%T Ireland thinks.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Alcohol Action Ireland
%L ndc28047

%O Extracted and elaborated information from Cork Simon Community: Moving towards trauma informed care. a model of research and practice. By Dr. Sharon Lambert & Graham Gill-Emerson. 2017.
%T ACEs at Cork Simon: exploring the connection between early trauma and later negative life events among Cork Simon service users.
%X Cork Simon Community works with some of the most vulnerable and marginalised people. We operate a ?low threshold? service, meaning we accept and support people with multiple needs, chronic addictions and challenging behaviours. As a consequence we often work with people excluded from other services - people who have no-where else to turn. We work in solidarity with men and women over the age of 18 and each year support about 1,200 people on their pathway back to independent or supported living. Our door is always open and we support people for as long as they need us.

ACE stands for Adverse Childhood Experiences. These traumatic events, experienced before the age of 18, have been shown to have long-term negative impacts on health and well-being. Children are especially sensitive to repeated trauma because their brains and bodies are just developing. High doses of adversity during childhood have been found to alter brain development as well as the immune system, with serious implications for later physical, mental and social health. ACE scores range from 0 to 10 and are assessed through a simple 10 question survey, with each question representing an area of trauma. Answering yes to a question counts as one ACE. 5 of the 10 types of childhood trauma measured through the ACE questionnaire are personal and five relate to other family members
%D 2017
%I Cork Simon Community
%L ndc27968

%T Talking to your children about new psychoactive substances and club drugs. A handbook for parents and carers.
%X Part 1: What are club drugs and NPS?
Part 2: New psychoactive substances
Part 3: Know your drugs
Part 4: The law [in the UK]
Part 5: What you can do as a parent / carer
Part 6: Talking about drugs
Part 7: Talking about consequences
Part 8: Staying safe
%C London
%D 2017
%I Mentor and Adfam
%L ndc27976

%A Rachael N Lipari
%J The CBHSQ Report
%T Exposure to substance use prevention messages among adolescents. Short report.
%X This issue of The CBHSQ Report examines adolescents' exposure to substance use prevention messages using US data from the 2002 to 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). It also uses 2015 NSDUH data to examine exposure to prevention messages by key demographic characteristics. The 2015 estimates are based on a total sample size of 17,000 adolescents aged 12 to 17.
%P 11 p.
%V 3 October 2017
%D 2017
%I SAMHSA
%L ndc28030

%A Shannon M Nugent
%A Benjamin J Morasco
%A Maya E O'Neil
%A Michele Freeman
%A Allison Low
%A Karli Kondo
%A Camille Elven
%A Bernadette Zakher
%A Makalapua Motu'apuaka
%A Robin Paynter
%A Devan Kansagara
%J Annals of Internal Medicine
%T The effects of cannabis among adults with chronic pain and an overview of general harms: a systematic review.
%N 5
%P 319-331
%V 167
%D 2017
%I American College of Physicians
%L ndc27823

%T Under the influence: factors affecting youth drinking in Dublin 12.
%X On November 22nd 2016, sixty young people living or attending school in Dublin 12 were  invited to a youth forum organized as part of European Action on Alcohol Week. This report has been written to provide a record of the event. On the day, young people where given the opportunity to spend two hours discussing alcohol with their peers and learning about the effects of alcohol. They also worked within groups to provide some insight into how young people think about alcohol. This feedback was collated and analyzed and the results are outlined.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Dublin 12 LDATF
%L ndc27832

%A Mark Conner
%A Sarah Grogan
%A Ruth Simms-Ellis
%A Keira Flett
%A Bianca Sykes-Muskett
%A Lisa Cowap
%A Rebecca Lawton
%A Christopher J Armitage
%A David Meads
%A Carole Torgerson
%A Robert West
%A Kamran Siddiqi
%J Tobacco Control
%T Do electronic cigarettes increase cigarette smoking in UK adolescents? Evidence from a 12-month prospective study.
%X BACKGROUND: In cross-sectional surveys, increasing numbers of adolescents report using both electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and cigarettes. This study assessed whether adolescent e-cigarette use was associated prospectively with initiation or escalation of cigarette use.

METHODS: Data were from 2836 adolescents (aged 13-14 years at baseline) in 20 schools in England. At baseline, breath carbon monoxide levels, self-reported e-cigarette and cigarette use, sex, age, friends and family smoking, beliefs about cigarette use and percentage receiving free school meals (measure of socioeconomic status) were assessed. At 12-month follow-up, self-reported cigarette use was assessed and validated by breath carbon monoxide levels.

RESULTS: At baseline, 34.2% of adolescents reported ever using e-cigarettes (16.0% used only e-cigarettes). Baseline ever use of e-cigarettes was strongly associated with subsequent initiation and escalation of cigarette use.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report prospective relationships between ever use of e-cigarettes and initiation and escalation of cigarette use among UK adolescents. Ever use of e-cigarettes was robustly associated with initiation but more modestly related to escalation of cigarette use. Further research with longer follow-up in a broader age range of adolescents is required.
%D 2017
%I BMJ Publishing
%L ndc27800
%V Early online

%A Linda Bauld
%A Anne Marie Mackintosh
%A Brian Eastwood
%A Allison Ford
%A Graham Moore
%A Martin Dockrell
%A Deborah Arnott
%A Hazel Cheeseman
%A Ann McNeill
%J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
%T Young people?s use of e-cigarettes across the United Kingdom: findings from five surveys 2015?2017.
%X Concern has been expressed about the use of e-cigarettes among young people. Our study reported e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette ever and regular use among 11?16 year olds across the UK. Data came from five large scale surveys with different designs and sampling strategies conducted between 2015 and 2017: The Youth Tobacco Policy Survey; the Schools Health Research Network Wales survey; two Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) Smokefree Great Britain-Youth Surveys; and the Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey. Cumulatively these surveys collected data from over 60,000 young people. 

For 2015/16 data for 11?16 year olds: ever smoking ranged from 11% to 20%; regular (at least weekly) smoking between 1% and 4%; ever use of e-cigarettes 7% to 18%; regular (at least weekly) use 1% to 3%; among never smokers, ever e-cigarette use ranged from 4% to 10% with regular use between 0.1% and 0.5%; among regular smokers, ever e-cigarette use ranged from 67% to 92% and regular use 7% to 38%. ASH surveys showed a rise in the prevalence of ever use of e-cigarettes from 7% (2016) to 11% (2017) but prevalence of regular use did not change remaining at 1%. 

In summary, surveys across the UK show a consistent pattern: most e-cigarette experimentation does not turn into regular use, and levels of regular use in young people who have never smoked remain very low
%N 9
%V 14
%D 2017
%R doi:10.3390/ijerph14090973
%I MDPI
%L ndc27803

%A Marina Bosque-Prous
%A Mirte AG Kuipers
%A Albert Espelt
%A Matthias Richter
%A Arja Rimpel?
%A Julian Perelman
%A Bruno Federico
%A M Teresa Brugal
%A Vincent Lorant
%A Anton E Kunst
%J BMC Public Health
%T Adolescent alcohol use and parental and adolescent socioeconomic position in six European cities.
%X Background: Many risk behaviours in adolescence are socially patterned. However, it is unclear to what extent socioeconomic position (SEP) influences adolescent drinking in various parts of Europe. We examined how alcohol consumption is associated with parental SEP and adolescents? own SEP among students aged 14?17 years.

Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected in the 2013 SILNE study. Participants were 8705 students aged 14?17 years from 6 European cities. The dependent variable was weekly binge drinking. Main independent variables were parental SEP (parental education level and family affluence) and adolescents? own SEP (student weekly income and academic achievement). Multilevel Poisson regression models with robust variance and random intercept were fitted to estimate the association between adolescent drinking and SEP.

Results: Prevalence of weekly binge drinking was 4.2% (95%CI = 3.8?4.6). Weekly binge drinking was not associated with parental education or family affluence. However, weekly binge drinking was less prevalent in adolescents with high academic achievement than those with low achievement (PR = 0.34; 95%CI = 0.14?0.87), and more prevalent in adolescents with >?50 weekly income compared to those with ??5/week (PR = 3.14; 95%CI = 2.23?4.42). These associations were found to vary according to country, but not according to gender or age group.

Conclusions: Across the six European cities, adolescent drinking was associated with adolescents? own SEP, but not with parental SEP. Socio-economic inequalities in adolescent drinking seem to stem from adolescents? own situation rather than that of their family.
%N 646
%V 17
%D 2017
%R doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4635-7
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc27751

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings
%T Intervene beyond the family to help young problem substance users.
%X Review finds multidimensional family therapy more effective than group therapies and other psychosocial therapies, particularly among adolescents with severe substance use and other behavioural problems.

Key points from summary and commentary
?	A review of the effectiveness of multidimensional family therapy versus cognitive-behavioural therapy, group therapy, or treatments which combined cognitive-behavioural therapy with other approaches.
?	Compared with other therapies, multidimensional family therapy was more effective overall, particularly among young people with severe substance use and other behavioural problems.
?	This makes it a valuable therapy, especially for young people with more challenging treatment and support needs.
%C London
%N 21 July 2017
%D 2017
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc27633

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings
%T UK trial tests personality-based approach to preventing drinking.
%X The Adventure Trial tested the impact of a personality-targeted intervention delivered by teachers on substance use and misuse among pupils in London. This followed the reported success of the Preventure trial, which found that personality-targeted interventions were effective in reducing motivations for drinking that involve coping with negative feelings, and reducing symptoms of problem drinking during a two-year period.

Key points From summary and commentary:
?	The Adventure Trial examined whether personality-relevant coping skills could prevent drinking problems among London high school pupils.
?	High-risk young people were allocated to receive an intervention matched to their specific vulnerability (?hopelessness?, ?anxiety-sensitivity?, ?impulsivity?, or ?sensation-seeking?).
?	Long-term benefits were observed, with reduced odds of high-risk pupils in the intervention group reporting drinking, ?binge? drinking, and problem drinking, compared to peers allocated to receive standard drug education
%C London
%N 21 July 2017
%D 2017
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc27631

%T New opinion poll shows overwhelming public support for Government action to curb alcohol marketing that appeals to young people.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Alcohol Action Ireland
%L ndc27597

%A Geoff Bates
%A Lisa Jones
%A Madeleine Cochrane
%A Marissa Pendlebury
%A Harry Sumnall
%T The effectiveness of interventions related to the use of illicit drugs: prevention, harm reduction, treatment and recovery.  A ?review of reviews?.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%R HRB Drug and Alcohol Evidence Review 5
%L ndc27253

%T Criminal exploitation of children and vulnerable adults: County Lines guidance.
%X County lines is the UK police term for urban gangs supplying drugs to suburban areas and market and coastal towns using dedicated mobile phone lines or ?deal lines?. It involves child criminal exploitation (CCE) as gangs use children and vulnerable people to move drugs and money. Gangs establish a base in the market location, typically by taking over the homes of local vulnerable adults by force or coercion in a practice referred to as ?cuckooing?.

County lines is a major, cross-cutting issue involving drugs, violence, gangs, safeguarding, criminal and sexual exploitation, modern slavery, and missing persons; and the response to tackle it involves the police, the National Crime Agency, a wide range of Government departments, local government agencies and VCS (voluntary and community sector) organisations. County lines activity and the associated violence, drug dealing and exploitation has a devastating impact on young people, vulnerable adults and local communities.

This guidance is intended to explain the nature of this harm to enable practitioners to recognize its signs and respond appropriately so that potential victims get the support and help they need.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Home Office
%L ndc27554

%T Courts Service annual report 2016.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Courts Service
%L ndc27672

%A Niamh MaGuire
%A Nichola Carr
%T Individualising justice: pre-sentence reports in the Irish criminal justice system.
%X Pre-sentence or pre-sanction reports (PSRs) provide judges with information on the personal circumstances, background and attitude of a defendant, an assessment of risk of reoffending, and typically include sentence recommendations1. Yet despite their potential to contribute to the sentencing process in Ireland, we know relatively little about how PSRs are constructed in practice, when and in what circumstances they are requested, how probation officers construct and ?craft? their report, how judges view or interpret the contents of the report, and perhaps most significantly, the impact that such reports have on sentencing practice. 

Previous sentencing research has shown that social and moral reasoning, in the form of information about the character, personality and circumstances of an individual, can be highly influential in sentencing, especially when judges are choosing between custodial and non-custodial penalties (Tombs and Jagger, 2006; Millie et al., 2007; Maguire, 2008; Tata et al., 2008; Beyens and Scheirs, 2010; Phoenix, 2010). While legal factors are also important, research shows that judicial interpretations of the offender?s character and attitude, as well as their interpretations of certain aspects of an individual?s personal and social circumstances, including employment and relationship status, are influential in terms of their decision to impose either a custodial or non-custodial penalty (Tombs and Jagger, 2006; Millie et al., 2007; Maguire, 2008, 2010, 2011). The type of information provided in pre-sentence reports is also the type of information that is influential in sentencing, however, to date there has been no research in the Irish context exploring the relationship between pre-sentence reports and sentencing. 

Similarly, the contribution that probation officers make to sentencing, through the provision of PSRs, is relatively unexplored (Carr and Maguire, 2012). Traditionally the role of the probation officer in the criminal justice system was considered to be more welfare than control oriented (Healy, 2015; Carr, 2016). Given this practice perspective and the history of the development of probation (i.e. as an alternative to custody) (McNally, 2007; 2009), probation officers would be expected to recommend the use of non-custodial over custodial sanctions. Similarly, pre-sentence reports would be expected to focus on the social aspects of the defendant?s situation and to contain information which would assist consideration of the appropriateness of a community based sanction. 

More recently it has been argued that more emphasis has been placed on control elements in probation practice in response to policy changes that have foregrounded public protection (Fitzgibbon et al., 2010). In Ireland, this is illustrated by the introduction of risk assessment tools in 2004 and by the increasing importance that the Probation Service places on the need to protect the community and provide for public safety (Richardson, 2008; Bracken, 2010; Healy, 2015). An important question is the extent to which pre-sentence reports now prioritise risk assessment over other forms of information and if this is the case, the influence that this may have on judicial sentencing practices. 

Pre-sentence reports also represent a key point of exchange between two distinct professional groups within the criminal justice system. Probation officers and judges have very different professional backgrounds and training and are likely to view issues from different perspectives. Previous research has explored pre-sentence reports as a form of communication between report writers and judges (Tata et al., 2008; Beyens and Scheirs, 2010; Wandall, 2010). This research is similarly focused on pre-sentence reports as a form of communication between report writers and judges and an important question which we explore is the extent to which the processes of communication embodied in the reports align with the specific aims and objectives of those writing the reports and with the expectations of those receiving and interpreting the reports.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Probation Service
%L ndc27967

%T The brain under construction [1]: a window into the developing brain.
%X This briefing paper is part of a mini-series on ?The Brain Under Construction?. This paper looks at the structure and function of the brain and considers the uniqueness of the adolescent brain. Pictures of the brain in action show that adolescent?s brains work differently than adults and scientific research is showing that the brain systems involved in decision-making, planning, social understanding and risk-taking are developing in adolescence. This research could have implications for education, rehabilitation and intervention.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Mentor ADEPSIS
%L ndc27552

%T Report on public consultation to inform the new national drugs strategy.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Department of Health
%L ndc27489

%T Building hope for a brighter future. Working with children and young people in Dublin?s North East Inner City to restore relationships and bring about lasting change in their communities.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I National College of Ireland
%L ndc27391

%A Marita Hefler
%A Selma Liberato
%A David Thomas
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Incentives for preventing smoking in children and adolescents.
%V 6
%D 2017
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008645.pub3
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc23402

%A Kristin V Carson
%A Faisal Ameer
%A Kourish Sayehmiri
%A Khin Hnin
%A Joseph EM van Agteren
%A Fatemah Sayehmiri
%A Malcolm P Brinn
%A Adrian J Esterman
%A Anne B Chang
%A Brian J Smith
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people.
%X Background: Smoking is a modern-day epidemic, and preventing young people from taking up smoking remains a key health priority, since experimentation with smoking starts at an early age. One possible method of achieving this goal is through mass media, which have the potential to reach and modify the attitudes, knowledge and behaviour of a large proportion of the population.

Review question: Can mass media campaigns deter young people from taking up smoking?

Study characteristics: We found eight studies out of 1326 publications, covering 52,746 participants. One of these studies is new to this updated version of the review. The most recent search was conducted in June 2016. All studies were directed at youth younger than 25 years. Seven studies were conducted in the USA and one was conducted in Norway. The mass media method (e.g. television) and certain characteristics of those taking part (e.g. age), as well as the length of time followed up, differed between studies.

Key results: Three out of eight studies found that the intervention was effective in preventing smoking in youth. The remaining five studies did not detect an effect. Although there was some overlap in characteristics between both effective and ineffective programmes, effective campaigns tended to last longer (minimum 3 years) and were more intense (more contact time) for both school-based lessons (minimum eight lessons per grade) and media spots (minimum four weeks' duration across multiple media channels with between 167 and 350 TV and radio spots). Implementation of combined school-based components (e.g. school posters) and the use of repetitive media messages delivered by multiple channels (e.g. newspapers, radio, television) appeared to contribute to successful campaigns.

Quality of the evidence: The quality of studies in this review is limited, due to problems in reporting results and issues with study design. Studies varied in their design, the interventions they tested, and in the people they involved. Studies found mixed results. In particular, none of the studies reported blinding of groups and there were concerns around how the studies were allocated to intervention or control. It would therefore be unwise to offer firm conclusions based on the evidence in this review. Inclusion of only two studies from the last 10 years is concerning, particularly considering the rising use of social media among youth. More high-quality studies are needed.
%N 6
%D 2017
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001006.pub3
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc16634

%A Linda Montanari
%A Bruno Guarita
%A Jane Mounteney
%A Nina Zipfel
%A Roland Simon
%J European Addiction Research
%T Cannabis use among people entering drug treatment in Europe: a growing phenomenon?
%X This paper explores European and national trends in specialised drug treatment entry for cannabis-related problems. The analysis is based on data for the years 2003-2014 from 22 European countries. Between 2003 and 2014, the overall number and proportion of primary cannabis-related first-time entrants increased significantly. A joinpoint regression analysis indicates that the overall increase of cannabis treatment entries is continuous, although country-related differences are observed. Possible explanations for the increase and different time trends are discussed including an increase in cannabis prevalence and cannabis-related problems, changes in risk perception, increases in cannabis potency, changes in referral practices and increased availability and accessibility of treatment services.
%N 3
%P 113-121
%V 23
%D 2017
%I Karger
%L ndc27310

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin
%T Family therapies best for substance using teenagers.
%X Multi-prong therapies centred on the family emerge as probably the most effective in this comprehensive and careful synthesis of the results of trials of non-residential programmes for substance using teenagers ? but do the outcomes warrant the extra costs?

Key points from summary and commentary
?	Studies included in the analysis were required to involve an identifiable non-residential treatment for substance use problems for patients aged between 12 and 20.
?	Generally the substance use outcomes of the various distinct treatment types represented in the studies did not significantly differ
?	The exception was family therapies, which returned the most convincing and consistent evidence of comparative effectiveness, but even here the evidence was too limited to support definitive conclusions
%C London
%N 5 May 2017
%D 2017
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc27386

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin
%T Intervention targets personality traits of high-risk London pupils.
%X School staff trained to deliver personality-targeted substance use interventions to London high school pupils ? effectively delaying cannabis use among a subset (those identified as ?sensation-seekers?).

Key points from summary and commentary
?	The Adventure Trial tested the impact of personality-relevant coping skills on cannabis use among London high school pupils.
?	High-risk young people were allocated to receive an intervention matched to their specific vulnerabilities (?hopelessness?, ?anxiety-sensitivity?, ?impulsivity?, or ?sensation-seeking?).
?	Cannabis use was effectively delayed only among a subset ? those identified as ?sensation-seekers?
%C London
%N 5 May 2017
%D 2017
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc27384

%A Eimear Keane
%A Aoife Gavin
%A Catherine Perry
%A Michal Molcho
%A Colette Kelly
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T Trends in health behaviours, health outcomes and contextual factors between 1998-2014: findings from the Irish health behaviour in school-aged children study.
%X This report provides us with a very important picture of the trends in the health behaviours of school-aged children. It describes the self-reported health status for children in Ireland over time in relation to key indicators: health behaviours (eg smoking, alcohol, dieting fruit consumption, tooth brushing), health outcomes (eg feeling low, injuries, life satisfaction) and contexts of children?s lives (family, school, peers and locality). 

The various surveys that have taken place every four years from 1998 to 2014 mean that policymakers and researchers have access to key data to inform policy and service development. The data is also a key factor in designing policy for the prevention of poor health behaviours and for the promotion of healthy ones. 

This Trends Report helps policy-makers to future-proof the direction of national population health policy. The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Ireland study has been gathering and analysing data from school-aged children aged between 10 and 17 years over a period of 16 years. To date HBSC Ireland has collected data from 49,268 school-aged children. The most recent data collection occurred in 2014; it was the 5th national survey cycle of the study. The report is divided into three sections: health behaviours, health outcomes and contexts of children?s lives.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Department of Health and National University of Ireland, Galway
%L ndc27365

%A Paula Mayock
%A Sarah Parker
%T Living in limbo. Homeless young people?s paths to housing.
%X This publication documents the findings of a qualitative longitudinal study of youth homelessness in Ireland. Initiated in 2013, the research aimed to ?track? homeless young people over time in order to more fully understand their trajectories through and possibly out of homelessness. A key aim was to generate in-depth knowledge and understanding of the factors, processes and dynamics that impact the housing transitions of homeless young people over time. The research makes an innovative departure from previous qualitative longitudinal studies of youth homelessness, both in Ireland and elsewhere, by including the views and perspectives of a family member of approximately one quarter of the study?s young people. 

The findings presented in Chapters 3?7 are concerned primarily with uncovering the drivers of young people?s ?journeys? through homelessness, with specific attention directed to their experiences of accessing housing.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Focus Ireland
%L ndc27356

%T Oberstown annual reports 2012-2016.
%X In Ireland, approximately 3,500 young people come before the Children Court each year. The offences for which young people are remanded or sentenced include: public order crimes, alcohol and drug misuse (see pp.21-25 of report).

This report sets out the operation and development of Oberstown between January 2012 and May 2016. It reflects a period of significant reform, during which the three Schools underwent a process to amalgamate into one single campus. From June 1, 2016, a new legal entity ? the Oberstown Children Detention Campus ? was formally established.
%C Meath
%D 2017
%I Oberstown Children Detention Campus
%L ndc27357

%A Geoffrey Shannon
%T Audit of the exercise by An Garda S?och?na of the provisions of Section 12 of the Child Care Act 1991.
%X In this audit, the Garda respondents? accounts of contemporary policing in Ireland highlights the increasingly diverse and demanding roles expected of members of An Garda S?och?na, of which child protection is now firmly a part.

Chapter 1: Introduction p.1 
Chapter 2: The system p.14 
Chapter 3: Review and analysis of pulse p.37 
3.7 Grounds upon which section 12 was invoked p.61 
3.7.1 Suspicion or concern that child is being abused or neglected p.63 
3.7.2 Concern for child welfare (public safety) p.65 
3.7.3 Suspected emotional abuse p.66 
3.7.4 Suspected neglect p.66 
3.7.5 Suspected physical abuse p.68 
3.7.6 Suspected sexual abuse p.69
3.7.7 Child a danger to self/others p.70 
3.7.8 Child under influence of drugs/alcohol p.71 
3.7.9 Domestic violence p.71 
3.7.10 Mental health issues within child p.72 
3.7.11 Mental health issues within parent(s) p.73 
3.7.12 Active substance abuse within parents leading to abuse or neglect p.75 
3.7.13 Other p.79 
3.7.14 No known reason for invocation of section 12 p.82

Chapter 4: Questionnaires reviewed p.112
Chapter 5: Interviews and focus groups reviewed p.154
Chapter 6: General discussion, conclusions and recommendations p.241
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I An Garda Siochana
%L ndc27362

%T Global accelerated action for the health of adolescents (AA-HA!): guidance to support country implementation.
%X More than 3000 adolescents die every day from largely preventable causes, according to a new report from WHO and partners. Global accelerated action for the health of adolescents (AA-HA!): Guidance to support country implementation ? assists governments in what to do ? as well as how to do it ? as they respond to the health needs of adolescents in their countries. Case studies show that what is being recommended actually can be done.

Selected risk factors for disease burdens have been studied by the 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study. For 10?14 year olds, unsafe water and sanitation and inadequate hand washing are among the leading health risk factors for both mortality and DALYs lost in both males and females. Other environmental factors (e.g. air pollution and lead exposure), iron-deficiency anaemia, high fasting plasma glucose, high blood pressure, alcohol use, childhood sexual abuse and unsafe sex also rank highly in this age group. Most of these conditions are also leading risk factors among 15?19 year olds.

However, the leading risk factors in this older age group also include risk behaviours, such as alcohol use, unsafe sex and, to a lesser extent, drug use. Other risk factors that are only leading risk factors among older adolescents are intimate partner violence and occupational hazards such as exposure to toxins or work-related injuries. It is important to remember that some types of risk or protective factors that may be very important, such as those related to family or school, were not included in the risk factors studied.

See chapters: 
2.7. Mental health, substance use and self-harm p.30
3.7. Mental health, substance use and self-harm interventions p.62
%C Geneva
%D 2017
%I World Health Organization
%L ndc27295

%A Raphaela Banzer
%A C Haring
%A A Buchheim
%A S Oehler
%A V Carli
%A C Wasserman
%A M Kaess
%A A Apter
%A J Balazs
%A J Bobes
%A R Brunner
%A P Corcoran
%A D Cosman
%A C W Hoven
%A J P Kahn
%A H S Keeley
%A V Postuvan
%A T Podlogar
%A M Sisask
%A A V?rnik
%A M Sarchiapone
%A D Wasserman
%J European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
%T Factors associated with different smoking status in European adolescents: results of the SEYLE study.
%X Early onset and long-term smoking are associated with physical and psychological health problems. The aim of the presented analysis was to investigate risk and influencing factors for different smoking status in a big sample of European adolescents. 

