1.

[FactSheet] HRB National Drugs Library. (2025) Factsheet: New psychoactive substances (NPS) - the Irish situation. Dublin: HRB National Drugs Library.

2.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) CSFRE new psychoactive substances (NPS). Scope recommendations. URL: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/scope-recommen...

3.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann Debate. Question 584 – Tobacco control measures [HHC vapes] [26759/25]. (27 May 2025)

4.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Murphy, Ann HHC: The drug sold on Irish main streets that’s sending teens to hospital. (17 May 2025)

5.

[FactSheet] National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. (2025) NDARC fact sheet: cannabis. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.

6.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann Debate. Question 324 – Misuse of Drugs [24971/25]. (15 May 2025)

7.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 203 - Health promotion [HHC products] [24020/25]. (13 May 2025)

8.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Seanad Éireann debate. Vol. 305 No. 10 An tOrd Gnó - Order of Business [HHC products]. (07 May 2025)

9.

[Report] Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2025) ‘Semi-synthetic’ cannabinoids: cannabinoids related to tetrahydro- cannabinol and cannabidiol. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.

10.

[News] [Independent.ie] , O'Regan, Eilish Crackdown on legal semi-synthetic cannabis planned, but no public information campaign on risks. (25 Apr 2025)

11.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 341, 691 – Cannabis for medicinal use [Cannabinoids] [16274/25, 15652/25]. (02 Apr 2025)

12.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) trend reports. URL: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/trend-reports

13.

[News] [Irish Times] , Bowers, Shauna Teens presenting at EDs with psychosis from legal, semi-synthentic cannabis product, says leading psychiatrist. (26 Mar 2025)

14.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Murphy, Ann 'Wild West of the drug market': calls for laws to deal with synthetic cannabinoids. (10 Mar 2025)

15.

[Article] Millar, Seán (2025) Psychotic illness triggered by widely available semi-synthetic cannabinoid. Drugnet Ireland, Issue 90, Winter 2025. p. 15.

16.

[Article] Gardner, Matthew and Bowden, Celeste and Manzoor, Shoaib and Cozier, Gyles E and Andrews, Rachael C and Craft, Sam and Skumlien, Martine and Sunderland, Peter and Tooth, Tom and Collins, Peter and Power, Alexander and Haines, Tom SF and Freeman, Tom P and Scott, Jennifer and Sutcliffe, Oliver B and Bowman, Richard W and Husbands, Stephen M and Pudney, Christopher R (2025) Field-portable device for detection of controlled and psychoactive substances from e-cigarettes. ACS Omega, 10, (8), pp. 7839-7847. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c08614

17.

[Report] Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Drugs Agency. (2025) Ireland: national report for 2024 - drug markets and crime. Dublin: Health Research Board.

18.

[Report] An Garda Siochana. (2025) An Garda Síochána annual report 2023. Dublin: An Garda Siochana.

19.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , English, Eoin Three inmates overdose on synthetic drug in Cork Prison. (28 Jan 2025)

20.

[Report] Public Health Scotland. (2025) Rapid Action Drug Alerts and Response (RADAR) quarterly reports 2025. Edinburgh: Public Health Scotland.

21.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) NPS discovery dashboard [United States]. URL: https://www.npsdiscovery.org/reports/dashboard/

22.

[Article] Craft, Sam and Sunderland, Peter and Millea, Molly F and Pudney, Christopher R and Sutcliffe, Oliver B and Freeman, Tom P (2025) Detection and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in seven illicitly sourced disposable vapes submitted by an individual presenting to a UK drug and alcohol service. Addiction, 120, (3), pp. 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16671

23.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Dunphy, Liz Vapes with cannabinoids causing psychosis in users as young as 13. (25 Nov 2024)

24.

[Report] Curaleaf Clinic. (2024) The hidden dangers of illicit cannabis. London: Curaleaf Clinic.

25.

[Webpage] WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. (2024) Expert Committee on Drug Dependence information repository. URL: https://ecddrepository.org/en

26.

[Report] College of Psychiatrists of Ireland. (2024) HHC and your mental health: information about Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and how it might affect your mental health. Dublin: College of Psychiatrists of Ireland.

27.

[Report] Welsh Government, Public Health Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. (2024) WEDINOS: Philtre annual report April 2023 – March 2024. Cardiff: WEDINOS.

28.

[Report] Forensic Science Ireland. (2024) Forensic Science Ireland annual report 2023. Dublin: Forensic Science Ireland.

29.

[Report] Walton, Sara E and Kuai, David and Blanco, Liz Eneida Rivera and Denn, Max T and Quinter, Alexis D and DeBord, Joshua and Logan, Barry K and Krotulski, Alex J (2024) AB-CHMINACA — NPS Discovery new drug monograph. United States: Center for Forensic Science Research and Education.

30.

[Article] Sárosi, Péter (2024) The challenge of the emerging semi-synthetic cannabinoid market in Europe. Drug Reporter,

31.

[Article] O'Shea, Aileen (2024) Coagulopathy and cannabinoids: what the radiologist should know. European Radiology, 34, (7), pp. 4538-4539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-10532-3

32.

[Report] UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Service. (2024) Current NPS threats volume VII. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

33.

[Article] Barone, Rossella and Pelletti, Guido and Giorgetti, Arianna and Mohamed, Susan and Pascali, Jennifer Paola and Sablone, Sara and Introna, Francesco and Pelotti, Susi (2024) Validation and application of a method for the quantification of 137 drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances in hair. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116054

34.

[Webpage] European Union Drugs Agency. (2024) New psychoactive substances – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2024). URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-d...

35.

[Report] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2024) The challenge of new psychoactive substances - a technical update. Vienna: United Nations.

36.

[Webpage] European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2024) EU drug market: New psychoactive substances — Distribution and supply in Europe: semi-synthetic cannabinoids. URL: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/eu-drug-...

37.

[Report] Walton, Sara E and Wilks, Justin and Denn, Max T and Quinter, Alexis D and DeBord, Joshua and Logan, Barry K and Krotulski, Alex J (2024) MMB-4en-PINACA — NPS Discovery new drug monograph. United States: Center for Forensic Science Research and Education.

38.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 664 – Substance misuse [HHC] [17930/24]. (23 Apr 2024)

39.

[FactSheet] Crew. (2024) THC vapes. Edinburgh: CREW.

40.

[Report] United Kingdom. Home Office. (2024) 001/2024: The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2024 and The Misuse of Drugs and Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (England and Wales and Scotland) (Amendment and Revocation) Regulations 2024. London: Home Office.