Contingency management is a general behavioural intervention technique used in the treatment of drug dependence. This EMCDDA Paper contains a systematic review of studies on the effectiveness of contingency management when used alongside the pharmacological treatment of dependence. The 38 studies concerned related to people using various drugs, and were complemented by three economic studies. The analysis contained in the Paper concludes that contingency management is a feasible and promising adjunct to treatment for drug users.