In the context of the "saving and empowering young lives in Europe" (SEYLE) study we surveyed 12,328 adolescents at the age of 13-17 from 11 countries. The survey took place in a school-based context using a questionnaire. Overall 58% reported the onset of ever-smoking under the age of 14 and 30.9% smoke on a daily basis. Multinomial logistic regression model showed significant positive associations between adolescent smoking and internalizing problems (suicidal behavior, direct self-injurious behavior, anxiety), externalizing problems (conduct problems, hyperactivity, substance consumption) and family problems (parental substance consumption, broken home). Our data show that smoking among adolescents is still a major public health problem and adolescents who smoke are at higher risk for mental problems. Further, adolescent smoking is associated with broken home families and parental behaviors. Therefore, early preventive measures are necessary not only for adolescents, but also for their parents.
%V Early online
%D 2017
%R DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0980-4
%I Springer
%L ndc27139

%A Geir Smedslund
%A Sabine Wollscheid
%A Lin Fang
%A Wendy Nilsen
%A Asbj?rn Steiro
%A Lillebeth Larun
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Effect of early, brief computerized interventions on risky alcohol and cannabis use among young people.
%X Background: 
Young people?s risky use of alcohol or recreational drugs, such as cannabis, remains a significant public health issue. Many countries have made substantial efforts to minimize the long-term consequences of alcohol and/or cannabis use at multiple levels, ranging from government policy initiatives to primary health care services. In this review, we focused on the effects of brief interventions, provided by electronic devices (computerized brief interventions). A brief intervention is defined as any preventive or therapeutic activity delivered by a health worker, psychologist, social worker, or volunteer worker, and given within a maximum of four structured therapy sessions each lasting between five and ten minutes with a maximum total time of one hour. Brief interventions may work by making the clients think differently about their alcohol/cannabis use, and by providing them with skills to change their behavior if they are motivated to change. A computerized brief intervention, in contrast, is not directly delivered by a human being, but may be delivered through online and offline electronic devices. Such interventions can reach large audiences at a low cost and can simultaneously simulate an ?interpersonal therapeutic component? by targeting recipients? feedback.

Objectives:
To assess the effectiveness of early, computerized brief interventions on alcohol and cannabis use by young people aged 15 to 25 years who are high or risky consumers of either one or both of these substances by synthesizing data from randomized controlled trials.


Search methods:
We searched 11 electronic databases including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cinahl and The Cochrane Library in April 2016 for published, unpublished and ongoing studies using adapted subject headings and a comprehensive list of free-text terms. Additionally, we searched the reference lists of the included studies. We also have set up an EBSCO host alert notification (EPAlerts@EPNET.COM ) that continuously surveys the Cochrane Library (including CENTRAL), Medline and Embase. We receive updated searches via email. This search is up to date as of May 2016.

Selection criteria:
We included all randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of any computerized brief intervention used as a stand-alone treatment aimed at reducing alcohol and/or cannabis consumption. Eligible comparators included no intervention, waiting list control or an alternative brief intervention (computerized or non-computerized). Participants were young people between 15 and 25 years of age who were defined as risky consumers of alcohol or cannabis, or both.

Data collection and analysis:
Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria. Two researchers independently assessed the full texts of all included articles. We used standard methodological procedures expected by the Campbell Collaboration.

Results:
We included 60 studies that had randomized 33,316 participants in this review. Study characteristics: The studies were mostly from the United States and targeted high and risky alcohol use among university students. Bias/quality assessment: Some of the studies lacked clear descriptions of how the randomization sequence was generated and concealed. Many of the studies did not blind the participants. Some of the studies suffered from high loss to follow-up, and few studies had a pre-registered protocol. Findings: For alcohol, we found moderate quality evidence that multi-dose assessment and feedback was more effective than a single-dose assessment. We found low quality evidence that assessment and feedback might be more effective than no intervention. Assessment and feedback might also be more effective than assessment alone (low quality evidence). Short-term effects (< 6 months) were mostly larger than long-term (?6 months) effects. For cannabis, we found that assessment and feedback might slightly reduce short-term consumption compared to no intervention. Adding feedback to assessment may have little or no effect on short-term cannabis consumption. Moreover, there may be little or no difference between assessment plus feedback and education on short-term and long-term cannabis consumption. Adverse effects: We did not find evidence of any adverse effects of the interventions.
Implications for policy, practice and research:

Computerized brief interventions are easy to administer, and the evidence from this review indicates that such brief interventions might reduce drinking for several months after the intervention. Additionally, there is no evidence for adverse effects. This means that brief, computerized interventions could be feasible ways of dealing with risky alcohol use among young people. The evidence on cannabis consumption is scarcer, suggesting the need for more research.
%N 6
%V 13
%C London
%D 2017
%R DOI: 10.4073/csr.2017.6
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc27143

%A Ciara Guiney
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Lifting the lid on Greentown.
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%P 13-14
%L ndc27205
%V Issue 61, Spring 2017

%A Elaine M McMahon
%A Grace O?Regan
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Ella Arensman
%A Mary Cannon
%A Eileen Williamson
%A Helen Keeley
%T Young lives in Ireland: a school-based study of mental health and suicide prevention.
%X Globally, mental disorders are the largest cause of disability among those aged 10-24 years (1), with approximately half of all mental disorders emerging during adolescence, broadly the period between the ages of 12 and 18 (2-5). Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among young people (6) and in Ireland peak rates of hospital-treated self-harm are among 20-24 year old males and 15-19 year old females (7). Connecting for Life, Ireland?s National Strategy to Reduce Suicide 2015-2020, has identified young people aged 15-24 as a priority group at whom to target approaches to reduce suicidal behaviour and improve mental health (Goal 3, page 29) (8).

Youth suicide prevention programmes are often based in a school setting. However, high-quality evidence has been limited, in both an Irish and international setting, to identify the true impact of suicide prevention interventions (9). In particular, no randomised controlled trials of school-based prevention programmes examining changes in suicidal behaviour had been conducted anywhere in Europe prior to the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study.

In this report we present the research findings of the SEYLE study, a mental health-promoting programme for adolescents in European schools (10). The study participants, 11,110 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years old, were recruited from randomly selected mainstream second-level schools in ten European countries. The study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that aimed to identify an effective method of promoting adolescent mental health and decreasing suicidal thoughts and behaviours. A second aim was to gather information on the lifestyles and mental health of adolescents in order to identify risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behaviour. 

In this report we present both overall findings of the multi-centre trial and detailed findings on the mental health and lifestyles of Irish youth using data from the Irish study centre. In addition, this report details a range of risk and protective factors associated with mental ill-health and suicidal behaviour in Irish adolescents. The SEYLE trial identified one school-based intervention, Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM), that was associated with a significantly lower number of subsequent suicide attempts and suicidal ideation compared to the control intervention (10). YAM is a brief, universal mental health awareness programme that was delivered in the classroom over a four-week period and includes role-play sessions, interactive lectures and workshops. The programme aimed to improve the mental health literacy and coping skills of young people, to raise awareness of risk and protective factors associated with suicide, and to enhance young people?s knowledge about mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
%C Cork
%D 2017
%I National Suicide Research Foundation
%L ndc27153

%A Sean Millar
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Alcohol, tobacco and illicit substance use among 17?18-year-olds in Ireland.
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%P 10
%L ndc27217
%V Issue 61, Spring 2017

%A Sean Millar
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Incidence of hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Ireland.
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%P 12
%L ndc27218
%V Issue 61, Spring 2017

%A Harry Sumnall
%A Andrew Percy
%A Jon C Cole
%A Lynn Murphy
%A David Foxcroft
%J Public Health Research
%T Steps towards alcohol misuse prevention programme (STAMPP): a school and community based cluster randomised controlled trial.
%X BACKGROUND: Alcohol use in young people remains a public health concern, with adverse impacts on outcomes such as health, well-being, education and relationships.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a combined classroom curriculum and parental intervention on self-reported alcohol use [heavy episodic drinking (HED)] and alcohol-related harms (indicators such as getting into fights after drinking, poorer school performance and trouble with friends and family).

DESIGN: A two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial with schools as the unit of randomisation.
SETTING: A total of 105 post-primary schools in Northern Ireland (NI) and Glasgow/Inverclyde Educational Authority areas.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12,738 male and female secondary school students (intervention delivered when students were in school year 9 in NI or S2 in Scotland in the academic year 2012?13 and aged 12?13 years) were randomised. Randomisation and baseline (T0) surveys took place when children were in school year 8 or S1. Schools were randomised (1?:?1) by an independent statistician to the Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP) or to education as normal (EAN). All schools were stratified by free school meal provision. Schools in NI were also stratified by school type (male/female/coeducational).

INTERVENTIONS: STAMPP combined a school-based alcohol harm reduction curriculum [an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP)] and a brief parental intervention designed to support parents in setting family rules around drinking. The classroom component comprised two phases delivered over 2 years, and the parental component comprised a standardised presentation delivered by a trained facilitator at specially arranged parent evenings on school premises. This was followed up a few weeks later by an information leaflet mailed to all intervention pupils? parents highlighting the main points of the evening.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Self-reported HED (defined as self-reported consumption of ??6 units in a single episode in the previous 30 days for male students and ??4.5 units for female students) assessed at 33 months from baseline (T3); and (2) the number of self-reported harms (harms caused by own drinking) assessed at T3.
DATA SOURCES: Self-completed pupil questionnaires.

RESULTS: At final follow-up (T3), data were available for 5160 intervention and 5073 control pupils for the HED outcome, and for 5234 intervention and 5146 control pupils for the self-reported harms outcome. The intervention reduced self-reported HED compared with EAN (p?<?0.001), but did not reduce self-reported harms associated with own drinking. The odds ratio for the intervention effect on HED was 0.596 (standard error 0.0596, 95% confidence interval 0.490 to 0.725). The mean cost of delivery per school was ?818 and the mean cost per individual was ?15. There were no clear cost savings in terms of service utilisation associated with the intervention. The process evaluation showed that the classroom component engaged and was enjoyed by pupils, and was valued by teachers. Schools, students, intervention trainers and delivery staff (teachers) were not blind to study condition. Data collection was undertaken by a team of researchers that included the trial manager and research assistants, some of whom were not blinded to study condition. Data analysis of primary and secondary outcomes was undertaken by the trial statistician, who was blinded to the study condition.

LIMITATIONS: Although the classroom component was largely delivered as intended, there was very low attendance at the parent/carer event; however, all intervention pupils? parents/carers received an intervention leaflet.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this trial provide some support for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STAMPP in reducing heavy episodic (binge) drinking, but not in reducing self-reported alcohol-related harms, in young people over a 33-month follow-up period. As there was low uptake of the parental component, it is uncertain whether or not the intervention effect was accounted for by the classroom component alone.
%N 2
%V 5
%D 2017
%C Southampton
%I National Institute for Health Research
%L ndc27520

%T Insight report: young people and NPS.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Addaction
%L ndc27078

%T Communities That Care (CTC): a comprehensive prevention approach for communities.
%X Community coalitions are a strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behaviour. They can help mobilise communities in prevention and health promotion initiatives.

The Communities That Care (CTC) approach sets out to reduce adolescent health and behaviour problems. It does so by identifying strong risk factors and weak protective factors experienced by this group and then selecting tested and effective prevention and early intervention programmes to address them.

In this EMCDDA Paper we make an analysis of five studies evaluating the effectiveness of CTC, mainly from outside the EU. The results of our analysis lead us to conclude that further investigation of this prevention model within the European context appears to be merited.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2017
%I Publications Office of the European Union
%R DOI:10.2810/972747
%L ndc26931

%A Catherine Laporte
%A H?l?ne Vaillant-Roussel
%A Bruno Pereira
%A Olivier Blanc
%A B?n?dicte Eschalier
%A Sh?razade Kinouani
%A Georges Brousse
%A Pierre-Michel Llorca
%A Philippe Vorilhon
%J Annals of Family Medicine
%T Cannabis and young users- a brief intervention to reduce their consumption (CANABIC): a cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care.
%X PURPOSE: Brief intervention to reduce cannabis is a promising technique that could be adapted for use in primary care, but it has not been well studied in this setting. We tested the efficacy of a brief intervention conducted by general practitioners among cannabis users aged 15 to 25 years.

METHODS: We performed a cluster randomized controlled trial with 77 general practitioners in France. The intervention consisted of an interview designed according to the FRAMES (feedback, responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, self-efficacy) model, while the control condition consisted of routine care.

RESULTS: The general practitioners screened and followed up 261 young cannabis users. After 1 year, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the median number of joints smoked per month among all users (17.5 vs 17.5; P = .13), but there was a difference in favor of the intervention among nondaily users (3 vs 10; P = .01). After 6 months, the intervention was associated with a more favorable change from baseline in the number of joints smoked (-33.3% vs 0%, P = .01) and, among users younger than age of 18, smoking of fewer joints per month (12.5 vs 20, P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a brief intervention conducted by general practitioners with French young cannabis users does not affect use overall. They do, however, strongly support use of brief intervention for younger users and for moderate users.
%N 2
%P 131-139
%V 15
%D 2017
%L ndc27052

%T School-based alcohol and drug education and prevention ? what works?
%X This briefing paper intends to equip and guide those working in educational settings when considering which alcohol and drug education and prevention programme they should run. It outlines some approaches that evidence shows work and cautions on some that don?t. The briefing paper aims to enable educators to make a more informed decision when selecting an approach that will ensure maximum impact and ensure young people receive the most appropriate education and prevention programme that will enable them to build their resilience to risks.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Mentor ADEPSIS
%L ndc27553

%A Judith Watson
%A Paul Toner
%A Ed Day
%A Donna Back
%A Louca-Mai Brady
%A Caroline Fairhurst
%A Charlotte Renwick
%A Lorna Templeton
%A Shabana Akhtar
%A Charlie Lloyd
%A Jinshuo Li
%A Kim Cocks
%A Sangeeta Ambegaokar
%A Steve Parrott
%A Paul McArdle
%A Eilish Gilvarry
%A Alex Copello
%J Health Technology Assessment
%T Youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs - a randomised controlled feasibility trial.
%X BACKGROUND: Family interventions appear to be effective at treating young people's substance misuse. However, implementation of family approaches in UK services is low. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to an intervention based on an adaptation of adult social behaviour and network therapy. It also sought to involve young people with experience of using substance misuse services in the research process.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to family and social network therapy and to explore ways in which young people with experience of using substance misuse services could be involved in a study of this nature.

DESIGN: A pragmatic, two-armed, randomised controlled open feasibility trial.
SETTING: Two UK-based treatment services for young people with substance use problems, with recruitment taking place from May to November 2014.

PARTICIPANTS: Young people aged 12-18 years, newly referred and accepted for structured interventions for drug and/or alcohol problems.

INTERVENTIONS: A remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated young people to adapted youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT) or treatment as usual (TAU). Y-SBNT participants were intended to receive up to six 50-minute sessions over a maximum of 12 weeks. TAU participants continued to receive usual care delivered by their service.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feasibility was measured by recruitment rates, retention in treatment and follow-up completion rates. The main clinical outcome was the proportion of days on which the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90-day period as captured by the Timeline Follow-Back interview at 3 and 12 months.

RESULTS: In total, 53 young people were randomised (Y-SBNT, n?=?26; TAU, n?=?27) against a target of 60 (88.3%). Forty-two young people attended at least one treatment session [Y-SBNT 22/26 (84.6%); TAU 20/27 (74.1%)]; follow-up rates were 77.4% at month 3 and 73.6% at month 12. Data for nine young people were missing at both months 3 and 12, so the main clinical outcome analysis was based on 24 young people (92.3%) in the Y-SBNT group and 20 young people (74.1%) in the TAU group. At month 12, the average proportion of days that the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90 days was higher in the Y-SBNT group than in the TAU group (0.54 vs. 0.41; adjusted mean difference 0.13, 95% confidence interval -0.12 to 0.39; p?=?0.30). No adverse events were reported. Seventeen young people with experience of substance misuse services were actively involved throughout the study. They informed key elements of the intervention and research process, ensuring that the intervention was acceptable and relevant to our target groups; contributing to the design of key trial documents, ideas for a new model of public involvement and this report. Two parents were also involved.

CONCLUSIONS: The adapted intervention could be delivered in young people's services, and qualitative interviews found that Y-SBNT was acceptable to young people, family members and staff. Engagement of family and network members proved difficult within the intervention and research aspects. The study proved the feasibility of this work in routine services but outcome measurement based on narrow substance use variables may be limited and may fail to capture other important changes in wider areas of functioning for young people. Validation of the EuroQol-5 Dimensions for young people aged 12-18 years should be considered and flexible models for involvement of young people in research are required to achieve inclusive representation throughout all aspects of the research process. Although recommendation of a full trial of the Y-SBNT intervention compared with TAU is not supported, this study can inform future intervention development and UK research within routine addiction services.
%N 15
%P 1-260
%V 21
%C Southampton
%D 2017
%I National Institute for Health Research
%L ndc27522

%A Kieran O'Dwyer
%T Reducing youth crime in Ireland: an evaluation of Le Ch?ile mentoring.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I Le Ch?ile
%L ndc27105

%A James Williams
%A Gareth Hagger-Johnson
%J BMJ Open
%T Childhood academic ability in relation to cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence into early adulthood: Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE).
%X OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine the association between childhood academic ability and the onset and persistence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use across adolescence in a representative sample of English schools pupils. Previous research has produced conflicting findings.

DESIGN: Data from 7?years of the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), 2004-2010 (age 13/14-19/20).
SETTING: Self-completion questionnaires during home visits, face-to-face interviews and web-based questionnaires.
PARTICIPANTS: Data from 6059 participants (3093 females) with information on academic ability around age 11 and health behaviours from age 13/14 to 16/17 (early adolescence) and from age 18/19 to 19/20 (late adolescence).
OUTCOME MEASURES: Regularity of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and cannabis use from early to late adolescence.

RESULTS: In multinomial logistic regression models adjusting for a range of covariates, the high (vs low) academic ability reduced the risk of persistent cigarette smoking (RR=0.62; CI 95% 0.48 to 0.81) in early adolescence. High (vs low) academic ability increased the risk of occasional (RR=1.25; CI 95% 1.04 to 1.51) and persistent (RR=1.83; CI 95% 1.50 to 2.23) regular alcohol drinking in early adolescence and persistent (RR=2.28; CI 95% 1.84 to 2.82) but not occasional regular alcohol drinking in late adolescence. High academic ability was also positively associated with occasional (RR=1.83; CI 95% 1.50 to 2.23) and persistent (RR=1.83; CI 95% 1.50 to 2.23) cannabis use in late adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of over 6000 young people in England, high childhood academic at age 11 is associated with a reduced risk of cigarette smoking but an increased risk of drinking alcohol regularly and cannabis use. These associations persist into early adulthood, providing evidence against the hypothesis that high academic ability is associated with temporary 'experimentation' with substance use.
%N 2
%P e012989
%V 7
%D 2017
%I BMJ Publishing
%R doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012989.
%L ndc26918

%A Lorraine Burke
%A Aoife Gavin
%T Short report  HBSC Ireland 2014: young people?s drinking in the North Dublin area.
%X The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a cross-national research study conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and runs on a four-year cycle. In 2014, Ireland participated for the fifth time in the HBSC study (www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc). The overall aims of the HBSC study are to gain new insight into, and increase our understanding of young people?s health and well-being, health behaviours and their social context. HBSC collects data on key indicators of health, health attitudes, and health behaviours, as well as the context of health for young people. The study is a school-based survey with information collected from students through self-completion questionnaires in classrooms. HBSC Ireland 2014 was funded by the Department of Health.

The most recent HBSC Ireland study was conducted in 2014 and included 13,611 school children from 3rd class in primary school to 5th year in post-primary school. Overall, 42.2% boys and 57.8% girls participated. Collectively, 230 primary and post-primary schools across Ireland participated in this study.

This short report provides a descriptive analysis of the HBSC 2014 survey data comparing school children aged 10-17 years from North County Dublin to the rest of the sample regarding family and peer support, happiness, exercise and physical activity, food and dietary behaviour, school participation, bullying, neighbourhood, risk behaviours (alcohol consumption, smoking, cannabis use)and sexual activity.
%C Galway
%D 2017
%I Health Promotion Research Centre, NUI Galway
%L ndc26939

%T Drug misuse prevention: targeted interventions.
%C London
%D 2017
%I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
%R NICE guideline [NG64]
%L ndc26887

%A Catherine Perry
%A Eimear Keane
%A Aoife Gavin
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T HBSC Ireland 2014: alcohol and cannabis use in school-children in Ireland (updated).
%X The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a cross-national research study conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and runs on a four-year cycle. In 2014, Ireland participated for the fifth time in the HBSC study (www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc). The overall aims of the HBSC study are to gain new insight into, and increase our understanding of young people?s health and well-being, health behaviours and their social context. HBSC collects data on key indicators of health, health attitudes, and health behaviours, as well as the context of health for young people. The study is a school-based survey with information collected from students through self-completion questionnaires in classrooms. HBSC Ireland 2014 was funded by the Department of Health. 

The most recent HBSC Ireland study was conducted in 2014 and included 13,611 school-children from 3rd class in primary school to 5th year in post-primary school. Collectively, 230 primary and post-primary schools across Ireland participated in this study. The methods employed comply with the International HBSC protocol and are detailed in the national report from the 2014 survey see http://www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc/hbsc_2014.html.

This short report presents a brief analysis of alcohol and cannabis intake among Irish school-children, aged 13-17, across the country broken down by age and gender. Overall, data from 7,320 school-children aged 13-17 were analysed.
%C Galway
%D 2017
%I Health Promotion Research Centre, NUI Galway
%L ndc26940

%T New issues and age-old challenges: a review of young people?s relationship with tobacco.
%X To achieve this report?s ambition for a deepening of progress against youth smoking, action is required across the system at both a national and local level. The policy recommendations within this report overwhelmingly focus on the necessity of return to national leadership on smoking, and the identification of a few immediate opportunities for action at a local level.
%C Liverpool
%D 2017
%I Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation
%L ndc27230

%T Promoting good health from childhood. Reducing the impact of alcohol marketing on children in Scotland.
%X This report has been developed by a virtual expert group on alcohol marketing, established following discussions at the Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in Edinburgh in October 2015. The group was tasked by the then Minister for Public Health, Maureen Watt MSP, to consider the top policy options for a range of areas within advertising and sponsorship, taking into account how such policies might be implemented in Scotland.

Executive Summary p.4
1. Introduction p.9
2. Promoting good health from childhood p.12
3. Nature, extent and reach of contemporary alcohol marketing p.15
4. The influence of alcohol marketing on children and young people p.20
5. Failure of self-regulation of alcohol marketing p.24
6. The way forward: Putting children first p.27
7. Recommendations p.32
?	Appendix One: Membership of Virtual Network p.37
?	Appendix Two: Support for action to protect children from alcohol marketing p.38
?	Appendix Three: Examples of statutory restrictions on alcohol marketing in other European countries p.39
?	References p.42
%C Glasgow
%D 2017
%I Alcohol Focus Scotland
%L ndc26921

%T Annual report of the Committee appointed to monitor the effectiveness of the diversion programme 2015.
%C Dublin
%D 2017
%I An Garda Siochana
%L ndc26694

%A Lucy Dillon
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Young people?s views of substance use and parenting.
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%P 13
%L ndc26705
%V Issue 60, Winter 2017

%A Sean Millar
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Sixth ESPAD survey report published.
%D 2017
%I Health Research Board
%P 10-11
%L ndc26702
%V Issue 60, Winter 2017

%T Specialist substance misuse services for young people. A rapid mixed methods evidence review of current provision and main principles for commissioning.
%X In April 2013, commissioning drug and alcohol misuse treatment services in the United Kingdom became the responsibility of local authorities. At that point local authorities were given greater autonomy to develop their own approaches to meet local need and the previously ring-fenced budget for young people?s specialist substance misuse services became part of the wider local authority public health grant. Public Health England (PHE) commissioned The Children?s Society to undertake scoping research in early 20161, to understand some of the opportunities and challenges currently facing those now responsible for commissioning and delivering young people?s specialist substance misuse services and to outline some critical good practice principles. 

The findings reflect a snapshot of commissioning and provision in England, and do not constitute an exhaustive or systematic national review. Those interviewed were asked about: local commissioning practices and common service models; the evidence used in commissioning decisions around best practice; emerging local trends in substance misuse; and current opportunities and challenges for commissioning. Young service users were invited to share their views on what they believe should constitute core components of a young person-centered service that responds to their needs, makes them likely to engage effectively and results in positive outcomes for them. 

Four core commissioning principles have been developed, based on the findings, research and evidence based guidelines, for the commissioning and provision of specialist substance misuse provision for young people. The document is designed to provide prompts around some core principles for consideration when local authorities are commissioning specialist substance misuse provision, but is not intended to be a comprehensive commissioning guide.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Public Health England
%L ndc26669

%T Adolescent addiction service report 2017.
%X In 2016 the Adolescent Addiction Service worked with 49 young people and their families with a mean age of 15.5years (range 14?18 years), comprising new referrals, re-referrals and continuances. The majority (77%) were male. Referrals were received from a broad range of services.
%D 2017
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc27954

%A Paul Andell
%A John Pitts
%T Preventing the violent and sexual victimisation of vulnerable gang-involved and gang-affected children and young people in Ipswich.
%X The response to gangs and county lines in Suffolk before 2017 p.4 
The research brief and definitions p.8 
The research methodology p.9 
The emergence of gangs and gang violence in Ipswich p.10 
Ends, gang conflict and social media p.14 
Girls, young women and gangs in Ipswich p.15 
The evolution of local drug markets p.17 
Gangs and drug markets in Ipswich today p.19 
Accommodating ?looked after? young people p.23 
A view from the street p.24 
Developing a strategy: p.30 
Conclusions and way forward: p.54 

References p.58 
Appendix I: Drug treatment and arrest data p.62 
Appendix II: Demand reduction for heroin p.67 
Appendix III: Key features of gang desistance programmes p.68 
Appendix IV: Network analysis p.70
%C Suffolk
%D 2017
%I University of Suffolk
%L ndc27822

%A Agnes Aynsley
%A Rick Bradley
%A Linssay Buchanan
%A Naomi Burrows
%A Marc Bush
%T Childhood adversity, substance misuse and young people?s mental health.
%X Substance misuse is just one form of risk-taking behaviour, and can be a sign that young people are dealing with adversity, trauma, and/or experimenting with their identities. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are events that have a traumatic and lasting effect on the mental health of young people.

