In 2022, psychostimulants (including amphetamines, cocaine and ecstasy) were the second most used internationally controlled substance class worldwide, with cannabis being the most widely used (UNODC, 2024). The total number of people having used drugs worldwide was approximately 292 million that year, marking a 20 % increase over the past decade. Of these, an estimated 30 million people used amphetamines, 23.5 million, cocaine, and 20 million, ecstasy. Nearly as many women had used synthetic stimulants as men. Stimulant use has led to a high demand for treatment, with notable variations across subregions: stimulants (amphetamine-type stimulants, cocaine) being the primary drug for 7% seeking treatment in Africa, 17% in Europe, 29% in the Americas, 42% in Oceania and 52% in Asia. The European Drug Report 2024 underscores high cocaine availability impacting on public health with the prevalence of cocaine use among adults in 2023 being 1.4%, as well as the potential for increased use of methamphetamine in Europe.