‘Examining the comparative use, experience, and outcomes of community service orders as alternatives to short prison sentences in Ireland’ by Dr Kate O’Hara is the outcome of a 3-year employment-based PhD research project (2013-16), co-funded by the Irish Research Council and IPRT, in association with Dublin Institute of Technology. The research examined the application of Community Service Orders (CSOs) and short prison sentences across court type and jurisdiction from 2011. The experiences and perceptions of punishment by those who received alternate sanctions were also explored.


The IPRT Discussion Paper Community Service in Ireland, is based on the doctoral research of Dr O'Hara. IPRT believes that Ireland’s penal policy should be focused on non-custodial responses to crime, with rehabilitation and social integration at its centre. The paper outlines key points regarding the use of community service, such as:
• Community service is under-utilised in Ireland as an alternative to imprisonment.
• There is a clear variability in the use of community service orders across court jurisdictions in Ireland.
• Community service can provide offenders with an opportunity to improve self-esteem, to gain a strong daily routine, and to maintain links with family.
• There is a strong association between community service and future work or training prospects.
• Short periods of imprisonment can have long-lasting negative effects, including disruption to family relationships, contact with social or community services, and loss of employment.

The IPRT Discussion Paper also outlines 20 key recommendations as to how community service could be better utilised in Ireland. If implemented, IPRT believes that these recommendations would help promote consistency in the use of CSOs as an alternative to imprisonment nationally, enhance public confidence in its effectiveness as a response to offending behaviour, and achieve the full potential of non-custodial alternatives.

Examples of these recommendations are as follows:
• The principle of imprisonment as a last resort should be enshrined in legislation, with a mandatory provision that judges must provide written reasons where a custodial sentence of less than 12 months is imposed instead of a non-custodial alternative.
• The Criminal Justice (Community Sanctions) Bill should be progressed.
• A comprehensive review of the operation of community service at national level should be undertaken in order to evaluate its current effectiveness.
• The average time taken to complete CSOs in each court jurisdiction should be monitored and published. This is important if the credibility of the sanction as a true alternative to custody is to be enhanced.
• Gender-specific non-custodial community-service orders, which take into account the complex needs of women who offend, should be developed and made available on a nationwide basis.

This paper extends IPRT’s position on community-based alternatives to prison, as set out in the IPRT Position Paper 8 Community Sanctions (2010).