Children who experience four or more adversities, are twice as likely to binge drink, and eleven times more likely to go on to use crack cocaine or heroin
%C London
%D 2017
%I Addaction
%L ndc27500

%A Dan Hartnett
%A Alan Carr
%A Elena Hamilton
%A Gary O'Reilly
%J Family Process
%T The effectiveness of functional family therapy for adolescent behavioral and substance misuse problems: a meta-analysis.
%X A systematic review of published and unpublished English language articles identified 14 studies containing 18 comparisons between functional family therapy (FFT) and another condition in the treatment of adolescent disruptive behavior and substance use disorders. In 11 of these comparisons, assignment to conditions was random, while nonrandom assignment occurred in seven studies. For both random and nonrandom comparisons, separate meta-analyses were conducted for subgroups of studies depending on the type of comparison group used. Data from studies of untreated control groups (CTL), treatment as usual (TAU), and well-defined alternative treatments (ALTs) were analyzed separately. Effect sizes from these six meta-analyses were as follows: random assignment FFT versus CTL (k?=?3, d?=?0.48, p?<?.01); random assignment FFT versus TAU (k?=?3, d?=?.20, ns); random assignment FFT versus ALT (k?=?5, d?=?.35, p?<?.05); nonrandom assignment FFT versus CTL (k?=?2, d?=?.90, ns); nonrandom assignment FFT versus TAU (k?=?2, d?=?.08, ns); and nonrandom assignment FFT versus ALT (k?=?3, d?=?.75, p?<?.001). These results provide support for the effectiveness of FFT compared with untreated controls and well-defined ALTs, such as cognitive behavior therapy, other models of family therapy, and individual and group therapy for adolescents.
%N 3
%P 607-619
%V 56
%D 2017
%L ndc26269

%A Seamus A Harvey
%A Michael T McKay
%J Child Care in Practice
%T Perspectives on adolescent alcohol use and consideration of future consequences: results from a qualitative study.
%N 1
%P 104-120
%V 23
%D 2017
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc25318

%A David H Jernigan
%A Alisa Padon
%A Craig Ross
%A Dina Borzekowski
%J Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
%T Self-reported youth and adult exposure to alcohol marketing in traditional and digital media: results of a pilot survey.
%X Background: Alcohol marketing is known to be a significant risk factor for underage drinking. However, little is known about youth and adult exposure to alcohol advertising in digital and social media. This study piloted a comparative assessment of youth and adult recall of exposure to online marketing of alcohol.

Methods: From September to October 2013, a pilot survey of past 30-day exposure to alcohol advertising and promotional content in traditional and digital media was administered to a national sample of 1,192 youth (ages 13 to 20) and 1,124 adults (ages ?21) using a prerecruited Internet panel maintained by GfK Custom Research. The weighted proportions of youth and adults who reported this exposure were compared by media type and by advertising and promotional content.

Results: Youth were more likely than adults to recall exposure to alcohol advertising on television (69.2% vs. 61.9%), radio (24.8% vs. 16.7%), billboards (54.8% vs. 35.4%), and the Internet (29.7% vs. 16.8%), but less likely to recall seeing advertising in magazines (35.7% vs. 36.4%). Youth were also more likely to recall seeing advertisements and pictures on the Internet of celebrities using alcohol (36.1% vs. 20.8%) or wearing clothing promoting alcohol (27.7% vs. 15.9%), and actively respond (i.e., like, share, or post) to alcohol-related content online.

Conclusions: Youth report greater exposure to alcohol advertising and promotional content than adults in most media, including on the Internet. These findings emphasize the need to assure compliance with voluntary industry standards on the placement of alcohol advertising and the importance of developing better tools for monitoring youth exposure to alcohol marketing, particularly on the Internet.
%N 3
%V 41
%D 2017
%R DOI: 10.1111/acer.13331
%I Wiley
%L ndc26882

%A Michael T McKay
%A Jon C Cole
%J Journal of Rural Mental Health
%T The influence of city, intermediate, and rural living on substance use in Northern Ireland: a cross-sectional study in adolescents.
%N 2
%P 83-96
%V 41
%D 2017
%I American Psychological Association
%L ndc27922

%T The impact of community-based drug and alcohol treatment on re-offending. Joint experimental statistical report from the Ministry of Justice and Public Health England.
%X This experimental statistical report contains initial findings from a project that has linked data from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) held by Public Health England (PHE) with data on offenders held by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ). The aim of this report is to improve the evidence base of the links between community-based treatment for substance misuse and changes in re-offending. 

This ad-hoc release includes key sections on: 
?	? Characteristics associated with offending in the two-years before and after starting treatment (sections 3 and 7); 
?	? The offending profile both before and after starting treatment (section 4 and 5); 
?	? Change in offending (section 6); 
?	? Offending during prison or treatment (section 8). 

This report contains initial findings from analysing the final matched dataset to support policy development and is intended to demonstrate the potential utility in linking treatment and offending data. Future publications may follow as our investigations into the links between substance misuse, treatment and re-offending are expanded.
%C London
%D 2017
%I Ministry of Justice and Public Health England
%L ndc28059

%A Ellen Leslie
%A Andrew Smirnov
%A Jake M Najman
%A John Scott
%J Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice
%T Alcohol use and motivations for drinking among types of young adult illicit stimulant users.
%X Drinking among young adult users of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) during episodes of ecstasy and methamphetamine use is reported to have a number of possible functions, such as mitigating the unwanted effects of the drugs, enhancing intoxication and pleasure, and increasing drinking capacity. While there is evidence to suggest a high prevalence of risky drinking among users of ATS in Australia, little is known about how they combine their use of ATS with the consumption of alcohol or why they do so. This paper considers how ATS users consume alcohol during ecstasy and methamphetamine use, and also addresses alcohol abuse and dependence among low-risk and at-risk ATS users.

At-risk users are more likely to have experienced alcohol abuse and dependence during adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting that higher-risk use of ATS may be linked with problematic drinking patterns. The paper suggests that problematic behaviour relating to alcohol and ATS use is interlinked, and may be important in developing appropriate policy responses.
%N 515
%D 2016
%C Canberra
%I Australian Institute of Criminology
%L ndc26512

%A Martin P Davoren
%A Mary Cronin
%A Ivan J Perry
%A Jakob Demant
%A Frances Shiely
%A Karl O'Connor
%J Addiction Research & Theory
%T A typology of alcohol consumption among young people ? A narrative synthesis.
%N 4
%P 261-273
%V 24
%D 2016
%I Informa healthcare
%R DOI:10.3109/16066359.2015.1121244
%L ndc25207

%T Tackling youth crime. Youth justice action plan 2014-2018: progress report 2014/2015.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Department of Justice and Equality
%L ndc26531

%A Fran Warren
%T ?What works? in drug education and prevention?
%X This literature review provides background on what is meant by prevention and education and discusses the evidence base. The evidence of effectiveness for different approaches used in schools and other components necessary for effective drug prevention and education in schools is presented. The effectiveness of drug education and prevention beyond the school setting is then considered, alongside the evidence to support peer led interventions and specific programmes for vulnerable young people. Specific manualised and licensed prevention programmes are considered and some of the issues and challenges involved in implementing these programmes in different contexts is discussed. 

The evidence for ineffective approaches to drug prevention is highlighted and lastly recommendations from the literature for policy makers are set out, alongside some thoughts on the implications of this review for drug education and prevention in Scotland, in particular the need to map prevention activity for young people being delivered in Scotland.
%C Edinburgh
%D 2016
%I Scottish Government
%L ndc26557

%A Marco Bennardi
%A Elaine McMahon
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Eve Griffin
%A Ella Arensman
%J BMC Psychiatry
%T Risk of repeated self-harm and associated factors in children, adolescents and young adults.
%X BACKGROUND
Repeated self-harm represents the single strongest risk factor for suicide. To date no study with full national coverage has examined the pattern of hospital repeated presentations due to self-harm among young people.

METHODS
Data on consecutive self-harm presentations were obtained from the National Self-Harm Registry Ireland. Socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of individuals aged 10-29 years who presented with self-harm to emergency departments in Ireland (2007-2014) were analysed. Risk of long-term repetition was assessed using survival analysis and time differences between the order of presentations using generalised estimating equation analysis.

RESULTS
The total sample comprised 28,700 individuals involving 42,642 presentations. Intentional drug overdose was the most prevalent method (57.9%). Repetition of self-harm occurred in 19.2% of individuals during the first year following a first presentation, of whom the majority (62.7%) engaged in one repeated act. Overall, the risk of repeated self-harm was similar between males and females. However, in the 20-24-year-old age group males were at higher risk than females. Those who used self-cutting were at higher risk for repetition than those who used intentional drug overdose, particularly among females. Age was associated with repetition only among females, in particular adolescents (15-19 years old) were at higher risk than young emerging adults (20-24 years old). Repeated self-harm risk increased significantly with the number of previous self-harm episodes. Time differences between first self-harm presentations were detected. Time between second and third presentation increased compared to time between first and second presentation among low frequency repeaters (patients with 3 presentations only within 1 year following a first presentation). The same time period decreased among high frequency repeaters (patients with at least 4 to more than 30 presentations).

CONCLUSION
Young people with the highest risk for repeated self-harm were 15-19-year-old females and 20-24-year-old males. Self-cutting was the method associated with the highest risk of self-harm repetition. Time between first self-harm presentations represents an indicator of subsequent repetition. To prevent risk of repeated self-harm in young people, all individuals presenting at emergency departments due to self-harm should be provided with a risk assessment including psychosocial characteristics, history of self-harm and time between first presentations.
%N 1
%P 421
%V 16
%D 2016
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc27940

%A Xiangfei Meng
%A Carl D'Arcy
%J BMC Psychiatry
%T Gender moderates the relationship between childhood abuse and internalizing and substance use disorders later in life: a cross-sectional analysis.
%X BACKGROUND: Although some studies examined the moderating role of gender in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental disorders later in life, a number of them examined the effects of only one or two types of maltreatment on an individual mental disorder, for instance, depression, substance use. It is of considerable clinical and theoretical importance to have in-depth understanding what roles of different types of childhood abuse play out in a wide range of mental disorders among women and men using well accepted instruments measuring abuse and mental disorders. The present study aimed to examine this issue using a large nationally representative population sample to explore the gender effect of different types of childhood abuse in mental disorders, and assess the moderating role of gender in the abuse-mental disorder relationship.

METHODS: Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2012: Mental Health we sought to answer this question. Respondents with information on childhood maltreatment prior to age 16 were selected (N?=?23, 395).

RESULTS: We found: i) strong associations between childhood abuse frequency and gender; ii) significant differences between men and women in terms of mental disorders; iii) strong associations between childhood abuse and mental disorders; and, iv) gender moderated the role of childhood abuse history on adulthood mental disorders. Females with a history of sexual abuse and/or exposure to interpersonal violence were at a greater risk of alcohol abuse or dependence later in life.

CONCLUSIONS: Intervention should occur as early as possible, and should help female victims of childhood sexual abuse and/or exposure to interpersonal violence, and their families to build more constructive ways to effectively reduce the negative affects of these experiences. Recognition of the moderating role of gender on the relationship between childhood abuse history and mental disorders later in life may aid clinicians and researchers in providing optimal health services.
%N 1
%P 401
%V 16
%D 2016
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc27622

%A Anat Brunstein Klomek
%A Avigal Snir
%A Alan Apter
%A Vladimir Carli
%A Camilla Wasserman
%A Gerg? Hadlaczky
%A Christina W Hoven
%A Marco Sarchiapone
%A Judit Balazs
%A Julio Bobes
%A Romuald Brunner
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Doina Cosman
%A Christian Haring
%A Jean-Pierre Kahn
%A Michael Kaess
%A Vita Postuvan
%A Merike Sisask
%A Alexandra Tubiana
%A Airi Varnik
%A Janina ?iberna
%A Danuta Wasserman
%J European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
%T Association between victimization by bullying and direct self injurious behavior among adolescence in Europe: a ten-country study.
%X Previous studies have examined the association between victimization by bullying and both suicide ideation and suicide attempts. The current study examined the association between victimization by bullying and direct-self-injurious behavior (D-SIB) among a large representative sample of male and female adolescents in Europe. This study is part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study and includes 168 schools, with 11,110 students (mean age?=?14.9, SD?=?0.89). 

Students were administered a self-report survey within the classroom, in which they were asked about three types of victimization by bullying (physical, verbal and relational) as well as direct self-injurious behavior (D-SIB). Additional risk factors (symptoms of depression and anxiety, suicide ideation, suicide attempts, loneliness, alcohol consumption, drug consumption), and protective factors (parent support, peer support, pro-social behavior) were included. The three types of victimization examined were associated with D-SIB. Examination of gender as moderator of the association between victimization (relational, verbal, and physical) and D-SIB yielded no significant results. As for the risk factors, depression, but not anxiety, partially mediated the effect of relational victimization and verbal victimization on D-SIB. As for the protective factors, students with parent and peer support and those with pro-social behaviors were at significantly lower risk of engaging in D-SIB after being victimized compared to students without support/pro-social behaviors. 

This large-scale study has clearly demonstrated the cross-sectional association between specific types of victimization with self-injurious behavior among adolescents and what may be part of the risk and protective factors in this complex association.
%N 11
%P 1183-1193
%V 25
%D 2016
%I Springer
%L ndc26347

%T Growing up in Ireland. Key findings: child cohort at 17/18 years. No. 4: risky health behaviours and sexual activity.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Economic and Social Research Institute
%L ndc26344

%A Jai K Das
%A Rehana Salam
%A Ahmed Arshad
%A Yaron Finkelstein
%A Zulfiqar A Bhutta
%J Journal of Adolescent Health
%T Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: an overview of systematic reviews.
%X Many unhealthy behaviors often begin during adolescence and represent major public health challenges. Substance abuse has a major impact on individuals, families, and communities, as its effects are cumulative, contributing to costly social, physical, and mental health problems. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent substance abuse among adolescents. We report findings from a total of 46 systematic reviews focusing on interventions for smoking/tobacco use, alcohol use, drug use, and combined substance abuse. 

Our overview findings suggest that among smoking/tobacco interventions, school-based prevention programs and family-based intensive interventions typically addressing family functioning are effective in reducing smoking. Mass media campaigns are also effective given that these were of reasonable intensity over extensive periods of time. Among interventions for alcohol use, school-based alcohol prevention interventions have been associated with reduced frequency of drinking, while family-based interventions have a small but persistent effect on alcohol misuse among adolescents. For drug abuse, school-based interventions based on a combination of social competence and social influence approaches have shown protective effects against drugs and cannabis use. Among the interventions targeting combined substance abuse, school-based primary prevention programs are effective. Evidence from Internet-based interventions, policy initiatives, and incentives appears to be mixed and needs further research. 

Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific interventions components with standardized intervention and outcome measures. Various delivery platforms, including digital platforms and policy initiative, have the potential to improve substance abuse outcomes among adolescents; however, these require further research.
%N 4 supp
%V 59
%D 2016
%I Elsevier
%L ndc26168

%A Martin Grehan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Factors influencing reunification between NDTC service users and their children in care.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 14-15
%L ndc26235
%V Issue 59, Autumn 2016

%A Ciara Guiney
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Developing inside: transforming prison for young adults.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 12-13
%L ndc26234
%V Issue 59, Autumn 2016

%T Preventing children and young people?s mental health and substance use problems.
%X This briefing paper is part of a series produced by Mentor ADEPIS on alcohol and drug education and prevention, for teachers and practitioners. It intends to provide teachers, educators and the wider school workforce with practical guidelines on how to prevent children and young people from developing mental health problems as a result of alcohol and drug misuse.
%C London
%D 2016
%I Mentor
%L ndc26314

%A Bobby P Smyth
%A A Hannigan
%A Walter Cullen
%J Irish Medical Journal
%T Cocaine use in young adults: correlation with early onset cannabis, alcohol and tobacco use.
%N 9
%D 2016
%I Irish Medical Organisation
%L ndc26254
%V 109

%T Cherishing all the children equally? Ireland 100 years on from the Easter Rising.
%X Cherishing all the children equally? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background.

Tables of contents:
1.	 Introduction
2.	Changing perceptions and experiences of childhood, 1916-2016
3.	Children and families, then & now
4.	Is family structure a source of inequality in children?s lives?
5.	Parental investment & child development
6.	Inequalities in access to early care and education in Ireland
7.	Inequalities from the start? children?s integration into primary school
8.	Insights into the prevalence of special educational needs
9.	The experiences of migrant children in Ireland
10.	Social variation in child health & development: a life-course approach
11.	Child access to GP services in Ireland: do user fees matter?
12.	Anti-social behaviour at age 13
13.	Child economic vulnerability dynamics in the recession
14.	Concluding observations
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Oak Tree Press
%L ndc26255
%E James Williams
%E Elizabeth Nixon
%E Emer Smyth
%E Dorothy Watson

%A Ludwig Kraus
%A Ulf Guttormsson
%A H?kan Leifman
%A Sharon Arpa
%A Sabrina Molinaro
%A Karin Monshouwer
%A Marcis Trapencieris
%A Julian Vicente
%A ?rs?ll M?r Arnarsson
%A Olga Balakireva
%A Elin K Bye
%A Anina Chileva
%A Mihai Ciocanu
%A Luke Clancy
%A Ladislav Cs?my
%A Tatijana Djurisic
%A Zsuzsanna Elekes
%A Fernanda Feij?o
%A Silvia Florescu
%A Iva Pejnovic Franelic
%T ESPAD report 2015 results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2016
%I Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
%L ndc26114

%T Young people ? substance misuse JSNA support pack 2017-18: commissioning prompts. Good practice prompts for planning comprehensive interventions.
%X This document outlines four key principles and useful prompts that local areas might consider when commissioning universal and targeted drug, alcohol and tobacco prevention interventions, and specialist interventions for young people already experiencing harms. It also directs local areas to national data sources on the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco by young people.

1. Effective universal and targeted evidence-based interventions to prevent young people's use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco are commissioned  p.6 
2. A full range of specialist drug, alcohol and tobacco interventions are available to young people in need  p.10 
3. Commissioning is integrated across prevention and specialist interventions and the wider children's agenda  p.15 
4. A skilled workforce is in place to provide effective interventions  p.17
%C London
%D 2016
%I Public Health England
%L ndc26153

%A Keishia Taylor
%A Kate Babineau
%A Sheila Keogan
%A Ellen Whelan
%A Luke Clancy
%T ESPAD 2015: European Schools Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs in Ireland.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Department of Health
%L ndc26116

%A Ian Wybron
%T Youth drinking in transition.
%X This report explores the drinking habits of young adults in Great Britain. It seeks to contribute evidence to explain some of the shifting trends in these drinking habits as reported in the official statistics ? including the decline in binge drinking and rise in teetotalism. And it looks in particular at the drinking habits of students, those in work, and those not in education, employment or training (NEETs), as three major case studies. While we have sought to highlight where positive steps have been made ? following our earlier work Character and Moderation ? we have also sought to present a balanced view, identifying outstanding challenges for those concerned with excessive alcohol consumption.
%C London
%D 2016
%I DEMOS
%L ndc26123

%A Aoife Cannon
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Psychological health of heroin-dependent teenagers in treatment.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 23-24
%L ndc25985
%V Issue 58, Summer 2016

%A Lucy Dillon
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Drug service for LGBT young people.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%L ndc26178
%V Issue 58, Summer 2016

%A Denis Murray
%J Feedback: Journal of the Family Therapy Association of Ireland
%T Family therapy within an adolescent addiction treatment service. ?In search of solutions".
%X Issues and trends in relation to substance misuse normally develop in the transitional phase of adolescence, as young people begin looking towards their peers for direction and are less subject to parental authority. In relation to substance misuse it is observed that risk and protection factors exist in equal measure within different contexts, including within the individual, family, peer group, school and community settings. In response to problems relating to illicit drug use in Ireland the first adult treatment service was established in Dublin in 1969. As an approach to meeting the complex needs of an adolescent drug using population two designated out-patient treatment adolescent services were established in Dublin during the mid- 1990s. Working closely with families, carers and significant others improves communication and mobilises resources in ways that enhances protection for young people especially in circumstances where there are a number of family members engaging in substance misuse.
%D 2016
%I Family Therapy Association of Ireland
%P 1-15p
%L ndc26251

%T Composite review report on the deaths of five young people who were known to child protection services.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Tusla
%L ndc25992

%T Helping children to be children. Annual report and accounts 2015.
%X The ISPCC?s Childhood Support Service experienced a huge demand and worked with 439 children throughout 2015. One of the primary reasons for referral to the service was issues arising for children as a result of parental separation, with the processes surrounding this emerging as a source of anxiety for children. The system of mediation, the courts process and legal process and the lack of the voice of the child in this system were all issues which came through in the service?s one to-one work with children.
 
ISPCC Chief Executive Grainia Long stated: ?As the national child protection charity, we monitor carefully the issues that arise for children accessing our support services. Among many other issues affecting children accessing our services ? including early sexualisation, drugs and alcohol, bullying and cyber safety ? a growing concern for our childhood support workers is the impact on children of issues arising from parental separation. While relationship breakdown is difficult on everyone, there are ways in which changes to the legal system could reduce the impact on children. 
 
?The family courts system, custody and access processes and even mediation process are not child-centered, the voice of the child is often not heard in these situations and children?s emotional well-being can be affected. There is no early stage intervention, and so referrals often occur late in the process when cases are at extreme stages. There is a clear need to address the deficiencies in process, in the support systems available and in the courts systems that do not enable the voice of the child to be heard in these situations.?
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
%L ndc25850

%A Sharon JL Levy
%A Janet F Williams
%J Pediatrics
%T Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment.
%X The enormous public health impact of adolescent substance use and its preventable morbidity and mortality highlight the need for the health care sector, including pediatricians and the medical home, to increase its capacity regarding adolescent substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). The American Academy of Pediatrics first published a policy statement on SBIRT and adolescents in 2011 to introduce SBIRT concepts and terminology and to offer clinical guidance about available substance use screening tools and intervention procedures. 

This clinical report provides a simplified adolescent SBIRT clinical approach that, in combination with the accompanying updated policy statement, guides pediatricians in implementing substance use prevention, detection, assessment, and intervention practices across the varied clinical settings in which adolescents receive health care.
%N 1
%V 138
%D 2016
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%L ndc25933

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin
%T Detecting alcohol use disorders with a single question.
%X A US study of young people in rural primary care settings finds that alcohol use disorders can be identified with a single question about frequency of drinking.
%N 8 June 2016
%D 2016
%L ndc25887

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin
%T ?Inconclusive? verdict on brief alcohol advice for young emergency patients.
%X ?Inconclusive? was the verdict of a review which aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions among patients aged 11 to 21 attending for emergency care in the USA. Most promising targets seem to have been the more heavy or irresponsibly drinking among patients who were young adults rather than adolescents.

Key points from summary and commentary
?	The featured review aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions among patients aged 11 to 21 attending for emergency care in the USA.
?	Overall the results of the seven studies were inconclusive in respect of whether such interventions have reduced drinking or related consequences.
?	Most promising targets seem to have been the more heavy or irresponsibly drinking among patients who were young adults rather than adolescents.
%C London
%N 8 June 2016
%D 2016
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc25888

%T Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2013/2014 survey.
%C Denmark
%D 2016
%I World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
%L ndc25512
%E Jo Inchley
%E Dorothy Currie
%E Taryn Young
%E Oddrun Samdal
%E Torbj?rn Torsheim
%E Lise Augustson
%E Frida Mathison
%E Aixa Aleman-Diaz
%E Michal Molcho
%E Martin Weber
%E Vivian Barnekow

%A Simone K?hn
%A Charlotte Witt
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Alexis Barbot
%A Gareth J Barker
%A Christian B?chel
%A Patricia J Conrod
%A Herta Flor
%A Hugh Garavan
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Karl Mann
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Tomas Paus
%A Marcella Rietschel
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Andreas Str?hle
%A R?diger Br?hl
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Andreas Heinz
%A J?rgen Gallinat
%J Addiction Biology
%T From mother to child: orbitofrontal cortex gyrification and changes of drinking behaviour during adolescence.
%X Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Importantly, the neuro-anatomical foundation for later alcohol-related problems may already manifest pre-natally, particularly due to smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. In this context, cortical gyrification is an interesting marker of neuronal development but has not been investigated as a risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. On magnetic resonance imaging scans of 595 14-year-old adolescents from the IMAGEN sample, we computed whole-brain mean curvature indices to predict change in alcohol-related problems over the following 2 years. Change of alcohol use-related problems was significantly predicted from mean curvature in left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less gyrification of OFC was associated with an increase in alcohol use-related problems over the next 2 years. Moreover, lower gyrification in left OFC was related to pre-natal alcohol exposure, whereas maternal smoking during pregnancy had no effect. 

Current alcohol use-related problems of the biological mother had no effect on offsprings' OFC gyrification or drinking behaviour. The data support the idea that alcohol consumption during pregnancy mediates the development of neuro-anatomical phenotypes, which in turn constitute a risk factor for increasing problems due to alcohol consumption in a vulnerable stage of life. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or current maternal alcohol/nicotine consumption had no significant effect. The OFC mediates behaviours known to be disturbed in addiction, namely impulse control and reward processing. The results stress the importance of pre-natal alcohol exposure for later increases in alcohol use-related problems, mediated by structural brain characteristics.
%N 3
%P 700-8
%V 21
%D 2016
%I Wiley
%L ndc26676

%A Aileen O'Gorman
%J Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy
%T Chillin, buzzin, getting mangled, and coming down: Doing differentiated normalisation in risk environments.
%X Aims: This paper examines differentiated normalisation through the lens of young drug users from a marginalised Dublin neighbourhood where drugs are readily available, prevalence rates are high, and a flourishing drugs market operates. 

Findings: The narratives of these marginalised young people illustrate how drug use and drug choices are shaped by different intentions, avowed identities and diverse structural, temporal and socio-spatial settings. Their routines and drug repertoires echo the (mainly) reasoned consumption choices, the cost?benefit analyses and the emphasis on pleasure and fun ascribed to recreational drug users, including those who underpin the normalisation concept. However, their drug using practices continue to be rendered deviant due to their experience of social exclusion; exclusion from consumption-orientated lifestyles and from the night time economy; and their inclusion in the informal drugs economy. 

