Symptoms that can occur after long-term use of a drug is reduced or stopped; these symptoms occur if tolerance to a substance has occurred, and vary according to substance. Withdrawal symptoms can include negative emotions such as stress, anxiety, or depression, as well as physical effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, and cramping, among others. Withdrawal symptoms often lead a person to use the substance again (NIDA glossary).

From WHO ICD-11:

WHO ICD-11 6C40.4 Alcohol withdrawal - Alcohol withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of alcohol in individuals who have developed Alcohol dependence or have used alcohol for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Alcohol withdrawal may include autonomic hyperactivity (e.g. tachycardia, hypertension, perspiration), increased hand tremor, nausea, retching or vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, depressed or dysphoric mood, transient visual, tactile or auditory illusions or hallucinations, and distractability. Less commonly, the withdrawal state is complicated by generalised tonic-clonic seizures. The withdrawal state may progress to a very severe form of delirium characterised by confusion and disorientation, delusions, and prolonged visual, tactile or auditory hallucinations. In such cases, a separate diagnosis of Alcohol-induced delirium should also be assigned.

6C41.4 Cannabis withdrawal - Cannabis withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of cannabis in individuals who have developed Cannabis dependence or have used cannabis for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Cannabis withdrawal may include irritability, anger or aggressive behaviour, shakiness, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, depressed or dysphoric mood, decreased appetite and weight loss, headache, sweating or chills, abdominal cramps and muscle aches.

6C43.4 Opioid withdrawal - Opioid withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of opioids in individuals who have developed Opioid dependence or have used opioids for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Opioid withdrawal can also occur when prescribed opioids have been used in standard therapeutic doses. Presenting features of Opioid withdrawal may include dysphoric mood, craving for an opioid, anxiety, nausea or vomiting, abdominal cramps, muscle aches, yawning, perspiration, hot and cold flushes, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, hypersomnia (typically in the initial phase) or insomnia, diarrhea, piloerection, and pupillary dilatation.

6C45.4 Cocaine withdrawal - Cocaine withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of cocaine in individuals who have developed Cocaine dependence or have used cocaine for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Cocaine withdrawal may include dysphoric mood, irritability, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, vivid unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, anxiety, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and craving for cocaine.

6C4A.4 Nicotine withdrawal - Nicotine withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of nicotine (typically used as a constituent of tobacco) in individuals who have developed Nicotine dependence or have used nicotine for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Nicotine withdrawal may include dysphoric or depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, bradycardia, increased appetite, and craving for tobacco (or other nicotine-containing products. Other physical symptoms may include increased cough and mouth ulceration.

6C4G.4 Withdrawal due to unknown or unspecified psychoactive substance - Withdrawal due to unknown or unspecified psychoactive substance is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of an unknown or unspecified substance in individuals who have developed dependence or have used the unknown or unspecified substance for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Withdrawal due to unknown or unspecified psychoactive substance can also occur when prescribed psychoactive medications have been used in standard therapeutic doses. The specific features of the withdrawal state depend on the pharmacological properties of the unknown or unspecified substance.

6C42.4 Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal - Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of synthetic cannabinoids in individuals who have developed Synthetic cannabinoid dependence or have used synthetic cannabinoids for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal may include irritability, anger, aggression, shakiness, insomnia and disturbing dreams, restlessness, anxiety, depressed mood and appetite disturbance. In the early phase, Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal may be accompanied by residual features of intoxication from the drug, such as paranoid ideation and auditory and visual hallucinations.

6C47.4 Synthetic cathinone withdrawal - Synthetic cathinone withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of synthetic cathinones in individuals who have developed Synthetic cathinone dependence or have used synthetic cathinones for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Synthetic cathinone withdrawal may include dysphoric mood, irritability, fatigue, insomnia or (more commonly) hypersomnia, vivid and unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and craving for stimulants, including synthetic cathinones.

6C4B.4 Volatile inhalant withdrawal - Volatile inhalant withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of volatile inhalants in individuals who have developed Volatile inhalant dependence or have used volatile inhalants for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of Volatile inhalant withdrawal may include insomnia, anxiety, irritability, dysphoric mood, shakiness, perspiration, nausea, and transient illusions.

6C44.4 Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal - Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics in individuals who have developed dependence or have used sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal can also occur when prescribed sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics have been used in standard therapeutic doses. Presenting features of Sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal may include anxiety, psychomotor agitation, insomnia, increased hand tremor, nausea or vomiting, and transient visual, tactile or auditory illusions or hallucinations. There may be signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., tachycardia, hypertension, sweating), or postural hypotension. The withdrawal state may be complicated by seizures. Less commonly, there may be progression to a more severe withdrawal state characterised by confusion and disorientation, delusions, and more prolonged visual, tactile or auditory hallucinations. In such cases, a separate diagnosis of Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic-induced delirium should be assigned.

6C4C.4 MDMA or related drug withdrawal, including MDA - MDMA or related drug withdrawal, including MDA is a clinically significant cluster of symptoms, behaviours and/or physiological features, varying in degree of severity and duration, that occurs upon cessation or reduction of use of MDMA or related drugs in individuals who have developed MDMA or related drug dependence or have used MDMA or related drugs for a prolonged period or in large amounts. Presenting features of MDMA or related drug withdrawal may include fatigue, lethargy, hypersomnia or insomnia, depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, craving, difficulty in concentrating, and appetite disturbance.

KD35 Neonatal withdrawal syndrome from maternal use of drugs of addiction - Intrauterine exposure to addictive drugs can lead to neonatal withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms are usually neurological, preventing normal autonomic function. The clinical presentation of drug withdrawal is variable and dependent on several factors, such as, the type and dose of drug used, and rate of metabolism and excretion of the mother and infant.