Background This paper investigates the complex relationship between neurodiversity and gambling harm; an area with significant knowledge gaps despite increasing academic focus on neurodiverse experiences.

Method Using a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) methodology, existing literature is reviewed to summarize the evidence on risk of gambling harms amongst neurodiverse individuals; identify the drivers of neurodiverse-specific or elevated harms; and assess the effectiveness of current treatment and support approaches to neurodiverse communities.

Results Reflecting the lack of research in this area, studies identified focused on proxies of neurodiversity: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). There are no studies on gambling harms associated with other neurodiverse traits such as dyslexia and dyspraxia. There is limited evidence for exactly what may cause some neurodivergent people to be at increased risk of gambling harm. However, previous research suggests traits associated with ADHD and ASD, including impulsivity and challenges in risk assessment, can increase the risk of gambling frequency or experiencing gambling harm. There is also some evidence that co-occurring mental health conditions may further interact with experiences of harm among neurodivergent people.

Conclusions There were substantial gaps in the literature, including non-clinical populations, geographic variation across international studies, and the lived experiences of neurodiverse individuals. There is a need for more inclusive research methodologies that better capture the unique challenges faced by neurodiverse individuals in relation to gambling. Integrating neurodiverse-informed approaches into gambling support services and amplifying the voices of lived experience will shape more effective and inclusive policy responses.