Conclusion: Normalisation is relative (not just differentiated) to the social status of the drug user. A reconstructed normalisation thesis inclusive of class (and race, and gender) could explore why the use of similar drugs and similar drug using behaviours by different social groups is differentially accommodated and accepted by mainstream society.
%N 3
%P 247-254
%V 23
%D 2016
%I Taylor & Francis
%R DOI:10.1080/09687637.2016.1176991
%L ndc25573

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Health in Ireland: key trends 2015.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 13-15
%L ndc25493
%V Issue 57, Spring 2016

%T The opiate epidemic - free access article collection.
%D 2016
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc25631

%A Sophie D Walsh
%A Zlata Bruckauf
%A Tania Gaspar
%T Adolescents at risk. Psychosomatic health complaints, low life satisfaction, excessive sugar consumption and their relationship with cumulative risks.
%X Adolescence is a time of transitions when experimentation, risk taking and active peer interactions can be viewed as a part of the development process. Yet, for some groups of young people with reported poor psychosomatic health, low life satisfaction or unhealthy eating habits these experiences may be different. Empirical evidence is limited in recognising the overlapping and cumulative risks of adolescents? health disadvantage and multiple externalized risk behaviours and outcomes (smoking, drinking, binge drinking, regular fighting, injuries and bullying). 

Drawing on the most recent 2013/2014 data of the Health Behaviour of School Children (HBSC) study, this paper examines the risks of individual and cumulative risks (three or more types) associated with being in the bottom group of psychosomatic health complaints, life satisfaction and unhealthy eating (excessive sugar consumption) across 29 countres. Using multivariate logistic modelling, the association that was the strongest, most consistent and independent of family affluence (FAS) was that between cumulative risks and high levels of psychosomatic health complaints. Similarly consistent, although weaker, is the association found between adolescents? low life satisfaction and unhealthy eating. Only in Greece and Hungary does the association between cumulative risks and life satisfaction seem to be mediated by family socio-economic status (SES). This is also the case for Denmark and Malta in the case of unhealthy eating.
%C Florence
%D 2016
%I UNICEF Office of Research
%R Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-13
%L ndc26943

%T Fairness for children: a league table of inequality in child well-being in rich countries, Innocenti report card 13.
%X This Report Card presents an overview of inequalities in child well-being in 41 countries of the European Union (EU) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It focuses on ?bottom-end inequality? ? the gap between children at the bottom and those in the middle ? and addresses the question ?how far behind are children being allowed to fall?? in income, education, health and life satisfaction.

Across the OECD, he risks of poverty have been shifting from the elderly towards youth since the 1980s. These developments accentuate the need to monitor the well-being of the most disadvantaged children, but income inequality also has far-reaching consequences for society, harming educational attainment, key health outcomes and even economic growth. A concern with fairness and social justice requires us to consider whether some members of society are being left so far behind that it unfairly affects their lives both now and in the future. This Report Card asks the same underlying question as Report Card 9, which focused on inequality in child well-being, but uses the most recent data available and includes more countries.
%C Florencd
%D 2016
%I UNICEF Office of Research ? Innocenti
%L ndc25392

%A Yvonne Kelly
%A Alice Goisis
%A Amanda Sacker
%A Noriko Cable
%A Richard G Watt
%A Annie Britton
%J BMC Public Health
%T What influences 11-year-olds to drink? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.
%X BACKGROUND: Drinking in youth is linked to other risky behaviours, educational failure and premature death. Prior research has examined drinking in mid and late teenagers, but little is known about the factors that influence drinking at the beginning of adolescence. Objectives were: 1. to assess associations of parental and friends' drinking with reported drinking among 11?year olds; 2. to investigate the roles of perceptions of harm, expectancies towards alcohol, parental supervision and family relationships on reported drinking among 11?year olds.

METHODS: Analysis of data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study on 10498 11-year-olds. The outcome measure was having drank an alcoholic drink, self-reported by cohort members.

RESULTS: 13.6?% of 11?year olds reported having drank. Estimates reported are odds ratios and 95?% confidence intervals. Cohort members whose mothers drank were more likely to drink (light/moderate?=?1.6, 1.3 to 2.0, heavy/binge?=?1.8, 1.4 to 2.3). Cohort members whose fathers drank were also more likely to drink but these estimates lost statistical significance when covariates were adjusted for (light/moderate?=?1.3, 0.9 to 1.9, heavy/binge?=?1.3, 0.9 to 1.9). Having friends who drank was strongly associated with cohort member drinking (4.8, 3.9 to 5.9). Associated with reduced odds of cohort member drinking were: heightened perception of harm from 1-2 drinks daily (some?=?0.9, 0.7 to 1.1, great?=?0.6, 0.5 to 0.7); and negative expectancies towards alcohol (0.5, 0.4 to 0.7). Associated with increased odds of cohort member drinking were: positive expectancies towards alcohol (1.9, 1.4 to 2.5); not being supervised on weekends and weekdays (often?=?1.2, 1.0 to 1.4); frequent battles of will (1.3, 1.1 to 1.5); and not being happy with family (1.2, 1.0 to 1.5).

CONCLUSIONS: Examining drinking at this point in the lifecourse has potentially important public health implications as around one in seven 11?year olds have drank, although the vast majority are yet to explore alcohol. Findings support interventions working at multiple levels that incorporate family and peer factors to help shape choices around risky behaviours including drinking.
%N 169
%P 169
%V 16
%D 2016
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc27676

%A David B Wilson
%A Charlotte Gill
%A Ajima Olaghere
%A David McGlure
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Juvenile curfew effects on criminal behavior and victimization. A systematic review.
%X A juvenile curfew has common sense appeal: keep youth at home during the late night and early morning hours and you will prevent them from committing a crime or being a victim of a crime. In addition, the potential for fines or other sanctions deter youth from being out in a public place during curfew hours. Juvenile curfews have received numerous legal challenges. The constitutional basis for infringing the rights of youth rests on the assumption that they reduce juvenile crime and victimization. This review synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of juvenile curfews in reducing criminal behavior and victimization among youth. 

What studies are included? 
Included studies test the effect of an official state or local policy intended to restrict or otherwise penalize a juvenile's presence outside the home during certain times of day. This must have been a general preventive measure directed at all youth within a certain age range and not a sanction imposed on a specific youth. Twelve quantitative evaluations of the effects of curfews on youth criminal behavior or victimization are included in the review.

Do curfews reduce crime and victimization? 
The pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during all hours. Both effects were not significant. Similarly, juvenile victimization also appeared unaffected by the imposition of a curfew ordinance. However, all the studies in the review suffer from some limitations that make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Nonetheless, the lack of any credible evidence in their favour suggests that any effect is likely to be small at best and that curfews are unlikely to be a meaningful solution to juvenile crime and disorder. Other studies have suggested curfews may be ineffective as juvenile crime is concentrated in hours before and after school, and that under-resourced police forces focus on more urgent demands than enforcing curfews. 

What do the results mean? 
Contrary to popular belief, the evidence suggests that juvenile curfews do not produce the expected benefits. The study designs used in this research make it difficult to draw clear conclusions, so more research is needed to replicate the findings. However, many of the biases likely to occur in existing studies would make it more, rather than less, likely that we would conclude curfews are effective. For example, most of these studies were conducted during a time when crime was dropping throughout the United States. Therefore, our findings suggest that either curfews don?t have any effect on crime, or the effect is too small to be identified in the research available.
%N 2016:3
%D 2016
%R DOI: 10.4073/csr.2016.3
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc26157

%T Children's Rights Alliance report card 2016.
%X The Children's Rights Alliance Annual Report Card, now in its eighth edition, scrutinises the Government on its key commitments to children in the Programme for Government. For the fourth year in a row, the Government is awarded an overall ?C? Grade, as assessed and graded by our independent panel of experts, and reflecting a number of positive developments. However, there are also a number of key areas within which the government has continued to fail the most marginalised groups and these need to be urgently addressed.

One ?A? grade appears in Report Card 2016, namely the section on ?Inequalities in Family Life?. This is as a result of much-needed, comprehensive family law reform during 2015. The Chapter on Education fared well: ?School Buildings? received an ?A-? and ?Child Literacy? gained a ?B+?. The Right to Protection from Abuse and Neglect also did well receiving an overall ?B? grade. These were all dragged down by poor grades for ?Child Poverty? awarded an ?E-? grade and ?Child and Youth Homelessness? which dropped to an ?F?. The situation for ?Traveller and Roma Children? and ?Migrant Children? only slightly improved, receiving an ?E-? and a ?D-? respectively.

P.63 Alcohol, Smoking and Drugs
?Alcohol, Smoking and Drugs? gets a ?B? grade in Report Card 2016, an increase from the ?C-? awarded in Report Card 2015. 2015 saw the long awaited publication of the Public Health Alcohol Bill 2015, the successful passage of the Public Health (Standardised Packaging of Tobacco) Act 2015 and a commitment to develop a new Drugs Strategy in 2016.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Children's Rights Alliance
%L ndc25297

%T Study on the exposure of minors to alcohol advertising on linear and non-linear audio-visual media services and
other online services, including a content analysis.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2016
%I Publications Office of the European Union
%L ndc25279

%A Aisling McLaughlin
%A Tara O'Neill
%A Claire McCarten
%A Andy Percy
%A Mark McCann
%A Oliver Perra
%A Kathryn Higgins
%T Parental alcohol use and resilience in young people in Northern Ireland: a study of family, peer & school processes.
%C Belfast
%D 2016
%I HSC Research and Development Division, Public Health Agency
%L ndc25274

%T Energy drinks in Ireland - a review.
%X Energy drinks have risen in popularity in recent years and are now sold in over 165 countries worldwide. On the island of Ireland, energy drinks advertising accounted for 20% of the total soft drinks market advertising in 2014. In the United States, sales increased by 60% between 2008 and 2012, and in 2006, a staggering 500 new brands of energy drinks were released worldwide. In the UK, the energy drinks market is worth ?491 million and is growing by 7% year on year. This report has found an eightfold increase in the number of energy drinks available in 2015 compared to 2002. Both the scientific community and the public have raised health concerns about the caffeine and calorie intakes associated with energy drinks and the use of these drinks as a mixer with alcohol. These concerns are disputed by the energy drinks industry. 

Two European reports have recently considered aspects of the safety of energy drinks. The EFSA panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies provided a draft opinion on the daily intake of caffeine from all sources that does not give rise to health concerns for both the public and specific population subgroups. This opinion concluded that there was inadequate evidence to decide what a safe level of caffeine intake for children and adolescents is. It does, however, provide levels for daily caffeine intakes from all sources for adults and for pregnant women.

Meanwhile, a second review has looked beyond the safety of individual ingredients and concluded that there are valid concerns meriting further research, particularly around certain patterns of consumption and the effects on specific vulnerable groups ? notably children and adolescents.

This report is compiled in the context of the recent reviews and as a follow-up to a safefood review of "The health effects of ?stimulant drinks" in the Irish context in 2002". It provides details on the current situation in Ireland: the range of energy drink products available, their caffeine and calorie contents, labelling and promotional practices, consumption levels and use with alcohol; insights into public perceptions, and available health-related information. During the research, it became clear that caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks and so it is the focus of this report.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Safefood
%L ndc25296

%T Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people's health and well-being.
%X The report releases data from 42 countries on a range of new topics, such as peer relationships and family support, the school environment, migration, cyber-bullying and serious injury, with the more traditional data on alcohol and tobacco consumption, mental health and nutrition-related behaviour. The report provides data on gender differences and behaviour change in the 11?15-year age group, years that mark a period of increased autonomy that can influence how health and health-related behaviour develops and continues into adulthood. The report highlights socioeconomic differences and variations between countries and regions. It identifies opportunities for policy interventions, as the findings underline the importance of the wider social context and the effect it can have on young people's health.
%C Copenhagan
%D 2016
%I WHO Regional Office for Europe
%L ndc25306

%A Joanna R Adler
%A Sarah K Edwards
%A Mia Scally
%A Dorothy Gill
%A Michael J Puniskis
%A Anna Gekoski
%A Miranda AH Horvath
%T What works in managing young people who offend? A summary of the international evidence.
%X This review was commissioned by the Ministry of Justice and considers international literature concerning the management of young people who have offended. It was produced to inform youth justice policy and practice. The review focuses on the impact and delivery of youth justice supervision, programmes and interventions within the community, secure settings, and during transition into adult justice settings or into mainstream society. 

It does not, however, include studies that focus on early years prevention programmes, crime prevention or reduction strategies or community based approaches that did not involve the direct management of young people who have offended.
%C London
%D 2016
%I Ministry of Justice
%L ndc25182

%J NHS Choices: Behind the headlines
%T Antidepressants linked to suicide and aggression in teens.
%C London
%D 2016
%I NHS Choices
%L ndc25108

%A Milica Vasiljevic
%A Dragos C Petrescu
%A Theresa M Marteau
%J Tobacco Control
%T Impact of advertisements promoting candy-like flavoured e-cigarettes on appeal of tobacco smoking among children: an experimental study.
%D 2016
%I BMJ Publishing
%L ndc25046

%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Adolescents? exposure to alcohol marketing.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 6
%L ndc25134
%V Issue 56, Winter 2016

%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Health behaviour in school-aged children, 2014.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 14-16
%L ndc25144
%V Issue 56, Winter 2016

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T First national youth strategy launched.
%D 2016
%I Health Research Board
%P 14
%L ndc25143
%V Issue 56, Winter 2016

%T Adolescent addiction service report 2016.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc27959

%A P Barrett
%A C Bradley
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T Attitudes and perceived risk of cannabis use in Irish adolescents.
%X INTRODUCTION
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the developed world and its use is associated with several adverse physical and mental health effects and negative social outcomes. Earlier use of cannabis increases the risk of adverse effects. Attitudes and perceived risk towards drugs are regarded as strong influences in determining whether or not a person uses cannabis, but there is little existing research on Irish teenagers' attitudes to the risks of this drug.

METHODS
This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a structured, anonymous questionnaire. The study was undertaken in nine public and private secondary schools in Cork City and suburbs. Students aged 15-18 and in fourth, fifth or sixth year of school were included.

RESULTS
Of the 507 participating students, 39.3?% (n?=?199) reported previous cannabis use. There were significantly lower levels of perceived risk of cannabis among those who had used the drug compared with those who had not, for all categories of risk (p?<?0.01). Attitudes towards cannabis were more liberal among males and those with previous use of the drug. A minority of students (n?=?92; 18.2?%) support legalisation of cannabis. The majority of teenagers (n?=?382; 75.8?%) believe that they are not given enough information about the drug.

CONCLUSIONS
Cannabis use is very widespread among teenagers in Cork. There are relatively low levels of perceived risk of mental and physical health problems with use of the drug. Attitudes towards cannabis?are associated with personal use of the drug and gender.
%N 3
%P 643-647
%V 185
%D 2016
%I Springer
%L ndc25818

%A Katherine Brown
%J Alcohol and Alcoholism
%T Association between alcohol sports sponsorship and consumption: a systematic review.
%N 6
%P 747-755
%V 51
%D 2016
%I Oxford
%R DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agw006
%L ndc25228

%A Astrid B Br?ker
%A Renate Soellner
%J European Journal of Public Health
%T Alcohol drinking cultures of European adolescents.
%X BACKGROUND: Adolescent alcohol use varies across Europe. Differences in use might be due to variations in social drinking norms. These norms become apparent, e.g. in different proportions of alcohol drinking types per country. This study's purpose is to cluster European countries according to prevalence rates of alcohol drinking habits among adolescents aged 12-16.

METHODS: Based on results of previously done cluster analyses regarding alcohol use patterns in Europe, a second level hierarchical cluster analysis is performed. To do so, the proportions of each drinking pattern per country (non, mild, episodic, frequent and heavy episodic use) across 25 European countries (N= 48 423,M= 13.83 years, 48.5% male) are used as classifying variables.

RESULTS: Three country clusters are extracted that differentiate between eight countries with 'mainly non-using' adolescents, six countries with adolescents who use alcohol in a 'mainly mild but frequent' way and 11 countries that show the 'highest proportions of (heavy) episodic drinking adolescents'.

CONCLUSIONS: When applying and developing intervention strategies, differences in adolescent alcohol drinking cultures (i.e. social drinking norms) within Europe should be focused on. Alcohol policies and prevention programs should take cultural aspects like social drinking norms into account.
%N 4
%P 581-586
%V 26
%D 2016
%L ndc25801

%A Marcelo F Aebi
%A Julien Chopin
%O Published March 2017
%T Council of Europe annual penal statistics SPACE II: Survey 2015. Persons serving non-custodial sanctions and measures in 2015.
%X Key points of SPACE II 2015
?	The participation rate in the 2015 SPACE II Survey was very satisfying: 47 out of the 52 probation services of the 47 Council of Europe Member States answered the questionnaire.
?	About 80% of the probation services of the responding countries are placed under the authority of the national Ministry of Justice. This authority is shared with the Prison Administration in around 34% of these cases.
?	During the year 2015, 1,173,278 persons entered into supervision by the probation services, and 1,130,444 left that supervision. For countries with at least one million inhabitants, this represents an average rate of 227.7 entries and 167.3 exits per 100,000 inhabitants. As a comparison, in 2014, there 220.9 entries per 100,000 inhabitants (+3.07% in 2015) and 165.6 exits per 100,000 inhabitants (+1.02% in 2015). Between 2010 and 2015, the entries into supervision per 100,000 population decreased by 9.3% and the exits decreased by 10.4%.
?	On 31st December 2015, there were 1,239,426 persons under the supervision or care of the probation services of the responding countries. For countries with at least one million inhabitants, this represents an average rate of 195 per 100,000 inhabitants. As a comparison, on 31st December 2014, the average rate of persons under the supervision or care of the probation services was 196.5 per 100,000 inhabitants (-0.7% in 2015). Between 2010 and 2015, the decrease reached 9.7%.
?	Non-custodial sanctions and measures are seldom used as an alternative to pre-trial detention: Roughly, only 7.5% of the probation population corresponds to persons placed under supervision before trial.
?	On average, on 31st December 2015, female probation clients represented 9.8% of the total probation population. The proportion of minors and foreigners was 4.9% and 15.1% respectively.
?	On average, there are 5.6 probation staff members per 100,000 inhabitants, with great individual variation among the responding countries. 
?	On average, each probation staff member across Europe is in charge of 10.8 pre-sentence reports.
?	In 24 countries, probation is used for all kind of criminal offences.
?	The average length of probation for persons sentenced for violence against persons and robbery are 17.5 months and 20.1 months respectively.
?	The longer length of probation is, on average, 22.8 months, and corresponds to persons sentenced for sexual offences.
%C Strasbourg
%D 2016
%I Council of Europe
%L ndc27028

%A Marcelo F Aebi
%A Melanie M Tiago
%A Christine Burkhardt
%O Published March 2017
%T Council of Europe annual penal statistics: SPACE I ? prison populations: survey 2015.
%X Key points of SPACE I 2015
1. The participation rate in the 2015 SPACE I Survey was 87%: 45 out of the 52 Prison Administrations of the 47 Member States of the Council of Europe answered the questionnaire.
2. The median European Prison Population Rate [PPR] was 115.7 inmates per 100 000 inhabitants. There was noted a decrease of almost 7% compared to 2014 (124.0 inmates per 100 000 inhabitants). As median calculated values are less sensitive to the extreme figures (i.e. very low prison population rates in small countries with less than 1mln inhabitants), it is preferable to use these values as a more reliable alternative to the average figures. Therefore, all the figures presented in the Key points section refers to median values (unless indicated)
3. On 1st September 2015, there were 1 404 398 inmates held in penal institutions across Europe (this total does not include figures for Bosnia & Herzegovina Fed. And State, Iceland, Malta, Monaco, Iceland and Ukraine, as they were not available). On the same date in 2014, there were 1 507 278 inmates (for the exactly same prison administrations and, in 2013 there were 1 529 447 inmates. The total number of inmates has been decreasing.
4. On 1st September 2015, European prisons were at the top of their capacity, holding almost 94 inmates per 100 places (average: 91). In particular, 33.3% of the Prison Administrations were experiencing overcrowding. Since 2009, the European prison density remains close to full.
5. The median age of the European prison population was 35 years, which is higher than in 2014, 2013 and 2012, when it was 34.
6. The median proportion of female inmates was 5.2% of the total prison population. Compared to the same indicator in 2014 (5.0%), there is no significant difference. 24% of female inmates were pre-trial detainees, compared to 22% in 2014.
7. The median proportion of foreign inmates was 10.8% of the total prison population. The average value being of 22.6%. Yet, there are very big differences between countries, from 0.9% in Romania to 100% in San Marino. In 2014, the same indicator was 13.3%
8. Length of custodial sentences:
a. The median proportion of sentenced prisoners who were serving sentences shorter than one year was 13.5%, which is lower compared to 2014 (15.2%).
b. The most common category of lengths of sentences was the one lasting from one to less than three years (the median percentage of such inmates was 24.2%).
c. Around 11% of inmates were serving very long sentences of 10 years and over. This proportion remained close to the one of 2014 (12%) and 2013 (11%).
9. Inmates were sentenced mainly for the following types of criminal offences: drug offences (18.7%), theft (16.2%), homicide (13.2%) and robbery (12.6%).
10. The average length of imprisonment in 2014 was in median 7 months, which is the same value as in 2013. The median duration of the pre-trail detention remained the same as in 2013 and 2012 (about 4 months).
11. The median mortality rate in 2014 was 27 deaths per 10 000 inmates, less than in 2013 and 2012 (28 deaths per 10,000 inmates).
12. The median amount spent per day and per inmate in 2014 was 52 Euros. It is 7 more Euros than in 2013 (45 Euros). On the other hand, the average amount is 101 Euros, 2 more Euros than in 2013 (99 Euros). The amounts vary widely across Europe: from almost 6 to more than 480 Euros per day and per inmate. The 44 Prison Administrations that provided data on this item had spent more than 26 billion Euros in 2014 for the penitentiary needs.
13. There were about 3 inmates per one custodian in 2015. This ratio remained the same as in 2014 and 2013.
%C Strasbourg
%D 2016
%I Council of Europe
%L ndc27027

%T Lifting the lid on Greentown. ? Why we should be concerned about the influence criminal networks have on
children?s offending behaviour in Ireland.
%X A large body of research exists in relation to youth crime. However, comparatively little is known in relation to the contexts of children who engage in serious offending behaviour and participate in criminal networks. Using a case study design, this study first identified and then examined the behaviour of a criminal network operating in a Garda Sub-District in Ireland in 2010?2011. For the purposes of the study, the Garda Sub-District, which is located outside of Dublin, has been given the pseudonym Greentown.

In order to facilitate this examination, Garda analysts constructed a network map for the study using incident data to position 31 individuals aged 11?36 years who had been involved in either burglary or drugs for sale and supply in Greentown in 2010?2011. Importantly, the map indicated relationships where two or more individuals were involved in the same offence. The map was used as the key reference tool to interview Greentown Garda? about the activities and contexts of the individuals identified.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Government Publications
%L ndc26850

%A Tony Durkee
%A Vladimir Carli
%A Birgitta Floderus
%A Camilla Wasserman
%A Marco Sarchiapone
%A Alan Apter
%A Judit A Balazs
%A Julio Bobes
%A Romuald Brunner
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Doina Cosman
%A Christian Haring
%A Christina W Hoven
%A Michael Kaess
%A Jean-Pierre Kahn
%A Bogdan Nemes
%A Vita Postuvan
%A Pilar A Saiz
%A Peeter V?rnik
%A Danuta Wasserman
%J International journal of environmental research and public health
%T Pathological internet use and risk-behaviors among European adolescents.
%X Risk-behaviors are a major contributor to the leading causes of morbidity among adolescents and young people; however, their association with pathological Internet use (PIU) is relatively unexplored, particularly within the European context. The main objective of this study is to investigate the association between risk-behaviors and PIU in European adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the FP7 European Union project: Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). Data on adolescents were collected from randomized schools within study sites across eleven European countries. PIU was measured using Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). 

Risk-behaviors were assessed using questions procured from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS). A total of 11,931 adolescents were included in the analyses: 43.4% male and 56.6% female (M/F: 5179/6752), with a mean age of 14.89 ? 0.87 years. Adolescents reporting poor sleeping habits and risk-taking actions showed the strongest associations with PIU, followed by tobacco use, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Among adolescents in the PIU group, 89.9% were characterized as having multiple risk-behaviors. The significant association observed between PIU and risk-behaviors, combined with a high rate of co-occurrence, underlines the importance of considering PIU when screening, treating or preventing high-risk behaviors among adolescents.
%N 3
%V 13
%D 2016
%I MDPI
%L ndc25341

%A Frank J Elgar
%A Candace Currie
%T Early-life exposure to income inequality and adolescent health and well-being: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study.
%X The health of children and adolescents in high income countries negatively relates to income inequality. Theoretical interpretations of this association suggest that inequality intensifies social hierarchies, erodes social or material resources that support health, or impacts socioemotional development in childhood and subsequently harms health. The evidence in support of this causal interpretation is limited by a reliance on cross-sectional, ecological studies. Using multilevel panel data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, this paper examines lagged and contemporaneous associations between national income inequality and health and well-being during adolescence. Health symptoms and life satisfaction were measured in successive surveys of 11- to 15-year-olds in Europe and North America between 1994 and 2014. These data were linked to country-level income inequality for each survey year (contemporaneous effects) and for earlier developmental periods, at 0-4 years and 5-9 years (lagged effects), dating back to 1979 ? the birth year of 15-year-olds in the 1994 survey cycle. Societal growth curve modelling was used to pool data from successive survey cycles and to isolate age, period, and cohort effects.

The results show evidence of lagged effects of income inequality during childhood (5-9 years) on health symptoms and life satisfaction in adolescents (11-15 years), after differences in concurrent income inequality and income per capita, cohort, time period, and individual gender, age, and affluence were held constant. This period of development for income inequality exposure coincides with the early school years when social relationships extend from the family to school and community settings. Inequality may shape child developmental trajectories in ways that later manifest in reduced health and well-being. Though not causal evidence in the strictest sense, these findings establish antecedent-consequence conditions in the association between income inequality and health. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
%C Florence
%D 2016
%I UNICEF Office of Research
%R Innocenti working paper no.2016-07
%L ndc26942

%A Amanda Fitzgerald
%A Jane Maguire
%A Barbara Dooley
%J Substance Use & Misuse
%T Substance misuse and behavioral adjustment problems in Irish adolescents: examining contextual risk and social proximal factors.
%X BACKGROUND
Using an ecological perspective to examine the roles of contextual factors and proximal social processes, the current study examined problem behavior among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE
The study examined how family, peer, and school processes mediate the relationship between cumulative contextual risk and problem behavior, and whether these mediating relationships are moderated by gender.

