toxic drug supply, also involved additional risks for mothers (e.g., heightened monitoring; child apprehension), thus, some respondents, responsibilized for their health and childcare, resourcefully relied upon informal, social networks to help mitigate potential harms.

Conclusion While mothers and their experiences are heterogeneous, gendered distinctions impact provision and experience of health care, harm reduction and social supports. Mothers who use drugs must navigate health and care responsibilities, exacerbated by pandemic-related health barriers, while simultaneously inhabiting an unremitting state of fear of punitive measures or postapprehension despair. The continued social exclusion of mothers who use drugs, propelled by moralizing discourses framing them as deviant and consequentially undeserving, can have devastating health impacts (on individuals and communities) yet remain underaddressed.