Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu and Teo, Koon K and Britz-McKibbin, Philip and Gill, Biban and Islam, Shofiqul and Paré, Guillaume and Rangarajan, Sumathy and Duong, MyLinh and Lanas, Fernando and Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio and Mony, Prem K and Pinnaka, Lakshmi and Kutty, Vellappillil Raman and Orlandini, Andres and Avezum, Alvaro and Wielgosz, Andreas and Poirier, Paul and Alhabib, Khalid F and Temizhan, Ahmet and Chifamba, Jephat and Yeates, Karen and Kruger, Iolanthé M and Khatib, Rasha and Yusuf, Rita and Rosengren, Annika and et, al. (2022) Variations in risks from smoking between high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of data from 179 000 participants from 63 countries. The Lancet Global Health, 10, (2), e216-e226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00509-X.
External website: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/...
BACKGROUND: Separate studies suggest that the risks from smoking might vary between high-income (HICs), middle-income (MICs), and low-income (LICs) countries, but this has not yet been systematically examined within a single study using standardised approaches. We examined the variations in risks from smoking across different country income groups and some of their potential reasons.
METHODS: We analysed data from 134 909 participants from 21 countries followed up for a median of 11·3 years in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) cohort study; 9711 participants with myocardial infarction and 11 362 controls from 52 countries in the INTERHEART case-control study; and 11 580 participants with stroke and 11 331 controls from 32 countries in the INTERSTROKE case-control study. In PURE, all-cause mortality, major cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory diseases, and their composite were the primary outcomes for this analysis. Biochemical verification of urinary total nicotine equivalent was done in a substudy of 1000 participants in PURE.
FINDINGS: In PURE, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the composite outcome in current smokers (vs never smokers) was higher in HICs than in MICs and LICs. Similar patterns were observed for each component of the composite outcome in PURE, myocardial infarction in INTERHEART, and stroke in INTERSTROKE. The median levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide displayed on the cigarette packs from PURE HICs were higher than those on the packs from MICs. In PURE, the proportion of never smokers reporting high second-hand smoke exposure (≥1 times/day) was 6·3% in HICs, 23·2% in MICs, and 14·0% in LICs. The adjusted geometric mean total nicotine equivalent was higher among current smokers in HICs (47·2 μM) than in MICs (31·1 μM) and LICs (25·2 μM; ANCOVA p<0·0001). By contrast, it was higher among never smokers in LICs (18·8 μM) and MICs (11·3 μM) than in HICs (5·0 μM; ANCOVA p=0·0001).
INTERPRETATION: The variations in risks from smoking between country income groups are probably related to the higher exposure of tobacco-derived toxicants among smokers in HICs and higher rates of high second-hand smoke exposure among never smokers in MICs and LICs.
G Health and disease > Substance use disorder > Multiple substance use (Poly-drug /Poly-substance)
J Health care, prevention, harm reduction and treatment > Risk and protective factors > Risk factors
L Social psychology and related concepts > Life circumstances
P Demography, epidemiology, and history > Population dynamics > Substance related mortality / death
VA Geographic area > International
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