METHOD
Data were obtained from the My World Survey Second Level, a cross-sectional national survey assessing risk and protective factors of mental health among 6062 adolescents aged 12-19?years (M = 14.93, SD = 1.62). Using risk factors from socioeconomic, community, and family levels, a cumulative contextual risk index (CCRI) was created to identify adolescents at increased risk of problem behavior in Ireland. Conditional process analysis examined whether gender moderated the relationship between the CCRI and problem behaviors (alcohol behavior, poorer behavioral adjustment, and problematic substance use) as mediated by five proximal social variables, family cohesion, mother criticism, father criticism, peer connectedness, and school connectedness.

RESULTS
Using Hayes' (2013) SPSS macro for conditional process analyses, with age as a covariate, gender was shown to moderate the mediated relationships between CCRI and problem behaviors, via mother criticism and peer connectedness. Of note, a positive association was observed between high peer connectedness and alcohol risk behavior, highlighting the need to examine additional aspects of peer context including group norms and peer pressure.

CONCLUSION
The study provides valuable and practical implications for informing research, interventions, and social policy at family, peer, and school levels.
%N 13
%P 1790-1809
%V 51
%D 2016
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc26022

%A Aoife Gavin
%A Eimear Keane
%T HBSC Ireland 2014: tobacco use among 15 to 17 year olds.
%X The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a cross-national research study conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and runs on a four-year cycle. In 2014, Ireland participated for the fifth time in the HBSC study (www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc). The overall aims of the HBSC study are to gain new insight into, and increase our understanding of young people?s health and well-being, health behaviours and their social context. HBSC collects data on key indicators of health, health attitudes, and health behaviours, as well as the context of health for young people. The study is a school-based survey with information collected from students through self-completion questionnaires in classrooms. HBSC Ireland 2014 was funded by the Department of Health. 

The most recent HBSC Ireland study was conducted in 2014 and included 13,611 school-children from 3rd class in primary school to 5th year in post-primary school. Collectively, 230 primary and post-primary schools across Ireland participated in this study. 

This short report provides a descriptive analysis of the 2014 HBSC survey data in regards to tobacco use. The analysis presented below for the 2014 data consists of 1,608 children born in 1998 aged 15 years old (39.8% boys; 60.2% girls) and 3,982 children aged 15 to 17 years old (40.4% boys; 59.6% girls). The analysis is presented by gender and social class. Where overall percentages are included these are weighted to take into account the gender imbalance.
%C Galway
%D 2016
%I Health Promotion Research Centre, NUI Galway
%L ndc26941

%A Ruairi Hunter
%J Irish Probation Journal
%T Difficult terrain and unreported successes: young people and community-based restorative justice in Northern Ireland.
%X Community-based restorative justice (CBRJ) initiatives in Loyalist/Unionist and Nationalist/Republican communities in Northern Ireland emerged in 1998 with the intention of providing a non-violent alternative to punishment violence. Schemes have diversified and have been described in research literature. However, there is limited research on young people?s involvement with CBRJ. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with a number of CBRJ stakeholders, this paper explores some of the developments CBRJ initiatives have enabled for young people in their communities, by facilitating positive relationships between young people and the police and creating meaningful ?needs-based? diversionary programmes. It analyses contemporary challenges to CBRJ?s interaction with young people. The most significant barriers appear from within the communities CBRJ serves. 

The complex relationships many young people have with paramilitaries are linked with their sense of space and place. Feelings of political disenfranchisement, particularly in the Loyalist/Unionist community, have created difficult terrain for CBRJ. The paper highlights how narratives of community development, conflict transformation and early intervention strategies complement one another.
%P 175-193
%V 13
%D 2016
%I The Probation Service & Probation Board for Northern Ireland
%L ndc26654

%T Interdepartmental Group to examine issues relating to people with mental illness who come in contact with the criminal justice system. First interim report.
%X This interim report sets out the work of the Interdepartmental Group in relation to how diversion could be facilitated, where appropriate, at all stages of the criminal process up to the conclusion of a criminal trial. These stages include:
? Diversion following first contact with the Garda S?och?na
? Diversion of persons remanded in custody
? Court diversion before trial: the fitness to be tried procedure
? Facilitating the psychiatric assessment of accused persons before trial
? The verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity
? Diversion of persons with mental illness who are convicted of offences.

Matters relating to mental health services for prisoners, matters relating to patients detained under the Criminal Law (Insanity) Act 2006 and post-release mental health services for former prisoners will be the subject of a further report of the Interdepartmental Group.
%C Dublin
%D 2016
%I Department of Justice and Equality
%L ndc26131

%A Sheila Keogan
%A Keishia Taylor
%A Kate Babineau
%A Luke Clancy
%J European Respiratory Journal
%T A 2015 national survey of e-cigarette use among Irish youth.
%X Background: Tobacco use among young people in Ireland is declining but remains a problem. The use of e-cigarettes is increasing and its implications unsure. In our previous Irish study, 23.8% (n=196) of respondents had used e-cigarettes at least once and 4.2% of never smokers had used e-cigarettes (Babineau, K. et al. (2015) PLoS ONE 10(5)).

Design/methods: A cross-sectional, nationally-representative survey was conducted with 2028 young people aged 15-17 as part of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). This included 4 items on e-cigarettes as well as several items on smoking behaviours and attitudes.

Results: 24.7% (n=482) reported use of e-cigarettes at least once, including 214 students who reported using e-cigarettes in the last 30 days (11.0%). 130 students reported daily use of e-cigarettes (6.8% of sample). 18.3% of e-cigarette users (n=88) cited quitting tobacco as a reason for using e-cigarettes. The most common reason for using e-cigarettes was ?out of curiosity? 61.2%, (n=295). 8.3% of never smokers had used e-cigarettes (n=109). 13.4% (n=272) reported that they had smoked one or more cigarettes in the last 30 days, 6.9% smoked daily (n=139). Two-thirds of students (66.7%, n=1,350) reported that they had never smoked a cigarette.

Conclusion: E-cigarettes are popular among youth in Ireland, with around a quarter of respondents reporting they had used e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes are now used as commonly as cigarettes. Even more worrying is the finding that there has been an almost doubling of e-cigarette usage among never smokers in the current study. The implications for future smoking is unknown but nicotine addiction seems set to continue.
%V 48
%D 2016
%R DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA2019
%I Maney Publishing
%L ndc27102

%A Michael T McKay
%A Martin Dempster
%J Journal of Substance Use
%T The reliability and factorial validity of the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale in a large sample in the United Kingdom.
%N 2
%P 177-178
%V 21
%D 2016
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc23237

%A Aisling McLaughlin
%A Anne Campbell
%A Mary McColgan
%J Substance Use & Misuse
%T Adolescent substance use in the context of the family: a qualitative study of young people's views on parent-child attachments, parenting style and parental substance use.
%X BACKGROUND
Adolescent substance use can place youth at risk of a range of poor outcomes. Few studies have attempted to explore in-depth young people's perceptions of how familial processes and dynamics influence adolescent substance use.

OBJECTIVES
This article aimed to explore risk and protective factors for youth substance use within the context of the family with a view to informing family based interventions.

METHODS
Nine focus groups supplemented with participatory techniques were facilitated with a purposive sample of sixty-two young people (age 13-17?years) from post-primary schools across Northern Ireland. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS
Three themes emerged from the data: (1) parent-child attachments, (2) parenting style, and (3) parental and sibling substance misuse. Parent-child attachment was identified as an important factor in protecting adolescents from substance use in addition to effective parenting particularly an authoritative style supplemented with parental monitoring and strong parent-child communication to encourage child disclosure. Family substance use was considered to impact on children's substance use if exposed at an early age and the harms associated with parental substance misuse were discussed in detail. Both parent and child gender differences were cross-cutting themes.

CONCLUSION
Parenting programmes (tailored to mothers and fathers) may benefit young people via components on authoritative styles, parental monitoring, communication, nurturing attachments and parent-child conflict. Youth living with more complex issues, e.g., parental substance misuse, may benefit from programmes delivered beyond the family environment, e.g., school based settings.
%N 14
%P 1846-1855
%V 51
%D 2016
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc26088

%A Chris Bonell
%A Kelly Dickson
%A Kate Hinds
%A GJ Melendez-Torres
%A Claire Stansfield
%A Adam Fletcher
%A James Thomas
%A Katrina Lester
%A Elizabeth Oliver
%A Simon M Murphy
%A Rona Campbell
%J Public Health Research
%T The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes.
%X BACKGROUND: Positive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness?

DATA SOURCES: A total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors.
REVIEW METHODS: We included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically.

RESULTS: 32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes.

THEORIES OF CHANGE: PYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ?assets? such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people?s ?intentional self-regulation?, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ?developmental regulation?, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas.

PROCESS EVALUATIONS: Community engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities.

OUTCOME EVALUATIONS: Meta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations.

LIMITATIONS: Insufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: How PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD.
%N 5
%V 4
%D 2016
%C Southampton
%I National Institute for Health Research
%L ndc27523

%A Kate L O'Connor
%A Louise Dolphin
%A Amanda Fitzgerald
%A Barbara Dooley
%J Journal of Adolescence
%T Modeling problem behaviors in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.
%X Research on multiple problem behaviors has focused on the concept of Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS). Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) is a complex and comprehensive social-psychological framework designed to explain the development of a range of problem behaviors. This study examines the structure of PBS and the applicability of PBT in adolescents. Participants were 6062 adolescents; aged 12-19 (51.3% female) who took part in the My World Survey-Second Level (MWS-SL). Regarding PBS, Confirmatory Factor Analysis established that problem behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use loaded significantly onto a single, latent construct for males and females. Using Structural Equation Modeling, the PBT framework was found to be a good fit for males and females. Socio-demographic, perceived environment system and personality accounted for over 40% of the variance in problem behaviors for males and females. Our findings have important implications for understanding how differences in engaging in problem behaviors vary by gender.
%D 2016
%P 6-15
%L ndc25524
%V 50

%A Caroline Parchetka
%A Nicole Strache
%A Bianca Raffaelli
%A Isabel Gemmeke
%A Katharina Weib
%A Eric Artiges
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Arun L W Bokde
%A Uli Bromberg
%A Christian Buechel
%A Patricia Conrod
%A Sylvane Desrivi?res
%A Herta Flor
%A Vincent Frouin
%A Hugh Garavan
%A Penny Gowland
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Herve Lemaitre
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Eva Mennigen
%A Frauke Nees
%A Marie-Laure Paill?re-Martinot
%A Dimitri Papadopoulos
%A Tomas Paus
%A Luise Poustka
%A Sarah Jurk
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Nora C Vetter
%A Henrik Walter
%A Robert Whelan
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Jurgen Gallinat
%J Journal of Public Health
%T Predictive utility of the NEO-FFI for later substance experiences among 16-year-old adolescents.
%X Purpose: The onset of substance use mostly occurs during adolescence. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relevance of personality on the basis of the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to future experiences with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis.

Methods: The test data were derived from the baseline assessment and first follow-up of the IMAGEN study, a European multicenter and multidisciplinary research project on adolescent mental health. In the present study 1004 participants were tested. The characterization of personality was conducted with the NEO-FFI at the age of 14 (T1). The data on substance use were collected with the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) questionnaire at the age of 16 (T2). For the statistical analysis, t-tests and univariate analyses of variance were performed.

Results: The scores of Conscientiousness at T1 were significantly lower for adolescents with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis experiences at T2. We found lower scores of Agreeableness at T1 in participants with tobacco and cannabis use at T2. Extraversion at T1 was significantly higher for adolescents with smoking experiences at T2. No significant associations between Neuroticism or Openness and future substance use were observed.

Conclusion: Low scores of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness seem to have the greatest value for a prediction of later experiences with substance use. As the present study is the first one to examine the predictive value of the NEO-FFI for future substance use in an adolescent sample, further studies are necessary to enable a better applicability in a clinical context.
%N 6
%P 489 -495
%V 24
%D 2016
%I Springer
%L ndc27988

%J Spunout Know Anxiety Campaign
%T Alcohol and its impact on anxiety
%X The SpunOut campaign is called #KnowAnxiety. It's an information campaign which aims to inform our readers about anxiety and how they recognise it in themselves, family or friends. We want them to learn how to manage their anxiety and how to minimise it so that they can lead healthy and happy lives.

Alcohol is a depressant which means that it slows your body down. Your breathing and heart rate slow down and you may feel more relaxed at first. You may also notice a difference in your mood both in the short term and long term.

Many people drink alcohol to help them cope with emotions or situations that they would otherwise find difficult to manage. You may find social situations difficult and therefore use alcohol as a way to help you relax. However, this could in fact be making your anxiety symptoms worse, as alcohol can give a false sense of confidence......
%D 2016
%I SpunOut.ie
%L ndc25424

%A Louise Dolphin
%A Barbara Dooley
%A Amanda Fitzgerald
%J Schizophrenia Research
%T Prevalence and correlates of psychotic like experiences in a nationally representative community sample of adolescents in Ireland.
%X Adolescent psychotic like experiences (PLEs) are an important area of research, yet only a small number of community surveys have investigated their psychosocial correlates. This study presents the prevalence and correlates of three types of PLEs in a nationally representative community sample of 12-19 year olds in Ireland (N=5910). 

Correlates are considered across five domains: demographic, stressful life experiences, emotional/behavioral problems, substance use, and personal resources. Auditory hallucinations were reported by 13.7% of participants, 10.4% reported visual hallucinations and 13.1% reported paranoid thoughts. Participants who had experienced two of the three PLEs were assigned "risk" status (10.4%; n=616). Using binary logistic regression, 

PLEs were associated with a range of correlates across the five domains. Key correlates of risk status include depression, low self-esteem, low optimism school misconduct, and high avoidance coping. These associations remained significant in a multivariate analysis. While correlates for each of the three PLEs were similar, there were some nuances in these patterns. Notably, demographic and substance use variables were the weakest groups of correlates. Personal resources (e.g. self-esteem, optimism and coping) have been poorly studied in the adolescent PLE literature and these findings provide important insights for future research and intervention design.
%N 1-3
%P 241-7
%V 169
%D 2015
%I Elsevier
%R doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.005
%L ndc26167

%A Aoife Gavin
%A Eimear Keane
%A Mary Callaghan
%A Michal Molcho
%A Colette Kelly
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T The Irish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study 2014.
%X The Health Behaviours in School Children (HBSC) survey 2014 shows that overall health levels are good. There are encouraging findings on consumption of fruit and vegetables, teeth cleaning, and a drop in smoking levels and consumption of sweets and soft drinks. However, many children said they find it easy to get cigarettes, too many children are going to bed hungry, and there are concerns about levels of cyber bullying.

A total of 13,611 pupils were surveyed with questions on topics like general health, food and dietary behaviour, exercise and physical activity, self-care, smoking, use of alcohol and other substances, bullying including cyber bullying, and sexual health behaviours.

Some of the key findings in the main survey include:
?	Reported levels of fruit and vegetable consumption have increased.
?	Consumption of sweets and soft drinks has decreased from 2010.
?	Reported levels of physical activity remained stable between 2010 and 2014.
?	The overall proportion of children who reported being in a physical fight has decreased from 2010. More girls and older children report being victims of cyber bullying.
?	There was an overall decrease in reported levels of smoking and drunkenness and an increase in levels of never drinking between 2010 and 2014. Many children reported that it is easy to buy cigarettes or get someone else to buy cigarettes for them in most shops in the area where they live and go to school.
?	There are still worrying levels of children going to bed hungry and skipping breakfast being reported.
?	More girls, older children and children from higher social classes reported brushing their teeth daily or more frequently.
?	20% of children do not wear seat belts.
?	The percentage of 15-17 year olds who report that they have ever had sex has increased from 23% in 2010 to 27% in 2014.

One key finding
Substance Use: This covers tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use. There was an overall decrease in reported levels of smoking and drunkenness and an increase in levels of never drinking between 2010 and 2014. Smoking, alcohol use and cannabis use were more commonly reported among boys and older children. Exposure to second hand smoke was common at home and in the family car. Many children reported that it is easy to buy cigarettes (33% of boys, 26% of girls) or get someone else to buy cigarettes for them in most shops in the area where they live and go to school (58% of boys, 59% of girls).
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Department of Health and National University of Ireland, Galway
%L ndc24909

%A Megan Semczuk
%A Anthony Shakeshaft
%A Alice Knight
%A Myfanwy Maple
%A Kathryn McKay
%A Bernie Shakeshaft
%T An analysis of the relationship between a community-based prevention program for young people with multiple and complex needs and the prevalence of crime.
%C Sydney
%D 2015
%I National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
%R NDARC Monograph Number 65
%L ndc24997

%T State of the nation's children report: Ireland 2014.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Government Publications
%L ndc24943

%A Philip A Spechler
%A Catherine A Orr
%A Bader Chaarani
%A Kees-Jan Kan
%A Scott Mackey
%A Aaron Morton
%A Mitchell P Snowe
%A Kelsey E Hudson
%A Robert R Althoff
%A Stephen T Higgins
%A Anna Cattrell
%A Herta Flor
%A Frauke Nees
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Arun L W Bokde
%A Robert Whelan
%A Christian B?chel
%A Uli Bromberg
%A Patricia Conrod
%A Vincent Frouin
%A Dimitri Papadopoulos
%A Jurgen Gallinat
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Henrik Walter
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Penny Gowland
%A Tom?? Paus
%A Luise Poustka
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Eric Artiges
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Hugh Garavan
%J Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
%T Cannabis use in early adolescence: Evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat.
%X Cannabis use in adolescence may be characterized by differences in the neural basis of affective processing. In this study, we used an fMRI affective face processing task to compare a large group (n=70) of 14-year olds with a history of cannabis use to a group (n=70) of never-using controls matched on numerous characteristics including IQ, SES, alcohol and cigarette use. The task contained short movies displaying angry and neutral faces. 

Results indicated that cannabis users had greater reactivity in the bilateral amygdalae to angry faces than neutral faces, an effect that was not observed in their abstinent peers. In contrast, activity levels in the cannabis users in cortical areas including the right temporal-parietal junction and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex did not discriminate between the two face conditions, but did differ in controls. Results did not change after excluding subjects with any psychiatric symptomology. 

Given the high density of cannabinoid receptors in the amygdala, our findings suggest cannabis use in early adolescence is associated with hypersensitivity to signals of threat. Hypersensitivity to negative affect in adolescence may place the subject at-risk for mood disorders in adulthood.
%P 63-70
%V 16
%D 2015
%I Elsevier
%L ndc25929

%A Joan R Villalb?
%A Montserrat Bartroli
%A Marina Bosque-Prous
%A Anna M Guitart
%A Enric Serra-Batiste
%A Conrad Casas
%A M Teresa Brugal
%J Adicciones
%T Enforcing regulations on alcohol sales and use as universal environmental prevention.
%X The informal social control over alcohol consumption that was traditional in Southern European countries has weakened. At the same time there is an increase in binge drinking and drunkenness among young people in Spain. To mitigate this problem, regulations on alcohol and driving and restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol have been adopted. This paper documents the current regulations in the city of Barcelona and describes efforts to enforce them and their outcomes. Data from the municipal information systems on infringements reported for the period 2008-13 are provided.?There is an increasing pressure of municipal services to enforce the rules in two areas: a) alcohol sales at night (retailers); and b) consumption in the public space (citizens). 

An increase in the controls of drink-driving has also taken place, and the proportion above legal limits has decreased. The largest relative increase occurred in the control of retailers.?In Barcelona interventions are made to limit the supply and consumption of alcohol at low cost and during the night, and of driving under the influence of alcohol. There have been no documented episodes of massive drinking in public spaces (known as 'botell?n') in the city. These actions, which complement other preventive efforts based on health education, can change the social perceptions of alcohol by minors in a direction less favorable to consumption, promoting environmental prevention.
%N 4
%P 288-293
%V 27
%D 2015
%L ndc25049

%A Yuyan Shi
%A Michela Lenzi
%A Ruopeng An
%J PLoS ONE
%T Cannabis liberalization and adolescent cannabis use: a cross-national study in 38 countries.
%D 2015
%I Public Library of Science
%R DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143562
%L ndc25303

%T Young people's mental health.
%X Summary p.2 
Introduction p.3 
1 Funding and the state of services p.5 
?	Introduction 5 
?	Services: An urgent need for change 5 
?	Funding: the Cinderella of Cinderella services 7 
?	Transition: Facing a cliff edge 10 
?	GPs: Getting first contact right 12 
2 A role for education p.15 
?	Introduction 15 
?	Mental health education: what you need to know 15 
?	Teaching: a whole school approach 18 
?	Pressure: Why are British children so unhappy? 20 
3 Awareness, stigma and digital culture p.23 
?	Introduction 23 
?	Opportunities and challenges of the digital age 23 
?	Resources: quality and safety 25 
?	Stigma: the biggest battle? 27 
Conclusions and recommendations p.30
%C London
%D 2015
%I British Youth Council
%L ndc24828

%A Cathy Ann Fox
%A Colette Kelly
%A Michal Molcho
%T Alcohol marketing and young people?s drinking behaviour in Ireland.
%X Alcohol Marketing and Young People?s Drinking Behaviour in Ireland, a study commissioned by Alcohol Action Ireland and carried out by the Health Promotion Research Centre at NUI Galway, found that Irish children are exposed to large volumes of alcohol marketing, which increases their likelihood of drinking alcohol and engaging in risky drinking behaviour.

?	More than 90% of children reported that they were exposed to traditional, or offline, alcohol advertisements in the week prior to the study and more than half saw four or more alcohol advertisements per day 
?	77% of children reported exposure to alcohol marketing online 
?	61% of children reported that they owned alcohol branded merchandise
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Alcohol Action Ireland
%L ndc24854

%T Assessment, consultation and therapy service annual report 2014 and service plan 2015.
%X ACTS is a national specialist clinical service which provides multidisciplinary consultation, assessment and focused interventions to young people who have high risk behaviours associated with complex clinical needs. ACTS also supports other professionals in their ongoing work with young people and their families.

This includes:
? On-site therapeutic services to young people in secure settings in Ireland (Special Care and the Children Detention Schools);
? Ongoing support when young people return to community settings to help them to reengage with mainstream services, as appropriate;
? Support through some of the difficult transitions in young people?s lives;
? Consultation in the community for young people at significant risk of placement in secure settings.

ACTS provides multidisciplinary interventions supported by evidence based research literature; clinically informed practice based evidence; best international practice and in accordance with relevant legislation, policy and guidelines. The aim of the service is to facilitate the provision of more therapeutic environments in the national Special Care Units and Children Detention Schools and to work in partnership with others to improve outcomes for the most vulnerable young people in Ireland.

This document outlines the purpose and vision of this service as well as a set of core values. Together these inform the strategic focus of the service and form the basis for service development priorities for 2015.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Tusla
%L ndc24898

%A Timo-Kolja Pf?rtner
%A Anne Hublet
%A Christina Warrer Schnohr
%A Katharina Rathmann
%A Irene Moor
%A Margaretha de Looze
%A Tibor Ba?ka
%A Michal Molcho
%A Lasse Kannas
%A Anton E Kunst
%A Matthias Richter
%J Addictive Behaviors
%T Socioeconomic inequalities in the impact of tobacco control policies on adolescent smoking. A multilevel study in 29 European countries.
%X Data were used from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in 2005/2006 comprising 50,338 adolescents aged 15 years from 29 European countries. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of weekly smoking with components of the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS), and to assess whether this association varied according to family affluence (FAS). Analyses were carried out per gender and adjusted for national wealth and general smoking rate.

Results indicated that most tobacco control policies are not clearly related to adolescent weekly smoking across European countries. Only tobacco price seemed to be adequate decreasing smoking prevalence among boys, irrespective of their socioeconomic status.

Highlights:
? We examine social inequalities in associations of tobacco control with youth smoking
? Multilevel analyses were applied separately for boys and girls
? Tobacco price was associated with lower male smoking, independent of family affluence
? Female smoking was not associated with tobacco control policies
%P 58-66
%V 53
%D 2015
%I Elsevier Science
%L ndc24618

%T Ballymun Youth Action Project annual report 2014.
%X The Ballymun Youth Action Project (BYAP) is a community response to drug and alcohol misuse. It was founded in 1981 after three young people from Ballymun died from drugs-related causes. As a response that has come from within the community of Ballymun, we strive to reduce the negative impact of drug and alcohol use on the lives of individuals and families, and on this community.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Ballymun Youth Action Project
%L ndc24613

%T National strategy on children and young people?s participation in decision-making, 2015 ? 2020.
%X The goal of this first National Strategy on Children and Young People?s Participation in Decision-making is to ensure that children and young people will have a voice in their individual and collective everyday lives across the five national outcome areas. The strategy is primarily aimed at children and young people under the age of 18, but also embraces the voice of young people in the transition to adulthood up to the age of 24. The strategy is guided and influenced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
The strategy focuses on the everyday lives of children and young people and the places and spaces in which they are entitled to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives. Accordingly, the strategy identifies the following objectives and priority areas for action:

1. Children and young people will have a voice in decisions made in their local communities.
2. Children and young people will have a voice in decision-making in early education, schools and the wider formal and non-formal education systems.
3. Children and young people will have a voice in decisions that affect their health and well-being, including on the health and social services delivered to them.
4. Children and young people will have a voice in the Courts and legal system.

The strategy contains a series of additional objectives, which include:
5. Promoting effective leadership to champion and promote participation of children and young people.
6. Development of education and training for professionals working with and on behalf of children and young people.
7. Mainstreaming the participation of children and young people in the development of policy, legislation and research.

Underlying all objectives in this strategy are the following key fundamentals:
? recognition that children and young people have a right to participate in decisions that affect their lives;
? ensuring the protection and welfare of children and young people in accordance with Children First: National Guidance for the Protection and Welfare of Children4;
? improving and establishing mechanisms to ensure the participation of seldom-heard and vulnerable children and young people in decision-making;
? collection of data, monitoring and evaluation of children and young people?s participation initiatives.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Government Publications
%L ndc24612

%T National youth strategy 2015-2020.
%X The aim of the National Youth Strategy is to enable all young people to realise their maximum potential, by respecting their rights and hearing their voices, while protecting and supporting them as they transition from childhood to adulthood.

Principles
The following principles are central to the National Youth Strategy and its implementation:

Young people and those who support them:
1. Young people are valued in their own right, and recognised as integral to society.
2. Young people are acknowledged as key drivers in achieving their cognitive, emotional, social, economic and cultural development.
3. Parents, families, other significant adults and communities are recognised as playing a critical role in the development and progression of young people.

