1.

[News] [RTE News] , Kenny, Aisling 169 young people sought treatment for HHC drug in last 18 months - Health Research Board. (30 Jun 2025)

2.

[Article] Cozier, Gyles E and Gardner, Matthew and Craft, Sam and Skumlien, Martine and Spicer, Jack and Andrews, Rachael and Power, Alexander and Haines, Tom and Bowman, Richard and Manley, Amy E and Sunderland, Peter and Sutcliffe, Oliver B and Husbands, Stephen M and Hines, Lindsey and Taylor, Gillian and Freeman, Tom P and Scott, Jennifer and Pudney, Christopher R (2025) Synthetic cannabinoids in e-cigarettes seized from English schools. Addiction, Early online. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70110

3.

[News] [Limerick Post] , English, Bernie Limerick teens sent to psych wards after using legal vape substance. (26 Jun 2025)

4.

[Article] Storck, Wilhelm and Elbaz, Meyer and Vindis, Cécile and Déguilhem, Amélia and Lapeyre-Mestre, Maryse and Jouanjus, Emilie (2025) Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, Early online. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2024-325429

5.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 1585, 1614, 1615 – Healthcare policy [HHC] [30333/25, 30523/25, 30524/25]. (10 Jun 2025)

6.

[FactSheet] HRB National Drugs Library. (2025) Factsheet: New psychoactive substances (NPS) - the Irish situation. Dublin: HRB National Drugs Library.

7.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) CSFRE new psychoactive substances (NPS). Scope recommendations. URL: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/scope-recommen...

8.

[Report] European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Drug-induced deaths – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2025). Lisbon: EUDA.

9.

[Report] European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Harm reduction – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2025). Lisbon: EUDA.

10.

[Report] European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) New psychoactive substances – the current situation in Europe (European Drug Report 2025). Lisbon: EUDA.

11.

[Report] European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Understanding Europe’s drug situation in 2024 – key developments (European Drug Report 2025). Lisbon: EUDA.

12.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann Debate. Question 584 – Tobacco control measures [HHC vapes] [26759/25]. (27 May 2025)

13.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Murphy, Ann HHC: The drug sold on Irish main streets that’s sending teens to hospital. (17 May 2025)

14.

[FactSheet] National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. (2025) NDARC fact sheet: cannabis. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.

15.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann Debate. Question 324 – Misuse of Drugs [24971/25]. (15 May 2025)

16.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Question 203 - Health promotion [HHC products] [24020/25]. (13 May 2025)

17.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Seanad Éireann debate. Vol. 305 No. 10 An tOrd Gnó - Order of Business [HHC products]. (07 May 2025)

18.

[Report] Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2025) ‘Semi-synthetic’ cannabinoids: cannabinoids related to tetrahydro- cannabinol and cannabidiol. London: Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.

19.

[Webpage] HSE drugs.ie. (2025) Drug trend updates and warnings. URL: https://www.drugs.ie/drugs_info/drug_trend_updates...

20.

[News] [Independent.ie] , O'Regan, Eilish Crackdown on legal semi-synthetic cannabis planned, but no public information campaign on risks. (25 Apr 2025)

21.

[Dail Debates] [Oireachtas] Dáil Éireann debate. Questions 341, 691 – Cannabis for medicinal use [Cannabinoids] [16274/25, 15652/25]. (02 Apr 2025)

22.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) trend reports. URL: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/trend-reports

23.

[News] [Irish Times] , Bowers, Shauna Teens presenting at EDs with psychosis from legal, semi-synthentic cannabis product, says leading psychiatrist. (26 Mar 2025)

24.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Murphy, Ann 'Wild West of the drug market': calls for laws to deal with synthetic cannabinoids. (10 Mar 2025)

25.

[Article] Millar, Seán (2025) Psychotic illness triggered by widely available semi-synthetic cannabinoid. Drugnet Ireland, Issue 90, Winter 2025. p. 15.

26.

[Article] Gardner, Matthew and Bowden, Celeste and Manzoor, Shoaib and Cozier, Gyles E and Andrews, Rachael C and Craft, Sam and Skumlien, Martine and Sunderland, Peter and Tooth, Tom and Collins, Peter and Power, Alexander and Haines, Tom SF and Freeman, Tom P and Scott, Jennifer and Sutcliffe, Oliver B and Bowman, Richard W and Husbands, Stephen M and Pudney, Christopher R (2025) Field-portable device for detection of controlled and psychoactive substances from e-cigarettes. ACS Omega, 10, (8), pp. 7839-7847. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c08614

27.

[Report] Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Ireland: national report for 2024 - drug markets and crime. Dublin: Health Research Board.

28.

[Report] An Garda Siochana. (2025) An Garda Síochána annual report 2023. Dublin: An Garda Siochana.

29.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , English, Eoin Three inmates overdose on synthetic drug in Cork Prison. (28 Jan 2025)

30.

[Report] Public Health Scotland. (2025) Rapid Action Drug Alerts and Response (RADAR) quarterly reports 2025. Edinburgh: Public Health Scotland.

31.

[Webpage] Center for Forensic Science Research and Education. (2025) NPS discovery dashboard [United States]. URL: https://www.npsdiscovery.org/reports/dashboard/

32.

[Article] Craft, Sam and Sunderland, Peter and Millea, Molly F and Pudney, Christopher R and Sutcliffe, Oliver B and Freeman, Tom P (2025) Detection and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in seven illicitly sourced disposable vapes submitted by an individual presenting to a UK drug and alcohol service. Addiction, 120, (3), pp. 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16671

33.

[Webpage] European Union Drugs Agency. (2025) Synthetic cannabinoids. URL: https://www.euda.europa.eu/topics/synthetic-cannab...

34.

[Webpage] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2025) UNODC Early warning advisory (EWA) on new psychoactive substances (NPS). URL: https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Home/NPS

35.

[News] [Irish Examiner] , Dunphy, Liz Vapes with cannabinoids causing psychosis in users as young as 13. (25 Nov 2024)

36.

[Report] Curaleaf Clinic. (2024) The hidden dangers of illicit cannabis. London: Curaleaf Clinic.

37.

[Webpage] WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. (2024) Expert Committee on Drug Dependence information repository. URL: https://ecddrepository.org/en

38.

[Report] College of Psychiatrists of Ireland. (2024) HHC and your mental health: information about Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and how it might affect your mental health. Dublin: College of Psychiatrists of Ireland.

39.

[Report] Welsh Government, Public Health Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. (2024) WEDINOS: Philtre annual report April 2023 – March 2024. Cardiff: WEDINOS.

40.

[Report] Forensic Science Ireland. (2024) Forensic Science Ireland annual report 2023. Dublin: Forensic Science Ireland.