Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2013) Khat: A review of its potential harms to the individual and communities in the UK. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.
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1. Introduction 12-17
• Background
• Role of the ACMD
• Remit of review and scope
• Steps taken to implement recommendations from 2005 report
• Quality of research and hierarchies of evidence
2. Khat 18-27
• Khat use – Global
• International comparisons
• Khat use – UK
3. The Pharmacology of Khat 28-30
• The active ingredients
• Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
• Mechanism of action
4. Medical Harms 31-44
• Dependence
• Cardiovascular effects
• Respiratory system effects
• Oral and gastrointestinal system pathologies
• Liver
• Pregnancy
• Psychiatric effects
• Cognitive impairment
• Links to mortality
• Summary on medical harms
5. Overview of the Societal Harms associated with khat use 45-57
• Unemployment
• Family breakdown
• Income diversion
• Consumption by young persons
• Consumption by women
• Anti-social behaviour
• Violence
• Crime and criminal networks
• Integration
• Summary on social harms
6. International Issues 58-66
• Legislation
• Legislation by Country
• Australia
• Canada
• Denmark
• The Netherlands
• Norway
• Sweden
• United States of America
• Summary on international issues
7. Education and Prevention 67-70
8. Treatment of Khat Use 71-75
• Treatment of dependency
• Implications for khat treatment and recovery interventions
9. Concerns: communities and groups 76-81
10. Summary and recommendations 82-88
Annex A – Quality of Research and Hierarchies of Evidence
Annex B – List of Contributors
Annex C - ACMD Members
Annex D – Education and Prevention Template
B Substances > New (novel) psychoactive substances > Plants and extracts > Khat
G Health and disease > Cardiovascular / heart disease
G Health and disease > Respiratory / lung disease
J Health care, prevention, harm reduction and treatment > Harm reduction > Substance use harm reduction
MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Policy > Policy on substance use > Harm reduction policy
VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom
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