Professionals and volunteers working with young people:
4. Professionals and volunteers who work with young people are respected, valued and appropriately supported in their work.
5. Those providing services for young people act in the best interests of young people, and respect and uphold young people?s rights.

Policies and practices:
6. An equality perspective is integrated into all policy and practice.

Service development and delivery:
7 Government and other stakeholders work collaboratively, with vertical and horizontal communication and cooperation, to achieve more effective services and supports for young people.
8. Services for young people are open, accessible, resourced and provide additional support in response to particular needs.
9. Services for young people are quality assured, outcomes focused and informed by evidence.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Government Publications
%L ndc24606

%A Sarah Jurk
%A S?ren Kuitunen-Paul
%A Nils B Kroemer
%A Eric Artiges
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Arun L W Bokde
%A Christian B?chel
%A Patricia Conrod
%A Mira Fauth-B?hler
%A Herta Flor
%A Vincent Frouin
%A J?rgen Gallinat
%A Hugh Garavan
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Karl F Mann
%A Frauke Nees
%A Tom?? Paus
%A Zdenka Pausova
%A Luise Poustka
%A Marcella Rietschel
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Maren Struve
%A Michael N Smolka
%J Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
%T Personality and substance use: psychometric evaluation and validation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS) in English, Irish, French, and German adolescents.
%X BACKGROUND
The aim of the present longitudinal study was the psychometric evaluation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS).

METHODS
We analyzed data from N?=?2,022 adolescents aged 13 to 15 at baseline assessment and 2?years later (mean interval 2.11?years). Missing data at follow-up were imputed (N?=?522). Psychometric properties of the SURPS were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. We examined structural as well as convergent validity with other personality measurements and drinking motives, and predictive validity for substance use at follow-up.

RESULTS
The hypothesized 4-factorial structure (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, impulsivity [IMP], and sensation seeking [SS]) based on all 23 items resulted in acceptable fit to empirical data, acceptable internal consistencies, low to moderate test-retest reliability coefficients, as well as evidence for factorial and convergent validity. The proposed factor structure was stable for both males and females and, to lesser degree, across languages. However, only the SS and the IMP subscales of the SURPS predicted substance use outcomes at 16?years of age.

CONCLUSIONS
The SURPS is unique in its specific assessment of traits related to substance use disorders as well as the resulting shortened administration time. Test-retest reliability was low to moderate and comparable to other personality scales. However, its relation to future substance use was limited to the SS and IMP subscales, which may be due to the relatively low-risk substance use pattern in the present sample.
%N 11
%P 2234-2248
%V 39
%D 2015
%I Wiley-Blackwell
%L ndc24665

%A Suzi Lyons
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Benzodiazepine use among young people attending a treatment centre.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 13
%L ndc24633
%V Issue 55, Autumn 2015

%T Just saying... the views of young people about drugs and alcohol.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I North Inner City Drug and Alcohol Task Force
%L ndc24680

%T Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence.
%X Twenty-one strategies to prevent youth violence are reviewed, including programmes relating to parenting, early childhood development, and social skills development, as well as policies related to the harmful use of alcohol, problem oriented policing, and urban upgrading.
%C Geneva
%D 2015
%I World Health Organization
%L ndc24701

%A Trine Filges
%A Ditte Andersen
%A Anne-Marie Klint J?rgensen
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Functional Family Therapy (FFT) for young people in treatment for non-opioid drug use: a systematic review.
%X Youth drug use is a severe problem worldwide. Usage of cannabis, amphetamine ecstasy and cocaine, referred to here as non-opioid drugs, are strongly associated with a range of health and social problems. Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is a short-term, manual-based, behaviorally oriented family therapy program for young people with behavior problems such as drug abuse, juvenile delinquency and violence. Delivered in an outpatient setting, it aims to help young people and their families by improving family interactions and relationship functioning by addressing dysfunctional individual behavior. As with many other forms of family therapy, FFT targets young people and their families as a system. As such, it recognizes the important role of the family system in the development and treatment of young people?s drug abuse problems.

The main aim of this review is to evaluate the current evidence on the effects of FFT on drug abuse reduction for young people in treatment for non-opioid drug use.

The literature search yielded a total of 6,719 records, which were screened for eligibility based on title and abstract. From these, 108 potentially relevant records were retrieved and screened in full text, of which 9 records were potentially relevant. Finally, two studies based on three records were included in the review. Meta-analysis was not possible because only one study provided numerical results on the effect of FFT on drug use reduction.

Two studies were included and both analyzed relative effects, comparing FFT to other interventions. Only one study provided numerical results on drug use reduction comparing FFT to two other interventions (CBT and a group intervention). The reported results indicate a positive effect favoring FFT on drug use frequency at 4-month follow up, with no statistically significant difference at 7-month follow up.

There is insufficient firm evidence to allow any conclusion to be drawn on the effect of FFT for young people in treatment for non-opioid drug use. There is a need for more research, and particularly for more methodologically rigorous studies in the field of treatment for young drug users. The aim of this systematic review was to explore what is known about the effectiveness of FFT for the purpose of reducing youth drug use. The evidence found does not provide a basis for drawing conclusions about actual outcomes and impacts. Consequently, no substantive conclusion on the effectiveness can be made, neither supporting nor rejecting of the present FFT treatment approach.
%N 2015:14
%D 2015
%R DOI: 10.4073/csr.2015.14
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc26160

%A Anneke Buhler
%A Johannes Thrul
%T Prevention of addictive behaviours.
%X This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling.

Table of contents:
?	Foreword to the English version
?	Summary
?	Chapter 1: Introduction
?	Chapter 2: Methodology
?	Chapter 3: Results
?	Chapter 4: Discussion
?	References / Glossary
%C Luxembourg
%D 2015
%I Publications Office of the European Union
%R EMCDDA Insights Series no. 18
%L ndc24540

%A Olivia McEvoy
%T A practical guide to including seldom-heard children and young people in decision making.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Government Publications
%L ndc24470

%T Alcohol, drugs and tobacco joint strategic needs assessment support pack.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Public Health England
%L ndc17757

%A David R Foxcroft
%A Lindsey Coombes
%A Sarah Wood
%A Debby Allen
%A Nerissa ML Almeida Santimano
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Motivational interviewing for alcohol misuse in young adults.
%P CD007025
%V 8
%C London
%D 2015
%R doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007025.pub3
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc23397

%T Competencies for the youth substance use prevention workforce: youth substance use competencies report.
%X This report is the first resource of its kind to provide a set of measurable skills, knowledge, attitudes and values that support and enhance the delivery of effective youth health promotion and drug use prevention in Canada. The Prevention Workforce Competencies Report also identifies principles that should drive effective youth substance use prevention activities and initiatives.

Those working in youth health promotion and substance abuse prevention face knowledge gaps, inconsistencies in recommended evidence and practice, a lack of understanding of and support for successful youth engagement, and a lack of common terminology and language. These challenges affect their ability to work effectively with youth and with the community, and what works with adults does not necessarily work with youth. Research indicates that working with youth requires a specialized focus on issues, needs, considerations and approaches. These points were carefully considered during research and validation for the report.

The most effective youth substance use prevention activities and initiatives feature a holistic, integrated, respectful, flexible and strength-based approach informed by evidence about what works. Such initiatives are youth-driven and foster the development and maintenance of positive, collaborative relationships among youth and the community of those who care for and about them.

The Prevention Workforce Competencies Report sets out 11 competencies that reflect the principles for working effectively with youth and provides a description of each competency. The four levels of proficiency ? introductory, developing, intermediate and advanced ? provided for each competency support health promotion, youth outreach and other workers, including health professionals, throughout the progression of their careers.
%C Ottawa
%D 2015
%I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
%L ndc24412

%O Minor editorial amendments have been made to this publication, however the content remains the same as the earlier version, first published in 2013.
%T International standards on drug use prevention.
%X Prevention strategies based on scientific evidence working with families, schools, and communities can ensure that children and youth, especially the most marginalized and poor, grow and stay healthy and safe into adulthood and old age. For every dollar spent on prevention, at least ten can be saved in future health, social and crime costs.

These global International Standards summarize the currently available scientific evidence, describing interventions and policies that have been found to result in positive prevention outcomes and their characteristics. Concurrently, the global International Standards identify the major components and features of an effective national drug prevention system. It is our hope that the International Standards will assist policy makers worldwide to develop programmes, policies and systems that are a truly effective investment in the future of children, youth, families and communities. This work builds on and recognizes the work of many other organizations (e.g. EMCDDA, CCSA, CICAD, Mentor, NIDA, WHO) which have previously developed standards and guidelines on various aspects of drug prevention.

[For appendices, click on website link above]
%C Vienna
%D 2015
%I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
%L ndc19481

%A Bjorn Hibell
%A Sabrina Molinaro
%A Valeria Siciliano
%A Ludwig Kraus
%T The ESPAD validity study in four countries in 2013.
%X The first data collection of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) was conducted in 1995 among 16-year-old students in 26 countries. Since then, data have been gathered every fourth year in an increasing number of countries. The latest ESPAD survey was conducted in 2011 when 39 countries took part. Data were collected for the sixth time in the winter and spring of 2015, and it is anticipated that the report will be published in summer 2016.

This first ESPAD validity study was an attempt to assess the validity of the answers about different substances, without going into details about individual questions. However, some questions might be considered more important than others in the sense that they are often used as key indicators when looking at trends in substance use among European school students.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2015
%I Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
%L ndc24359

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Evaluation of a mental health early-intervention programme for young people.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 21-22
%L ndc24235
%V Issue 54, Summer 2015

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Young people in drug treatment.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 12-13
%L ndc24220
%V Issue 54, Summer 2015

%T The effects of cannabis use during adolescence.
%X So what does this report tell us about the health effects of adolescent cannabis use? First and foremost, cannabis is not a harmless drug. It can be addictive and the risk increases the earlier it is used. Early and frequent use also increases the risk of short-term cognitive impairment and under performing in school, as well as psychotic symptoms and disorders. Cannabis use significantly impairs coordination and reaction time, so it is not surprising that it is the most common illicit drug found to be involved in car accidents, including fatal ones. And although we do not know the full extent of the impact of early cannabis use on long-term cognitive ability and associated educational and occupational successes, evidence is mounting that cannabis affects the young brain in a harmful way that cannot be ignored.

This report presents an immediate opportunity to enhance youth drug use prevention and intervention programs, as well as emerging policy frameworks, with factual information and in a fashion that has been shown to work. We know that cannabis is not a benign substance. It has clear harms and poses risks to those who use it on a regular and frequent basis, including negative health, economic and social ramifications. It is now up to readers to take the information in this report and use it to help reduce the incidence of harms associated with cannabis use among adolescents, to help young people make smarter and more informed choices about their todays and their tomorrows.
%C Ottawa
%D 2015
%I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
%L ndc24124
%E T George
%E F Vaccarino

%T Child and adolescent mental health services standard operating procedure.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc24172

%T Understanding and improving employment pathways in youth justice in Northern Ireland.
%C Belfast
%D 2015
%I NIACRO and The Bytes Project
%L ndc24302
%E Julia Kenny
%E Pat Conway

%T Drug prevention for parents.
%X This guide is divided into three sections to provide parents with tips to raise happy and healthy kids in their home, the school and the community:

1) HOME: Helping you to teach your children to develop good behaviours and social skills to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce the likelihood of them abusing substances. Focusing in particular on:
?	Building your child?s resilience
?	Establishing good communication
?	Monitoring your child?s behaviour
?	Healthy relationships
?	Knowing the facts on alcohol and other drugs

2) Helping you ensure your child is connected to SCHOOL
3) Helping you ensure your child is connected to your COMMUNITY
%C London
%D 2015
%I Mentor
%L ndc24107

%A Irene Moor
%A Katharina Rathmann
%A Michela Lenzi
%A Timo-Kolja Pf?rtner
%A Gera E Nagelhout
%A Margreet de Looze
%A Pernille Bendtsen
%A Marc Willemsen
%A Lasse Kannas
%A Anton E Kunst
%A Matthias Richter
%J European Journal of Public Health
%T Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking across 35 countries: a multilevel analysis of the role of family, school and peers.
%X BACKGROUND
Tobacco-related heath inequalities are a major public health concern, with smoking being more prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms leading to socioeconomic inequalities in smoking among 15-year-old adolescents by examining the mediating role of psychosocial factors in the peer group, family and school environment.

METHODS
Data were derived from the international WHO-collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, including 52 907 15-year-old students from 35 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured by the Family Affluence Scale. Multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to examine the contribution of family, school and peer factors in explaining the association between family affluence and weekly smoking.

RESULTS
Across countries, adolescents from low affluent families had an increased risk of weekly smoking (ORboys 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.23; ORgirls 1.36, CI 1.26-1.46) compared with adolescents from high affluent families. Family and school factors mediated the association between family affluence and smoking to a high extent up to 100% (boys) and 81% (girls) in joint analyses. The most important single factors were family structure, relationships with parents, academic achievement and school satisfaction. Peer factors did not mediate the association between family affluence and adolescent smoking.

CONCLUSION
The association between socioeconomic status and adolescent weekly smoking can largely be explained by an unequal distribution of family- and school-related factors. Focusing on the parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent school achievement can help to better understand inequalities in adolescent smoking behaviour.
%N 3
%P 457-63
%V 25
%D 2015
%L ndc23998

%A Kevin D Murphy
%A Laura J Sahm
%A Suzanne McCarthy
%A Stephen Byrne
%J International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
%T Benzodiazepine prescribing guideline adherence and misuse potential in Irish minors.
%X BACKGROUND
The Good Prescribing Practice for Clinicians guidelines were published in 2002 in Ireland to guide General Practitioners about prescribing benzodiazepines. There has been no research to-date to measure compliance by General Practitioners. Inappropriate prescribing to minors may result in increased use or misuse of benzodiazepines.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prescribing of benzodiazepines to minors in Ireland against the Good Prescribing Practice for Clinicians guidelines.

METHOD
Data for medicines dispensed between January 2009 and December 2012 from the Health Intelligence Ireland database were accessed and analysed. This database contains information about government-subsidised community-pharmacy-dispensed medicines.

RESULTS
Benzodiazepine prescribing to minors increased by 10.2?% between 2009 and 2012. Almost 15?% of patients (n = 2193) were prescribed benzodiazepines for greater than four weeks; which contravenes the guidelines. Approximately half (51.4?%) of prescribers who contravened this guideline, prescribed all their benzodiazepines in quantities of greater than one week, against the recommendations of the guidelines.

CONCLUSION
The consequences of prescribing against National Guidelines can result in patients who become long-term benzodiazepine users and thus place an increased burden upon the healthcare system. The reasons for non-compliance by GPs should be investigated to find solutions.
%N 5
%P 749-752
%V 37
%D 2015
%L ndc24042

%A Patricia O'Dwyer
%A Sheila Cahalane
%A Susanne Pelican-Kelly
%T Evaluation of the contribution of the child protection public health nurse to inter-professional working in child protection. An integrated health and social care model of child protection.
%C Cork
%D 2015
%I Child and Family Agency South Lee Cork
%L ndc24247

%A Soumyadeep Bhaumik
%A Monika Arora
%A Ankur Singh
%A James D Sargent
%T Impact of entertainment media smoking on adolescent smoking behaviours (Protocol).
%X This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. 

The objectives are as follows:
To assess the influence and impact of exposure to tobacco use in entertainment media among non-smoking adolescents (13 to 18 years).
%C London
%D 2015
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011720
%L ndc24081

%A Liza Costello
%T Turnaround youth: young adults (18-24) in the criminal justice system - the case for a distinct approach.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Irish Prison Reform Trust
%L ndc23921

%T Being young in Europe today.
%X Being young in Europe today presents some of Eurostat?s most interesting data on children and young people in the European Union. It gives an insight into the past, current and future situation of our youngest fellow citizens, ranging from attending school and participating in sport and leisure activities, to leaving the parental home and entering the professional life. Data are presented for the European Union and its Member States as well as for the EFTA countries.

Being young in Europe today provides an overview of the wealth of information that is available on Eurostat?s website and within its online databases.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2015
%I Publications Office of the European Union
%L ndc23799

%A Suzanne H Gage
%A Matthew Hickman
%A Jon Heron
%A Marcus R Munafo
%A Glyn Lewis
%A John Macleod
%A Stanley Zammit
%J PLoS ONE
%T Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with depression and anxiety at age 18: findings from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children.
%X Introduction:
Substance use is associated with common mental health disorders, but the causal effect of specific substances is uncertain. We investigate whether adolescent cannabis and cigarette use is associated with incident depression and anxiety, while attempting to account for confounding and reverse causation.

Methods:
We used data from ALSPAC, a UK birth cohort study, to investigate associations between cannabis or cigarettes (measured at age 16) and depression or anxiety (measured at age 18), before and after adjustment for pre-birth, childhood and adolescent confounders. Our imputed sample size was 4561 participants.

Results:
Both cannabis (unadjusted OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.26, 1.80) and cigarette use (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16, 1.61) increased the odds of developing depression. Adjustment for pre-birth and childhood confounders partly attenuated these relationships though strong evidence of association persisted for cannabis use. There was weak evidence of association for cannabis (fully adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.98, 1.72) and insufficient evidence for association for cigarette use (fully adjusted OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.75, 1.24) after mutually adjusting for each other, or for alcohol or other substance use. Neither cannabis nor cigarette use were associated with anxiety after adjustment for pre-birth and childhood confounders.

Conclusions:
Whilst evidence of association between cannabis use and depression persisted after adjusting for pre-term and childhood confounders, our results highlight the difficulties in trying to estimate and interpret independent effects of cannabis and tobacco on psychopathology. Complementary methods are required to robustly examine effects of cannabis and tobacco on psychopathology
%N 4
%V 10
%D 2015
%R e0122896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122896
%I Public Library of Science
%L ndc23778

%A Danielle Kennan
%A Sue Redmond
%A Carmel Devaney
%A Fergal Landy
%A John Canavan
%A Aisling Gillen
%T Toward the development of a participation strategy on children and young people. National guidance & local implementation.
%X A modern public service places the service user at the heart of decision-making, service planning and provision. Thus, it is the remit of Tusla ? Child and Family Agency to engage with children, families and communities on the design and quality of services provided to them. To this end, the Agency is committed to developing a Participation Strategy for Children and Young People and the present document provides the background towards informing such a strategy. The aim is to ensure that every time a decision is taken that directly affects a child or young person (or children and young people collectively), their views are taken into consideration in the decision-making process.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Tusla
%L ndc24329

%A Jon P Nelson
%J Health Economics Review
%T Binge drinking and alcohol prices: a systematic review of age-related results from econometric studies, natural experiments and field studies.
%X Background: Heavy episodic (?binge?) drinking of alcohol has serious public health implications, especially for youth and young adults. Previous summaries and surveys have failed to address in a comprehensive manner the effects of alcohol prices on binge drinking by gender or age group.

Methods: A qualitative systematic review is performed for effects of alcohol prices (or tax surrogates) on binge drinking for three age groups: youth, young adults, and adults. Outcomes examined include binge participation, intensity and frequency. Criteria for data collection and potential sources of bias are discussed, including adequacy of price data. Price-binge relationships are judged using a 95% confidence interval (p ? 0.05) for statistical significance.

Results: Fifty-six relevant econometric studies were found, with studies and results distributed equally among three age groups. Also found were five natural experiments for tax reductions and six field studies. Null results or mixed results are found in more than half of the studies. The body of evidence indicates that binge drinkers are not highly-responsive to increased prices. Non-responsiveness holds generally for younger and older drinkers and for male and female binge drinkers alike. A limitation of the current literature is that results are only available for higher-income countries.

Conclusions: Increased alcohol taxes or prices are unlikely to be effective as a means to reduce binge drinking, regardless of gender or age group.
%N 6
%V 5
%D 2015
%R DOI 10.1186/s13561-014-0040-4
%I Springer
%L ndc23744

%A Vivienne Wallace
%A Ethne Doorley
%A Donal Wallace
%A Brid Hollywood
%J Forum
%T Close practice encounters of the teenage kind.
%X Research by GPs in Ballymun provides an informative snapshot of the health needs of teenage patients and some important pointers from dealing with this often vulnerable group.

Substance misuse and recording of this issue was reviewed. In general, it was noted that whether or not the person attending used alcohol, smoked cigarettes or used other substances was not recorded. No reference was made to alcohol in any of the 380 teenagers' records, but that this was not recorded does not in our view indicate that none of these 380 teenagers drinks alcohol. Seven teenagers were noted to be smokers of cigarettes, seven were noted to be smokers of hash, and there was not mention in the clinical records of other drugs being used.....
%N 4
%P 12-14
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Irish College of General Practitioners
%L ndc23769

%A Trine Filges
%A Pernille Skovbo Rasmussen
%A Ditte Andersen
%A Anne-Marie Klint J?rgensen
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for young people in treatment for non-opioid drug abuse: a systematic review .
%X This is a Campbell Systematic Review of the effect of Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for treating abuse of cannabis, amphetamine, ecstasy or cocaine (referred to here as non-opioid drugs) among young people aged 11-21 years. The misuse of prescription drugs and the use of ketamine, nitrous oxide and inhalants such as glue and petrol are not considered in this review. 

Youth drug abuse is a severe problem worldwide and recent reports describe ominous trends of youth drug abuse and a lack of effective treatment. This review is concerned with drug abuse that is severe enough to warrant treatment. It focuses on young people who are receiving MDFT specifically for non-opioid drug abuse. 

MDFT is a manual-based, family-oriented treatment, designed to eliminate drug abuse and associated problems in young people?s lives. MDFT takes a number of risk and protective factors into account; the approach acknowledges that young people?s drug abuse is linked to dimensions such as home life, friends, school and community (Liddle et al., 2004). MDFT aims to modify multiple domains of functioning by intervening with the young person, family members, and other members of the young person?s support network (Austin et al., 2005). MDFT is thus based on a number of therapeutic alliances, with the young drug abuser, his or her parents and other family members, and sometimes with school and juvenile justice officials. 

After a rigorous search of the literature, five randomized controlled studies with samples of 83-450 participants were identified. Three studies were conducted by MDFT program developers, one study was conducted by an independent investigator with the program developer as a co-author, and one study was conducted by independent investigators. Four studies were performed in the US, while the other was performed across five European countries.

We used meta-analytic procedures to summarise the available evidence on the effects of MDFT in comparison with other interventions on drug abuse, education, family functioning, risk behavior and retention in treatment. In this review, we interpret a value of the standardised mean difference, SMD=0.20 as a small effect size, in line with the general practice (Cohen, 1988). We note, however, the possibility that such a value might actually represent a larger effect if it is equivalent to a large reduction in the percentage of days a youth uses drugs, but we cannot comment further as we were unable to analyse the absolute effect of MDFT given that no studies comparing MDFT to no other treatment were available. The findings are as follows: 
- On drug abuse: Based on the available evidence we conclude that MDFT has an effect on drug abuse reduction compared to other treatments, although the difference is small. 
- On education: There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether MDFT has an effect on education compared to other treatments. 
- On family functioning: There is no available evidence to conclude whether MDFT has an effect on family functioning compared to other treatments. 
- On risk behavior and other adverse effects: There is no available evidence to conclude whether MDFT has an effect on risk behavior and other adverse effects compared to other treatments. 
- On treatment retention: MDFT may result in improved treatment retention in young drug abusers compared to other interventions 

The evidence found was limited as only five studies were included, and two studies had significant amounts of missing data. The evidence was very limited in terms of the outcomes reported on education, family functioning and risk behavior, and was insufficient for firm conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of the treatment with regard to such outcomes. 

There is evidence that MDFT is slightly more effective in treating young people?s drug abuse than other treatments; however, the difference is small. Furthermore, none of the five included studies could be characterised as a robust RCT with a low risk of bias on all assessed domains. One study provided insufficient information on core issues for the risk of bias to be assessed and therefore we find reason to question the validity of this study.

Well-designed, randomized controlled trials within this population are needed. More research is also required to identify factors which modify the effect of MDFT and to identify which particular youth subgroups may be most likely to respond.
%N 2015:8
%D 2015
%R DOI: 10.4073/csr.2015.8
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc26158

%A M Harley
%A D Connor
%A MC Clarke
%A I Kelleher
%A H Coughlan
%A F Lynch
%A C Fitzpatrick
%A M Cannon
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T Prevalence of Mental Disorder among young adults in Ireland: a population based study.
%N Special issue 1
%P 79-91
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Cambridge
%R doi:10.1017/ipm.2014.88
%L ndc23566

%T National standards for special care units.
%X The Health Information and Quality Authority (the Authority) recognises the importance of increasing the quality and safety of care for all children, especially children who are particularly vulnerable and are living away from their families.

These National Standards for Special Care Units have been developed to ensure that children living away from home are provided with safe, high quality services.

Special care units are secure, residential facilities for children in care aged between 11 and 17 years. They are detained under a High Court care order for a short-term period of stabilisation when their behaviour poses a real and substantial risk of harm to their life, health, safety, development or welfare. Children reside in a special care unit where placement in such a unit is considered necessary for their care and welfare.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Health Information and Quality Authority
%L ndc23519

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Adolescents and parental substance misuse.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 10-11
%L ndc23692
%V Issue 53, Spring 2015

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Youth programmes reviewed.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 18-19
%L ndc23701
%V Issue 53, Spring 2015

%T Building resilience and character in young people. Alcohol and drug prevention briefing paper.
%X Building resilience in children and young people is one of the key principles of good education, and a necessary requirement in facilitating personal growth, whilst enabling children and young people to successfully navigate life and life challenges.

This briefing paper looks at resilience in the context of universal educational settings (both formal and informal). By giving definitions of key terms to provide a better understanding, it will then explore ways in which these can be contextualised and translated into practice.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Mentor ADEPSIS
%L ndc24075

%T Children?s recognition of alcohol marketing. Alcohol marketing briefing.
%X Children as young as 10 years old are highly familiar with alcohol brands and televised alcohol advertising. The study shows football clubs and tournaments are strongly associated with the beer brands that sponsor them, particularly by boys. Existing advertising codes for alcohol are designed to prevent targeting of under-18s, but children appear to be consuming high volumes of alcohol marketing nevertheless. More effective controls may be needed to ensure alcohol marketing messages only reach adult audiences.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Alcohol Concern
%L ndc23385

%T Children?s Rights Alliance Report card 2015.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Children's Rights Alliance
%L ndc23480

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Urban and rural youth attending a treatment centre.
%D 2015
%I Health Research Board
%P 11-12
%L ndc23307
%V Issue 52, Winter 2014

%A Helen S Keeley
%A T Mongwa
%A P Corcoran
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T The association between parental and adolescent substance misuse: findings from the Irish CASE study.
%X Background: Self-report data from 2716 adolescents aged 15?17 years old in Irish schools were analysed to consider the association between psycho-social factors and the presence of adolescent substance and alcohol abuse, with an emphasis on family circumstances.

