The impacts of tobacco, obesity, and infections are just part of a broad spectrum of other agents and risk factors that contribute to cancer development and that, together, influence the striking geographical heterogeneity in incidence rates. Certain of these risk factors are non-modifiable, for example race, familial genetic background, and reproductive and hormonal history. Exposure to carcinogens may result from what are often characterized as lifestyle choices, which include alcohol consumption and behaviour in relation to avoidable sun exposure.

Includes chapters:
2.2 Tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use. Genetic susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers p.88
2.3 Alcohol consumption p.96
4.1 Changing behaviours – tobacco control Australia’s plain packaging of tobacco products Tobacco and China p.268