World Health Organization. (2022) A public health perspective on alcohol establishments: licensing, density and locations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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In off-premise establishments that sell other goods along with alcohol, customers are more likely to “bundle” the purchase of alcohol with their other shopping. The consumption-related harm associated with off-premise establishments tend to cover a large area, while acute harm occurs close to places where people drink alcohol. People consume alcohol alongside others on-site at on-premise outlets. Bringing consumers together is one reason for a strong association between violence and the density of bars and nightclubs. Harm from alcohol tends to occur near the point of consumption, but alcohol delivery services shift the point of consumption from on-premise establishments to private settings. This change may also alter the types of harm that manifest because consumers no longer interact with each other in alcohol establishments, thereby decreasing the occurrence of harm from bringing people together but likely increasing private harm, such as intrafamily violence. Policy options to govern alcohol establishments include addressing their practice, density and placement. In designing, implementing and enforcing policy options to restrict the physical availability of alcohol, policy-makers must balance the competing interests of diverse stakeholders. However, engaging communities are more likely to be more equitable.
L Social psychology and related concepts > Physical context, location or place > Alcohol beverage sales outlet (shop / pub / bar)
MM-MO Crime and law > Crime and violence > Substance related violence
MM-MO Crime and law > Substance use laws > Alcohol laws (liquor licensing)
MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Policy > Policy on substance use > Harm reduction policy
VA Geographic area > International
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