Methods: Data were collected using the ?Lifestyle and Coping Questionnaire? which includes questions about lifestyle, coping, problems, alcohol and drug use, deliberate self-harm, depression, anxiety, impulsivity and self-esteem. Two additional questions were added to the standard questionnaire regarding parental substance misuse.

Results: Adolescent substance abuse was more common in boys; parental substance misuse increased the risk of adolescent abuse of alcohol and drugs; the increased risk was marginally higher if the parental substance abuse was maternal rather than paternal; the increased risk was higher if the parental substance abuse affected both rather than one of the parents, especially regarding adolescent drug abuse; the magnitude of the increased risk was similar for boys and girls. Parental substance misuse increased the risk of adolescent substance abuse even after adjusting for other family problems and the adolescent?s psychological characteristics.

Conclusions: This study indicates that parental substance misuse affects the development of both alcohol and drug misuse in adolescent children independent of other family problems and the psychological characteristics of the adolescent. A wider perspective is needed, including societal and family issues, especially parental behaviour, when attempting to reduce risk of adolescent addiction. The impact on children of parental substance misuse also needs consideration in clinical contexts.
%N Special issue 01 youth mental health
%P 107-116
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Cambridge
%R DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.87
%L ndc23244

%A L O?Keeffe
%A A O'Reilly
%A G O?Brien
%A R Buckley
%A RJ Illback
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T Description and outcome evaluation of Jigsaw: an emergent Irish mental health early intervention programme for young people.
%X Objectives: Jigsaw is an early intervention mental health service developed by Headstrong which provides support to young people, aged 12?25 years, in 10 communities across Ireland. This study aimed to profile young people who availed of Jigsaw, in one calendar year, and to provide evidence that Jigsaw?s model facilitates the reduction of psychological distress.

Methods: Participants were 2420 young people who received support, directly or indirectly, from Jigsaw. Demographic details, including age, gender, presenting issues and referral pathways, captured on the Jigsaw Data System were described and psychological distress was assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) questionnaires.

Results: A gender balance was almost observed and the majority of participants were between 15 and 17 years old. The most common presenting issue was anxiety and the most common referral sources were self, parent, general practitioner, school and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS). Participants reported high levels of psychological distress pre-intervention and levels were significantly lower post intervention.

Conclusions: Although a lack of control group limits interpretation of the study findings, this study provides emerging evidence that Jigsaw is an accessible and effective service which plays a key role in the continuum of mental health care for young people in Ireland.
%N Special issue 01: youth mental health
%P 71-77
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Medmedia Group
%L ndc23291

%T Peer support toolkit.
%X There is a strong tradition of peer support in the drug and alcohol field. The people involved go by various names ? recovery champions, buddies, peer mentors and more ? but the gist remains the same: that people themselves in recovery from drug and alcohol use can be authentic and effective voices in supporting others along their own journeys.

This toolkit brings together information for peer supporters and their managers.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Substance Misuse Skills Consortium
%L ndc23293

%T Specialist substance misuse treatment for young people in England 2013-14.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Public Health England
%R PHE publications gateway number: 2014638
%L ndc23259

%T The mental health needs of gang-affiliated young people.
%C London
%D 2015
%I Public Health England
%L ndc23336

%A M Quigley
%A Agnieszka Martynowicz
%A Caroline Gardner
%T Building bridges ? an evaluation and social return on investment study of the Le Cheile Restorative Justice Project in Limerick.
%C Ireland
%D 2015
%I Le Ch?ile
%L ndc23342

%T Adolescent addiction service report 2015.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc27960

%A Kate Babineau
%A Keishia Taylor
%A Luke Clancy
%J PLoS ONE
%T Electronic cigarette use among Irish youth: a cross sectional study of prevalence and associated factors.
%X PURPOSE
To examine prevalence of, and factors associated with, e-cigarette use among young people aged 16-17 in Ireland.

METHODS
In 2014, a representative sample of 821 young people aged 16-17 recruited from secondary schools completed a pen and paper survey on e-cigarette use, tobacco use, and socio-demographic items.

FINDINGS
A total of 23.8% of respondents had used e-cigarettes at least once. Dual trial of tobacco and e-cigarettes was common with 69.5% of regular smokers and 30.4% of 'ever' smokers having tried e-cigarettes and 10.6% of current smokers using e-cigarettes regularly. 4.2% of never smokers have tried e-cigarettes. Overall, current e-cigarette use (once a month or more) was low (3.2%). Binary logistic regression conducted through generalized estimating equations (GEE) determined that controlling for other variables, current tobacco use and 'ever' tobacco use predicted ever e-cigarette use. Gender and school-level socioeconomic status were also independent predictors of ever e-cigarette use. Gender stood as the only predictor of on-going e-cigarette use, with males being more likely to regularly use e-cigarettes at least once a month.

CONCLUSIONS
E-cigarette use among 16-17 year olds in Ireland is of note, with nearly a quarter of students having tried them. Concurrent or experimental use of e-cigarettes and tobacco is more common than sole use, while a small number have tried e-cigarettes without having tried tobacco.
%N 5
%P e0126419
%V 10
%D 2015
%I Public Library of Science
%L ndc24024

%A Kate Babineau
%A Luke Clancy
%J BMJ Open
%T Young people's perceptions of tobacco packaging: a comparison of EU Tobacco Products Directive & Ireland's Standardisation of Tobacco Act.
%N 6
%P e007352
%V 5
%D 2015
%R doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007352
%L ndc24349

%T Submission to Joint Committee on Justice, Defence and Equality on its Review of Ireland's approach to the possession of limited quantities of certain drugs.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I BeLong to Youth Project
%L ndc25423

%A Astrid-Britta Br?ker
%A Kristin Gobel
%A Herbert Scheithauer
%A Renate Soellner
%J Journal of Drug Issues
%T Adolescent alcohol use patterns from 25 European countries.
%N 4
%P 336-350
%V 45
%D 2015
%I Sage
%R doi:10.1177/0022042615589405
%L ndc24106

%A Trine Filges
%A Anne-Sofie Due Knudsen
%A Majken Mosegaard Svendsen
%A Krystyna Kowalski
%A Lars Benjaminsen
%A Anne-Marie Klint J?rgensen
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Cognitive-behavioural therapies for young people in outpatient treatment for non-opioid drug use: a systematic review.
%X Youth drug use is a severe problem worldwide. This review focuses on Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a treatment for young people who misuse non-opioid drugs, such as cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine, which are strongly associated with a range of health and social problems. CBT is an individualized and multicomponent intervention that combines behavioural and cognitive therapy. While behavioural therapy mainly focuses on external settings and observable behaviour, cognitive therapy is concerned with internal cognitive processes. The primary focus of CBT is to reduce users? positive expectations about drug use, to enhance their self-confidence to resist drugs, and to improve their skills for problem-solving and for coping with daily life stressors.

The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of CBT for young people (aged 13-21) in outpatient treatment for non-opioid drug use and to explore any factors that may moderate outcomes.

The literature search yielded a total of 18,514 references, of which 394 were deemed potentially relevant and retrieved for eligibility determination. Of these, 360 did not fulfil the screening criteria and were excluded. Four records were unobtainable. A total of seven unique studies, reported in 17 papers, were included in the review. 

Meta-analysis was used to examine the effects of CBT on drug use reduction, social and family functioning, school problems, treatment retention and criminal activity compared to a group of other interventions (Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA), Chestnut Bloomington Outpatient (CBOP) (+Assertive Continuing Care (ACC)), Drugs Harm Psychoeducation curriculum (DHPE), Functional Family Therapy (FFT), Interactional Therapy (IT), Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), and Psychoeducational Therapy (PET)).

Our main objective was to evaluate the current evidence on the effect of CBT on abstinence and drug use reduction for young people in outpatient treatment for non-opioid drug use. Seven randomised trials, involving 953 participants, were included in this review. Each of the seven included studies compared CBT to another intervention. We analysed the effects in the short term (from the start of treatment to up to 6 months thereafter), medium term (from 6 months to less than 12 months after the start of treatment), and long term (12 months or more after the start of treatment).

We analysed CBT that was delivered with an add-on component such as motivational interviewing (four studies) separately from CBT that was delivered without an add-on component (three studies). Based on meta-analysis of data from the four included studies analysing CBT with an add-on component, there was no evidence of a relative effect of CBT for the reduction of youth drug use frequency compared to other interventions (ACRA, CBOP (+ACC), DHPE, FFT and MDFT). The random effects standardized mean difference was -0.14 (95% CI -0.64, 0.36) for the short term based on four studies, -0.06 (95% CI -0.44, 0.32) for the medium term based on four studies and -0.15 (95% CI -0.36, 0.06) for the long term based on two studies. 

Based on meta-analysis of data from the four included studies analysing CBT without an add-on component, there was no evidence of a relative effect of CBT for the reduction of youth drug use frequency compared to other interventions (IT, MDFT, and PET ). The random effects standardized mean difference was -0.13 (95% CI -0.68, 0.42) for the short term based on two studies, -0.08 (95% CI -0.48, 0.31) for the medium term based on three studies and 0.02 (95% CI -0.48, 0.52) for the long term based on two studies. 

Thus, the available data does not support the hypothesis that there is a drug use reduction effect from using CBT with young drug users compared to other interventions (ACRA, CBOP (+ACC), DHPE, FFT, IT, MDFT, and PET ). 

Statistically significant heterogeneity was present in the short term. In the medium term statistically significant heterogeneity was present between studies analysing CBT with an add-on component. In the analysis of studies without an add-on component there was no statistically significant heterogeneity in the medium term. Due to the low power of detecting heterogeneity with only two studies included in the analysis, this result should be interpreted with caution. There was no heterogeneity between studies in the long term; however, with only two studies included in the analyses the power to detect heterogeneity was low. 

The primary outcome measured as recovery could only be analysed in the long term. The meta-analysis of CBT with an add-on component was inconclusive as the eight different comparison combinations analysed showed different results. Only one study analysing CBT without an add-on component provided data on recovery status. The reported effect was not statistically significant.
%N 2015:3
%D 2015
%R COI: 10.4073/csr.2015.3
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc26161

%T Child Care Law Reporting Project: Case histories 2014 volume 4.
%X We publish here our fourth and final volume of case reports for 2014. These include both lengthy and complex cases and accounts of single days in District Courts hearing child care applications, when over a dozen cases, including reviews of existing orders, are often heard in one afternoon. They bring to 101 the number of such reports published in 2014.

The cases again show a wide variation in the reasons why the Child and Family Agency seeks orders protecting children, either by taking them into State care or with Supervision Orders. These range from drug or alcohol addiction on the part of parents, leading to neglect, to serious behavioural or health problems on the part of the children.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Child Care Law Reporting Project
%L ndc23243

%T Annual report of the Committee Appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2013.
%X This report sets out the activities of the Committee in 2013 and recommendations.

?	In 2013, there was a reduction of 15% in the number of referrals to the Juvenile Diversion Programme.
?	The total number of incidents referred to the Diversion Programme during 2013 was 20,536 compared to 24,069 in 2012.
?	The total number of individual children referred to the Programme was 10,420 compared to 12,246 in 2012.
?	7,732 (74%) of the children referred were admitted to the Diversion Programme compared to 9,105 (74%) in 2012.
?	5,188 (50%) children had their cases dealt with by way of an informal caution compared to 6,265 (51%) in 2012.
?	2,544 (24%) children had their cases dealt with by way of a formal caution compared to 2,840 (23%) in 2012.
?	449 (4%) children have a decision in their case pending compared to 671 (5%) in 2012.
?	587 (6%) children required no further Garda action to be taken compared to 648 (5%) in 2012.
?	1,652 (16%) children were considered not suitable for inclusion in the Programme compared to
?	1,822 (15%) in 2012.
?	25% of children who were referred to the Programme were female while 75% were male, the same as 2012 figures.
?	The Garda Programme of Restorative Justice continued to develop, promoting restorative practice in youth diversion intervention. Juvenile Liaison Officers used Restorative Justice in 911 referrals.
?	Theft and related offences (27%), Public Order (26%), and damage to property and to the environment (11%) constitute the three main categories of offences for which children were referred.
?	The total number of JLO posts is 123 including 8 JLO Sergeants, which remains the same as 2012 figures.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I An Garda Siochana
%L ndc25787

%A Catherine D Darker
%A Deirdre Palmer
%A G O'Reilly
%A Lucy Whiston
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T Young people in drug treatment in Ireland: their views on substance use aetiology, trajectory, parents? role in substance use and coping skills.
%N 3
%P 247-258
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Medmedia Group
%L ndc23180

%T Step by step toolkit. Preparing for work with children and young people who inject drugs.
%X Globally, the protection and care of children and young people who inject drugs receives little attention. It is a controversial and often misunderstood issue and one that is severely underfunded. Global research presents shocking figures and evidence of restrictive laws preventing young people from accessing harm reduction. Rarely are services developed with children under 18 in mind, and organisations often lack capacity to attend to this highly vulnerable group. Young people also report experiencing significant barriers to accessing harm reduction services when they are under 18 due to a number of factors, including staff attitudes and organisational policies and practices.

This tool is a product of a partnership between Harm Reduction International (HRI), Youth Rise, International HIV/AIDS Alliance and Save the Children and was developed in response to HRI research on injecting drug use among under 18s globally that highlighted gaps in the response for this group.

This resource is intended for harm reduction service providers with limited experience of working with children and young people who inject drugs. It sets out a process that you can go through quickly, with little cost, to prepare for work with children and young people who are under 18. It is designed to help your organisation and staff to feel safe in commencing this work, and to support you in thinking through the challenging situations and decisions that you face. In some cases, it may lead you to decide that you are not yet ready to go ahead with this work.
%C London
%D 2015
%I International HIV/AIDS Alliance
%L ndc24785

%A Anne Hublet
%A Pernille Bendtsen
%A Margaretha de Looze
%A Anastasios Fotiou
%A Peter Donnelly
%A Runar Vilhjalmsson
%A Tibor Baska
%A Katrin Aasvee
%A Iva Pejnovic Franelic
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%A Tom ter Bogt
%J European Journal of Public Health
%T Trends in the co-occurrence of tobacco and cannabis
use in 15-year-olds from 2002 to 2010 in 28 countries of
Europe and North America.
%N Supplement 2
%D 2015
%P 73-75
%L ndc23639
%V 25

%A Jo-Hanna H Ivers
%A Kevin Ducray
%J International Journal of Clinical Case Studies
%T A case study of an adolescent substance user: an adolescent community reinforcement (A-CRA) approach.
%N 102
%D 2015
%I Graphy Publications
%L ndc27541
%V 1

%A D Leahy
%A Elisabeth Schaffalitzky
%A C Armstrong
%A Linda Latham
%A F McNicholas
%A D Meagher
%A Y Nathan
%A R O'Connor
%A V O'Keane
%A P Ryan
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Davina Swan
%A Walter Cullen
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T How social context impacts on the development, identification and treatment of mental and substance use disorders among young people ? a qualitative study of health care workers.
%N Special issue 01: youth mental health
%P 117-128
%V 32
%D 2015
%I Medmedia Group
%L ndc23277

%A Kareena McAloney
%J Substance Use & Misuse
%T Clustering of sex and substance use behaviors in adolescence.
%X BACKGROUND
Adolescents often experiment with substance use and sexual activity, which can impact upon their health and well-being, and establish harmful patterns of behavior which continue into adulthood. While substance use and participation in sexual behaviors often co-occur, few studies have examined whether these behaviors cluster in adolescence.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate clustering of sexual activity and substance use among youth in Northern Ireland.

METHOD
Data from 875 young people (aged 16) who participated in the 2008 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey were used to investigate clustering using the Odds/Expected ratio method. Gender differences in clustering were explored.

RESULTS
Alcohol consumption was the most prevalent risk behavior (75%), followed by cigarette smoking, sexual intercourse, illicit substance use, and solvent use the least prevalent. Over 40% of young people participated in multiple risk behaviors (2 or more). Several behavior combinations were statistically clustered, for most the reported prevalence was lower than expected, however, participation in all five risk behaviors occurred at a much higher rate than expected, particularly for male youth.

CONCLUSIONS
While experimentation with risky behaviors is often considered developmentally appropriate in adolescence it is important to understand how young people experience these behaviors, and the potential for multiple risk exposures as a result of participation in substance use and sexual behaviors. These findings highlight the clustering of substance use and sexual behaviors, and indicate variations in vulnerability to participation in multiple risk behaviors by gender.
%N 11
%P 1406-1411
%V 50
%D 2015
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc24644

%A Kareena McAloney
%J Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse
%T Perceptions of segregation and substance use behaviors in adolescence.
%N 5
%P 295-301
%V 24
%D 2015
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc24487

%A Michael T McKay
%A Martin Dempster
%A Zena Mello
%J Addiction Research & Theory
%T Does consideration of future consequences moderate the relationship between aggression and alcohol use in adolescents? Results from the United Kingdom.
%N 5
%P 372-379
%V 23
%D 2015
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc23842

%A Michael T McKay
%J Substance Use & Misuse
%T Parental rules, parent and peer attachment, and adolescent drinking behaviors.
%X Family factors have been widely implicated in the development of adolescent drinking behaviors. These include parental attachment and parental rules concerning drinking behaviors. Moreover, throughout adolescence attachment to parents gives way to attachment to peers, and parental rules about alcohol use become less strict. The present study examined the relationship between parental and peer attachment, parental rules on drinking and alcohol use in a large sample (n = 1,724) of adolescents in the United Kingdom. Controlling for school grade (proxy for age), sex and the non-independence of respondents (clustering at school level) results showed that scores on a parental rules on drinking questionnaire were a significant statistical predictor when comparing moderate drinkers and abstainers, as well as moderate drinkers and problematic drinkers. Scores on both attachment scales were also significant, but only in the comparison between moderate and problematic drinkers, with lower attachment to parents and higher attachment to peers associated with problematic drinking.
%N 2
%P 184-188
%V 50
%D 2015
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc22795

%A Michael T McKay
%A Seamus A Harvey
%J Child Care in Practice
%T The association between scholastic measures, alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol use: a cross-sectional study in Northern Ireland.
%N 4
%P 357-373
%V 21
%D 2015
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc25319

%T Psychosis with coexisting substance misuse overview (Dual diagnosis).
%C London
%D 2015
%I National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
%R NICE Pathways
%L ndc24144

%A F Nees
%A SH Witt
%A R Dinu-Biringer
%A A Lourdusamy
%A J Tzschoppe
%A S Vollst?dt-Klein
%A S Millenet
%A C Bach
%A L Poustka
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Gareth J Barker
%A ALW Bokde
%A U Bromberg
%A C B?chel
%A PJ Conrod
%A J Frank
%A V Frouin
%A J Gallinat
%A H Garavan
%A P Gowland
%A . et al
%J Alcohol
%T BDNF Val66Met and reward-related brain function in adolescents: role for early alcohol consumption.
%X Changes in reward processing have been identified as one important pathogenetic mechanism in alcohol addiction. The nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (rs6265/Val66Met) modulates the central nervous system activity of neurotransmitters involved in reward processing such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. It was identified as crucial for alcohol consumption in healthy adults and, in rats, specifically related to the function in the striatum, a region that is commonly involved in reward processing. However, studies in humans on the association of BDNF Val66Met and reward-related brain functions and its role for alcohol consumption, a significant predictor of later alcohol addiction, are missing. Based on an intermediate phenotype approach, we assessed the early orientation toward alcohol and alcohol consumption in 530 healthy adolescents that underwent a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found a significantly lower response in the putamen to reward anticipation in adolescent Met carriers with high versus low levels of alcohol consumption. During reward feedback, Met carriers with low putamen reactivity were significantly more likely to orient toward alcohol and to drink alcohol 2 years later. This study indicates a possible effect of BDNF Val66Met on alcohol addiction-related phenotypes in adolescence.
%N 2
%P 103-110
%V 49
%D 2015
%I Fayetteville, NY
%L ndc23418

%A David O Reilly
%A Mathew Thomas
%A Edina Moylett
%J BMJ Case Reports
%T Cough, codeine and confusion.
%X Codeine is widely prescribed in clinical practice with over the counter (OTC) preparations of codeine freely available for consumption typically as a component of remedies for the common cold/cough. We describe the first reported case of acute confusional state in a previously healthy 14-year-old girl ultimately attributed to inappropriate codeine use. The usage of codeine in the paediatric setting has been highlighted in recent years with many reported deaths-mostly due to respiratory depression. The risks associated with codeine usage may be particularly unnecessary with OTC cough suppressants as evidence of efficacy is absent. Finally, codeine dependence is a common problem among adults and has been reported locally and internationally among adolescents. The combination of lack of efficacy, risk of acute intoxication and dependence, suggests that the use of OTC codeine preparations may be unwarranted.
%V Online
%D 2015
%R doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-212727
%I BMJ Group
%L ndc25005

%A Richard M O'Connor
%A Rachel D Moloney
%A Jeffrey Glennon
%A Styliani Vlachou
%A John F Cryan
%J Neuropharmacology
%T Enhancing glutamatergic transmission during adolescence reverses early-life stress-induced deficits in the rewarding effects of cocaine in rats.
%X Adolescence marks a critical time when the brain is highly susceptible to pathological insult yet?also uniquely amenable to therapeutic intervention. It is during adolescence that the onset of the majority of psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder (SUDs), occurs. It has been well established that stress, particularly during early development, can contribute to the pathological changes which contribute to the development of SUDs. Glutamate as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS plays a key role in various physiological processes, including reward function, and in mediating the effects of psychological stress. We hypothesised impairing glutamatergic signalling during the key adolescent period would attenuate early-life stress induced impaired reward function. To test this, we induced early-life stress in male rats using the maternal-separation procedure. During the critical adolescent period (PND25-46) animals were treated with the glutamate transporter activator, riluzole, or the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine. Adult reward function was assessed using voluntary cocaine intake measured via intravenous self-administration. We found that early-life stress in the form of maternal-separation impaired reward function, reducing the number of successful cocaine-infusions achieved during the intravenous self-administration procedure as well impairing drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-taking behaviour. Interestingly, riluzole and memantine treatment reversed this stress-induced impairment. These data suggest that reducing glutamatergic signalling may be a viable therapeutic strategy for treating vulnerable individuals at risk of developing SUDs including certain adolescent populations, particularly those which may have experienced trauma during early-life.
%D 2015
%P 168-176
%L ndc26031
%V 99

%A A O'Regan
%A Elisabeth Schaffalitzky
%A W Cullen
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T Educational interventions: equipping general practice for youth mental health and substance abuse. A discussion paper.
%X BACKGROUND
Youth mental health issues and substance abuse are important causes of morbidity and mortality in Ireland. General practice is a frequent point of contact for young people, however, reluctance amongst this population group to disclose mental health issues and a lack of confidence amongst GPs in dealing with them have been reported. Focussed training interventions with formal evaluation of their acceptability and effectiveness in achieving learning, behavioural change and impact on clinical practice are needed.

AIMS
This paper aims to examine the literature on general practice in youth mental health, specifically, factors for an educational intervention for those working with young people in the community.

METHODS
This review paper was carried out by an online search of PubMed on the recent literature on mental health and on educational interventions for health care workers in primary care.

RESULTS
A number of papers describing educational interventions for GPs and primary care workers were found and analysed. Key areas to be addressed when identifying and treating mental health problems were prevention, assessment, treatment, interaction with other services and ongoing support. Important elements of an educational intervention were identified.

DISCUSSION
Several barriers exist that prevent the identification and treatment of these problems in primary care. An educational intervention should help GPs address these issues. Any intervention should be rigorously evaluated.

CONCLUSION
With the shift in services to the community in Irish health policy, the GP with appropriate training could take the lead in early intervention in youth mental health and addiction.
%N 3
%P 577-582
%V 184
%D 2015
%I Springer
%L ndc23824

%A Aileen O'Reilly
%A Robert Illback
%A Nicholas Peiper
%A Lynsey O'Keeffe
%A Richard Clayton
%J Journal of Mental Health
%T Youth engagement with an emerging Irish mental health early intervention programme (Jigsaw): participant characteristics and implications for service delivery.
%X Data about young people who engage with Jigsaw are captured through an online system designed to record salient clinical, case management, service delivery, and outcome information. Participant characteristics are summarised to portray the young people who engaged with the service for the first time during 2013 (N?=?2420).

RESULTS
The majority of young people engaging with Jigsaw were female, aged 15-17 years, and were referred by their parents. Over half were in full-time education, although many 21-25-year-olds were unemployed. Young people presented with a range of difficulties which varied by age and gender. They reported high levels of distress, with age and gender having a significant impact on their well-being.
%N 5
%P 283-288
%V 24
%D 2015
%L ndc24343

%A Lisa O'Reilly
%A Pat Dolan
%J British Journal of Social Work
%T The voice of the child in social work assessments: age-appropriate communication with children.
%X This article describes a child-centred method for engaging with children involved in the child protection and welfare system. One of the primary arguments underpinning this research is that social workers need to be skilled communicators to engage with children about deeply personal and painful issues. 

There is a wide range of research that maintains play is the language of children and the most effective way to learn about children is through their play. Considering this, the overarching aim of this study was to investigate the role of play skills in supporting communication between children and social workers during child protection and welfare assessments. The data collection was designed to establish the thoughts and/or experiences of participants in relation to a Play Skills Training (PST) programme designed by the authors. The key findings of the study reveal that the majority of social work participants rate the use of play skills in social work assessments as a key factor to effective engagement with children. Of particular importance, these messages address how social work services can ensure in a child-centred manner that the voice of children is heard and represented in all assessments of their well-being and future care options.
%N 5
%P 1191-1207
%V 46
%D 2015
%I Oxford University Press
%R doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcv040
%L ndc24246

%A K O'Sullivan
%A U Reulbach
%A F Boland
%A N Motterlini
%A D Kelly
%A K Bennett
%A T Fahey
%J BMJ Open
%T Benzodiazepine prescribing in children under 15?years of age receiving free medical care on the General Medical Services scheme?in Ireland.
%X OBJECTIVE
To examine the prevalence and secular trends in benzodiazepine (BZD) prescribing in the Irish paediatric population. In addition, we examine coprescribing of antiepileptic, antipsychotic, antidepressant and psychostimulants in children receiving BZD drugs and compare BZD prescribing in Ireland to that in other European countries.

