Adley, Mark (2018) DrugWatch information sheet: Tramadol. UK & Ireland DrugWatch.
External website: http://www.thedrugswheel.com/?page=tramadol
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic structurally related to codeine. It has multiple actions: after entering the body it breaks down (metabolises) mainly into O-desmethyltramadol which acts on opioid receptors and also affects levels of serotonin and noradrenaline. It is approximately as potent as codeine and used to treat both acute and chronic pain.
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