This manuscript aims to contribute to the next phase of mechanisms of behavior change (MOBC) science on alcohol or other drug use (AOD). Specifically, we encourage transition from a basic science orientation (i.e., knowledge generation) to a translational science orientation (i.e., knowledge application or Translational MOBC Science). To inform that transition, we examine MOBC science and implementation science and consider how these two research areas can intersect to capitalize on the goals, strengths, and key methodologies of each. First, we define MOBC science and implementation science and offer a brief historical rationale for these two areas of clinical research. Second, we summarize similarities in rationale and discuss two scenarios where one draws from the other - MOBC science on implementation strategy outcomes and implementation science on MOBC. We then focus on the latter scenario, and briefly review the MOBC knowledge base to consider its readiness for knowledge translation. Finally, we provide a series of research recommendations to facilitate the translation of MOBC science. Research recommendations include: 1) identifying and targeting MOBC that are well positioned for implementation, 2) use of MOBC research results to inform broader health behavior change theory, and 3) triangulation of a more diverse set of research methodologies to build a translational MOBC knowledge base. Ultimately, it is important to see gains borne out of MOBC science affecting direct patient care, while basic MOBC research continues to be developed and refined over time. Potential implications include greater clinical significance for MOBC science, an efficient feedback loop between clinical research methodologies, a multi-level approach to understanding behavioral change, and reduced or eliminated siloes between MOBC science and implementation science.