Purpose: The goal of this review is to synthesize important and recent evidence on TMS effectiveness and safety for treatment of chronic pain, PTSD, TBI, opioid addiction, and sexual trauma. 

Methods: To identify studies, we searched MEDLINE®, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and other sources up to August 2020. We used prespecified criteria for study selection, data abstraction, and rating internal validity and strength of the evidence. See our PROSPERO protocol for our full methods. 

Key findings:

• Most studies of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy employed repetitive TMS (rTMS). rTMS may reduce symptoms in people with chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and opiate addiction, but findings are mixed among included studies.
• rTMS could be a treatment option for patients who have exhausted other available options for treatment of chronic pain, PTSD, TBI, opiate addiction, but practical aspects of more widely implementing TMS in a healthcare system need to be considered.
• Future research should focus on studies with larger samples, robust methodology, and standardized TMS parameters.