SETTING
Data were obtained from the Irish General Medical Services (GMS) scheme pharmacy claims database from the Health Service Executive (HSE)-Primary Care Reimbursement Services (PCRS).

PARTICIPANTS
Children aged 0-15?years, on the HSE-PCRS database between January 2002 and December 2011, were included.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
Prescribing rates were reported over time (2002-2011) and duration (? or >90?days). Age (0-4, 5-11, 12-15) and gender trends were established. Rates of concomitant prescriptions for antiepileptic, antipsychotics, antidepressants and psychostimulants were reported. European prescribing data were retrieved from the literature.

RESULTS
Rates decreased from 2002 (8.56/1000 GMS population: 95% CI 8.20 to 8.92) to 2011 (5.33/1000 GMS population: 95% CI 5.10 to 5.55). Of those children currently receiving a BZD prescription, 6% were prescribed BZD for >90?days. Rates were higher for boys in the 0-4 and 5-11 age ranges, whereas for girls they were higher in the 12-15 age groups. A substantial proportion of children receiving BZD drugs are also prescribed antiepileptic (27%), antidepressant (11%), antipsychotic (5%) and psychostimulant (2%) medicines. Prescribing rates follow a similar pattern to that in other European countries.

CONCLUSIONS
While BZD prescribing trends have decreased in recent years, this study shows that a significant proportion of the GMS children population are being prescribed BZD in the long term. This study highlights the need for guidelines for BZD prescribing in children in terms of clinical indication and responsibility, coprescribing, dosage and duration of treatment.
%N 6
%P e007070
%V 5
%D 2015
%L ndc24105

%A Catherine Perry
%A Eimear Keane
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T Short report HBSC Ireland 2014. Alcohol and cannabis use in school-children in Ireland.
%X The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a cross-national research study conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and runs on a four-year cycle. In 2014, Ireland participated for the fifth time in the HBSC study (www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc). The overall aims of the HBSC study are to gain new insight into, and increase our understanding of young people?s health and well-being, health behaviours and their social context. HBSC collects data on key indicators of health, health attitudes, and health behaviours, as well as the context of health for young people. The study is a school-based survey with information collected from students through self-completion questionnaires in classrooms. HBSC Ireland 2014 was funded by the Department of Health. 

This short report presents a brief analysis of alcohol and cannabis intake among Irish school-children, aged 13-17, across the country broken down by age and gender. Overall, data from 7,320 school-children aged 13-17 were analysed.
%D 2015
%I National University of Ireland, Galway
%L ndc25969

%A Timo-Kolja Pf?rtner
%A Irene Moor
%A Katharina Rathmann
%A Anne Hublet
%A Michal Molcho
%A Anton E Kunst
%A Matthias Richter
%J Addiction
%T The association between family affluence and smoking among 15-year-old adolescents in 33 European countries, Israel and Canada: the role of national wealth.
%X AIMS
To examine the role of national wealth in the association between family affluence and adolescent weekly smoking, early smoking behavior and weekly smoking among former experimenters.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS
Data were used from the 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study conducted in 2005/2006 in 35 countries from Europe and North America that comprises 60,490 students aged 15 years. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC) to explore whether associations between family affluence and smoking outcomes were dependent on national wealth.

MEASUREMENT
Family Affluence Scale (FAS) as an indicator for the socioeconomic position of students. Current weekly smoking behavior is defined as at least weekly smoking (dichotomous). Early smoking behavior is measured by smoking more than a first puff before age 13 (dichotomous). Weekly smoking among former experimenters is restricted to those who tried a first puff in the past.

FINDINGS
The logistic multilevel models indicated an association of family affluence with current weekly smoking [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.088; 95% credible interval (CrI) = 1.055-1.121, P-value (P) < 0.001], early smoking behavior [OR = 1.066; CrI = 1.028-1.104, P < 0.001] and smoking among former experimenters [OR: 1.100; CrI: 1.071-1.130; P < 0.001]. GDP per capita was positively and significantly associated with the relationship between family affluence and current weekly smoking [OR: 1.005; CrI: 1.003-1.007; P < 0.001], early smoking behavior [OR: 1.003; CrI: 1.000-1.005; P = 0.012] and smoking among former experimenters [OR: 1.004; CrI: 1.002-1.006; P < 0.001]. The association of family affluence and smoking outcomes was significantly stronger for girls.

CONCLUSIONS
The difference in smoking prevalence between rich and poor is greater in more affluent countries.
%N 1
%P 162-173
%V 110
%D 2015
%I Wiley-Blackwell
%L ndc22734

%T Ryan report implementation plan fourth progress report December 2014.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc27258

%A Elisabeth Schaffalitzky
%A Dorothy Leahy
%A Claire Armstrong
%A Blanaid Gavin
%A Linda Latham
%A Fiona McNicholas
%A David Meagher
%A Ray O'Connor
%A Thomas O'Toole
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Walter Cullen
%J Early Intervention in Psychiatry
%T 'Nobody really gets it': a qualitative exploration of youth mental health in deprived urban areas.
%X AIM
To examine the experience of developing and living with mental health and substance use disorders among young people living in urban-deprived areas in Ireland to inform primary care interventions.

METHOD
Semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 young adults attending health and social care agencies in two deprived urban areas, and analysed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS
Five themes were identified: experiencing symptoms, symptom progression, delay accessing help, loss of control/crisis point, and consequences of mental health and substance use disorders. As young people delayed help, symptoms disrupted normal life progression and they found themselves unable to engage in everyday activities, and living with reduced potential. Living in deprived areas influenced the development of problems: many had added stressors, less familial support and early exposure to violence, addiction and bereavement.

CONCLUSION
Young people in urban-deprived areas are especially vulnerable to mental health and substance use disorders. Early identification in primary care appears necessary in halting symptom and illness progression, improving young people's chances of achieving their potential.
%N 5
%P 406-411
%V 9
%D 2015
%I Wiley
%R doi: 10.1111/eip.12165
%L ndc22191

%A Elisabeth Schaffalitzky
%A D Leahy
%A Walter Cullen
%A B Gavin
%A Linda Latham
%A R O'Connor
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Ellen O'Dea
%A S Ryan
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T Youth mental health in deprived urban areas: a Delphi study on the role of the GP in early intervention.
%X Background: GPs, as healthcare professionals with whom young people commonly interact, have a central role in early intervention for mental health problems. However, successfully fulfilling this role is a challenge, and this is especially in deprived urban areas.

Aims: To inform a complex intervention to support GPs in this important role, we aim to identify the key areas in which general practice can help address youth mental health and strategies to enhance implementation.

Methods: We conducted a modified Delphi study which involved establishing an expert panel involving key stakeholders/service providers at two deprived urban areas. The group reviewed emerging literature on the topic at a series of meetings and consensus was facilitated by iterative surveys.

Results: We identified 20 individual roles in which GPs could help address youth mental health, across five domains: (1) prevention, health promotion and access, (2) assessment and identification, (3) treatment strategies, (4) interaction with other agencies/referral, and (5) ongoing support. With regard to strategies to enhance implementation, we identified a further 19 interventions, across five domains: (1) training, (2) consultation improvements, (3) service-level changes, (4) collaboration, and (5) healthcare-system changes.

Conclusions: GPs have a key role in addressing youth mental health and this study highlights the key domains of this role and the key components of a complex intervention to support this role.
%N 4
%P 831-843
%V 184
%D 2015
%I Springer
%L ndc22600

%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Philip James
%A Walter Cullen
%A Catherine D Darker
%J International Journal of Drug Policy
%T "So prohibition can work?" Changes in use of novel psychoactive substances among adolescents attending a drug and alcohol treatment service following a legislative ban.
%N 9
%P 887-889
%V 26
%D 2015
%I Elsevier
%L ndc24190

%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Irish Medical Journal
%T Treatment outcome for adolescents abusing alcohol and cannabis: how many 'reliably improve'?
%N 5
%P 137-139
%V 108
%D 2015
%I Irish Medical Organisation
%L ndc23955

%T Tusla annual report 2014.
%X Following the enactment of the Child and Family Agency Act 2013, the Agency was established on 1st January 2014 and is responsible for improving wellbeing and outcomes for children. It represents the most comprehensive reform of services for the development, welfare and protection of children and the support of families ever undertaken in Ireland.
%C Dublin
%D 2015
%I Tusla
%L ndc24897

%T UNODC youth initiative.
%X Our mission is to empower and connect youth from around the globe to become active in their schools, communities and youth groups for the prevention of substance abuse. This site will help equip young people with resources and opportunities to help them make the best  decisions for themselves and impact their communities on issues related to drugs.

We know our world's youth have lots of great ideas and can make a positive impact on the world. We want to help give them a voice, not just to peers and local communities, but also to leaders of international organization and policy makers from around the globe.
%C Vienna
%D 2015
%I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
%L ndc24477

%T Global Standards for quality health care services for adolescents.
%X Global initiatives are urging countries to prioritize quality as a way of reinforcing human rights-based approaches to health. Yet evidence from both high- and low-income countries shows that services for adolescents are highly fragmented, poorly coordinated and uneven in quality. Pockets of excellent practice exist, but, overall, services need significant improvement and should be brought into conformity with existing guidelines.

WHO/UNAIDS Global Standards for quality health care services for adolescents aim to assist policy-makers and health service planners in improving the quality of health-care services so that adolescents find it easier to obtain the health services that they need to promote, protect and improve their health and well-being.
%C Geneva
%D 2015
%I World Health Organization
%L ndc24579

%A Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
%A Maren Struve
%A Robert Whelan
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Gareth J Barker
%A Arun L W Bokde
%A Uli Bromberg
%A Christian B?chel
%A Herta Flor
%A Mira Fauth-B?hler
%A Vincent Frouin
%A Jurgen Gallinat
%A Penny Gowland
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Claire Lawrence
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Frauke Nees
%A Tomas Paus
%A Zdenka Pausova
%A Marcella Rietschel
%A Trevor W Robbins
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Hugh Garavan
%A Patricia J Conrod
%J The American Journal of Psychiatry
%T Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence.
%X Longitudinal and family-based research suggests that conduct disorder, substance misuse, and ADHD involve both unique forms of dysfunction as well as more specific dysfunctions unique to each condition. Using direct measures of brain function, this study also found evidence in both unique and disorder-specific perturbations.
%N 12
%P 1310-1319
%V 171
%D 2014
%I American Psychiatric Association
%L ndc23984

%A Ursula Kilkelly
%T Children's rights behind bars. Human rights of children deprived of liberty: Improving monitoring mechanisms. National report: Ireland.
%X This report aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the legislative and policy landscape relating to the detention of children in Ireland, and the complaints and monitoring mechanisms available to them. The research was carried out in line with instructions provided by the DCI Project Co-ordinator and using questionnaires and templates provided by DCI.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Irish Penal Reform Trust
%L ndc23140

%T Young people?s hospital alcohol pathways. Support pack for A&E departments.
%X This document shows how local pathways can work for young people who present to A&E with alcohol-related conditions. It builds on similar publications by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)1 and Alcohol Concern. 

The pack includes a set of key questions for local professionals in the UK to help them develop effective care pathways within A&E and into other relevant services. It will be most relevant for A&E clinicians, hospital managers, substance misuse and young people?s commissioners. It may also have wider interest for local authority children?s services and organisations that are part of the pathway, such as substance misuse services and other young people?s support agencies.
%C London
%D 2014
%I Public Health England
%L ndc23131

%T Illegal drugs: what you need to know. Parent version.
%X This resource has been developed to inform and educate parents about illegal drugs and to prevent and reduce harms caused by their use. The best way for young people to avoid harm is to prevent use, delay the onset of use, and to reduce the harm from their own and other people?s use. For example, young people may be affected by an adult or a friend?s drug use. It is important they know how to avoid harm from other people?s use and, where appropriate, to assist themselves or others affected by drug use.

[Positive Choices is an online portal to help school communities access accurate, up-to-date drug education resources and prevention programs. With input from teachers, parents and students across Australia we are compiling resources that are engaging, interactive, and proven to improve student wellbeing.]
%C Sydney
%D 2014
%I National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
%L ndc23027

%T Illegal drugs: what you need to know. Student version.
%X A drug is a substance that affects the way the body functions. If a drug is classified as ?illegal?, this means that it is forbidden by law. Different illegal drugs have different effects on people and these effects are influenced by many factors. This makes them unpredictable and dangerous, especially for young people. On pages 16?27 you will find a list of common illegal drugs and their effects.

[Positive Choices is an online portal to help school communities access accurate, up-to-date drug education resources and prevention programs. With input from teachers, parents and students across Australia we are compiling resources that are engaging, interactive, and proven to improve student wellbeing.]
%C Sydney
%D 2014
%I National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
%L ndc23028

%A Nandi Siegfried
%A David C Pienaar
%A John E Ataguba
%A Jimmy Volmink
%A Tamara Kredo
%A Mlenga Jere
%A Charles DH Parry
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents.
%P CD010704
%V 11
%C London
%D 2014
%R DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD010704.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc23396

%A Dorothy Watson
%A Bertrand Maitre
%A Christopher T Whelan
%A James Williams
%T Dynamics of child economic vulnerability and socio-emotional development: an analysis of the first two waves of the growing up in Ireland study.
%X This research report draws on the longitudinal Growing Up in Ireland study to examine change over time in the economic vulnerability of families and its consequences for the socio-emotional development of children. Economic vulnerability refers to an increased risk of multidimensional material disadvantage, involving a distinctive profile in relation to low income, household joblessness and economic stress. Socio-emotional development is measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). As well as examining the risk factors for economic vulnerability and socio-emotional problems, the report examines the factors associated with improved outcomes for children, enhancing their resilience.

The report addresses the following research questions:
1. How did the economic vulnerability of families change as Ireland moved from boom to recession?
2. Which families are most at risk of economic vulnerability? Does this differ between the ?98 Cohort and the ?08 Cohort?
3. What is the relationship between family economic vulnerability and the child?s socio-emotional well-being?
Does the relationship differ depending on whether the economic vulnerability is persistent or transient?
4. Are there factors which appear to protect children from the impact of economic vulnerability on socio-emotional development?
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc23037

%A Johnny Connolly
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Young people?s access to drugs.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 16
%L ndc22915
%V Issue 51, Autumn 2014

%A Carol Coulter
%T Child Care Law Reporting Project: second interim report.
%X This is the second Interim Report of the Child Care Law Reporting Project, updating the overview of the reports published on the website and publishing the results of the data collected since the first Interim Report, that is, between September 2013 and mid-July 2014.  During that time we attended child care proceedings in 29 courts, presided over by different judges. We recorded data from 486 cases, involving 864 children. We published four further volumes of reports on child care proceedings, bringing to 160 the total number of reports on the website. 

The first Interim Report, which can be found on www.childlawproject.ie, outlined the legislative framework and background to the project, so this is not necessary again. The third and final report of this phase of the project, based on our first three years? work, will be published next year and will contain conclusions and recommendations drawn from all the reports published and the data collected in that time.

Our methodology is based on attendance at child care proceedings, reporting the main cases heard and collecting data on all cases dealt with in court, including those disposed of briefly. It does not include structured interviews with participants ? judges, social workers, parents, etc. While we have had a number of informal discussions with members of the judiciary, the legal representatives of both the Child and Family Agency and parents, guardians ad litem and others, they do not form part of the reports and nothing discussed in any informal setting is published in any form. Rather they inform the context in which the reports are written and the data is analysed.

Therefore the essential work of the project is attending court, writing reports for the Publications section of the website and collecting data on data sheets which is then analysed and published in these reports. That can be found in Appendix II of this report, and we publish a commentary on these results in Chapter I. The main issues that emerge from the reported cases are examined in Chapter 2. We publish some interim observations and suggestions for improvements in child care proceedings in Chapter 3, but our final recommendations will not come until next year. 

We used the Courts Service statistics for child care applications as a guide in the allocation of our reporting resources to courts, seeking to report from them according to the volume they dealt with. We are also grateful to the Child and Family Agency for providing us with the statistics of Arthur Cox Consultancy Services on the applications obtained by solicitors acting for the CFA around the country, which provided a second source for the volumes of cases dealt with according to geographical area. Both of these sources showed that approximately one third of all applications were sought and obtained in Dublin. However, the statistics from Arthur Cox, and other data from the Child and Family Agency, are based on former HSE regions, which do not accord with District Court areas. This makes direct comparisons difficult outside of Dublin. 

Our statistics in our first year of operation, which covered the eight months from December 2012 until July 2013, were heavily weighted in favour of Dublin, the location of 80 per cent of the cases we attended. We sought to correct this in the current year, and we succeeded, with Dublin accounting for only 34.8 per cent of this year?s cases. The remaining 65.2 per cent of cases were spread over 29 District Courts and 35 judges, including a number of ?moveable? judges, who are not tied to a specific District. We are therefore satisfied that this year?s statistics are more representative of national trends than last year?s....
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Child Care Law Reporting Project
%L ndc22863

%A Margaret Curtin
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Suicide and self-harm among Irish adolescents.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 15
%L ndc22913
%V Issue 51, Autumn 2014

%A Margaret Curtin
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Youth mental health and substance misuse disorders in deprived urban areas.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 21
%L ndc22921
%V Issue 51, Autumn 2014

%A Martin P Davoren
%A Kevin Hayes
%A Mary Horgan
%A Frances Shiely
%J Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care
%T Sexually transmitted infection incidence among adolescents in Ireland.
%X OBJECTIVE
The burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) rests with young people, yet in Ireland there has been very little research into this population. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate and establish risk factors that predict STI occurrence among adolescents in Ireland.

DESIGN
Routine diagnostic, demographic and behavioural data from first-time visits to three screening centres in the southwest of Ireland were obtained. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors that predict STI occurrence among adolescents.

RESULTS
A total of 2784 first-time patients, aged 13-19 years, received 3475 diagnoses between January 1999 and September 2009; 1168 (42%) of adolescents had notifiable STIs. The incidence rate of STIs is 225/100 000 person-years. Univariate analysis identified eligible risk factors (p<0.2) for inclusion in the multivariable model. Multivariable logistic regression showed the dominant risk factors for STI diagnosis to be: males who sometimes [odds ratio (OR) 2.02] or never (OR 1.83) use condoms; and females 18-19 years (OR 2.26) and 16-18 years (OR 1.8), with 2 (OR 1.33) or 3+ (OR 1.56) partners in the last 12 months, who are non-intravenous drug users (OR 0.72), are most likely to receive a positive STI diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS
STI diagnosis has become increasingly common in Ireland. The proportion of notifications among those aged under 20 years is increasing. These data illustrate the significance of age, condom use and number of sexual partners as risk factors for STI diagnosis. Furthermore, providing data for the first time, we report on the high incidence rate of STIs among adolescents in Ireland. The high levels of risk-taking behaviour and STI acquisition are highlighted and suggest that there is a need for an integrated public health approach to combat this phenomenon in the adolescent population.
%N 4
%P 276-282
%V 40
%D 2014
%I PMH publications
%L ndc23124

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T National policy framework for children and young people.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 5-6
%L ndc22906
%V Issue 51, Autumn 2014

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Promoting participation by seldom heard young people.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 20-21
%L ndc22922
%V Issue 51, Autumn 2014

%A B Behan
%A CG Connolly
%A S Datwani
%A M Doucet
%A J Ivanovic
%A R Morioka
%A A Stone
%A R Watts
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Hugh Garavan
%J Neuropharmacology
%T Response inhibition and elevated parietal-cerebellar correlations in chronic adolescent cannabis users.
%X The ability to successfully inhibit an inappropriate behaviour is a crucial component of executive functioning and its impairment has been linked to substance dependence. Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in adolescence and, given the accelerated neuromaturation during adolescence, it is important to determine the effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive functioning during this developmental period. 

In this study, a cohort of adolescent heavy cannabis users and age-matched non-cannabis-using controls completed a Go/No-Go paradigm. Users were impaired in performance on the task but voxelwise and region-of-interest comparisons revealed no activation differences between groups. Instead, an analysis of correlation patterns between task-activated areas revealed heightened correlation scores in the users between bilateral inferior parietal lobules and the left cerebellum. The increased correlation activity between these regions was replicated with resting state fMRI data and was positively correlated with self-reported, recent cannabis usage. 

The results suggests that the poorer inhibitory control of adolescent cannabis users might be related to aberrant connectivity between nodes of the response inhibition circuit and that this effect is observable in both task-induced and intrinsic correlation patterns. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
%P 131-7
%V 84
%D 2014
%R doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.027
%I Elsevier
%L ndc23371

%T Building children and young people?s resilience in schools.
%X Summary 
1.	Resilience is the capacity to bounce back from adversity. Protective factors increase resilience, whereas risk factors increase vulnerability. Resilient individuals, families and communities are more able to deal with difficulties and adversities than those with less resilience. 
2.	Those who are resilient do well despite adversity, although it does not imply that those who are resilient are unharmed ? they often have poorer outcomes than those who have low-risk background but less resilience. This applies to health outcomes and affects success in a range of areas of life across the life course. Evidence shows that resilience could contribute to healthy behaviours, higher qualifications and skills, better employment, better mental well-being, and a quicker or more successful recovery from illness. 
3.	Resilience is not an innate feature of some people?s personalities. Resilience and adversity are distributed unequally across the population, and are related to broader socio-economic inequalities which have common causes ? the inequities in power, money and resources that shape the conditions in which people live and their opportunities, experiences and relationships. 
4.	Those who face the most adversity are least likely to have the resources necessary to build resilience. This ?double burden? means that inequalities in resilience are likely to contribute to health inequalities. 
5.	Schools have a key opportunity to build resilience among children and young people, and there is a range of ways in which local authorities can support and encourage schools to take action. 
6.	Actions to increase resilience can be targeted at different levels - they can aim to increase achievements of pupils; to support them through transitions and encourage healthy behaviours; to promote better interpersonal relationships between people ? particularly parents or carers and children; and to create more supportive, cohesive schools that support both pupils and the wider community.
%C London
%D 2014
%I Public Health England
%L ndc22757

%A Di McNeish
%A Sara Scott
%T Women and girls at risk. Evidence across the life course.
%X The purpose of this review is to inform a new cross-sector strategic alliance focused on women and girls with complex needs. It reviews the evidence base for the underlying hypotheses of the initiative:
? There are groups of women and girls with similar clusters of extreme vulnerabilities in very damaging circumstances and systems.
? For some women the trajectories towards these highly damaging outcomes appear to be driven by unaddressed or unresolved trauma (defined broadly to include abuse, neglect, exploitation and disrupted attachment). Other risk factors, such as personality type, genetics and family history, may also play a role.
? Girls may begin to exhibit the behavioural manifestations of this early experience in different ways from boys in adolescence (which is also when service responses begin to differ).
? Some women have been failed as children and as adults by the services meant to protect them, to support their resilience and to assist their recovery.
? There are opportunities to address these issues and support women and girls by taking a ?life course? approach, looking holistically at a structural, social and cultural context.

The review is based on a search of a broad range of evidence sources including: published research, theoretical literature, data available on UK government websites and ?grey literature? such as organisational reports and websites.

The parameters of the search strategy have been literature published in the English language since 2000, supplemented by a selective review of significant literature since 1980 (identified primarily through citations).The review has explored available research and other sources of data on the characteristics and risk factors of women or adolescent girls who experience negative outcomes, including those:
? In contact with the criminal justice system as adults or young women
? Experiencing homelessness
? Involved in prostitution or sexual exploitation
? Experiencing severe mental health problems
? With serious drugs and/or alcohol problems.

We consider the relationship between these outcomes and the prevalence or accumulation of negative and abusive experiences across the life course, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, disrupted or poor attachments, domestic violence, negative school experiences and being in care, highlighting differential impacts by gender.

We also review the available evidence on the characteristics of interventions that succeed in interrupting these pathways, and increase resilience and the possibility of recovery at different points of the life course, for example drug and alcohol and mental health interventions, education and training, maternity and parenting provision, and housing and criminal justice responses.
%C London
%D 2014
%I DMSS Research
%L ndc22462

%A Aubrey Spriggs Madkour
%A Margaretha de Looze
%A Ping Ma
%A Carolyn Tucker Halpern
%A Tilda Farhat
%A Tom F M Ter Bogt
%A Virginie Ehlinger
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%A Candace Currie
%A Emmanuelle Godeau
%J Journal of Adolescent Health
%T Macro-level age norms for the timing of sexual initiation and adolescents' early sexual initiation in 17 European countries.
%X PURPOSE
To examine the relationship between country-level age norms for sexual initiation timing and early sexual initiation (ESI) among adolescent boys and girls.

METHODS
Nationally representative data from 17 countries that participated in the 2006/2007 European Social Survey (ESS-3, n = 33,092) and the 2005/2006 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study (HBSC, n = 27,702) were analyzed. Age norms were measured as the average country-level response to an item asking the age at which ESS respondents believed someone is too young to have sexual intercourse. HBSC respondents (aged 14-16 years) self-reported age at sexual initiation, which we defined as early (<15 years) or not early (?15 years or no initiation). Control variables included age, family affluence, perceived socioeconomic status, family living arrangement, substance use, school attachment, and country-level legal age of consent. Multivariable three-level logistic models with random intercepts were run separately by sex.

RESULTS
In multivariable analyses, higher overall age norms were associated with reduced likelihood of ESI among girls (AOR .60, 95% CI .45-.79); associations with ESI were stronger for parent cohort (ages 31-65 years) norms (AOR .37, 95% CI .23-.58) than for peer cohort (ages 15-20 years) norms (AOR .60, 95% CI .49-.74). For boys, overall norms were also significantly negatively associated with ESI (AOR .68, 95% CI .46-.99), as were parent cohort norms (AOR .66, 95% CI .45-.96). Peer cohort norms were not significantly related to boys' ESI.

CONCLUSION
Macrolevel cultural norms may impact adolescents' sexual initiation timing. Research exploring the sexual health outcomes of early initiators in countries with contrasting age norms is warranted.
%N 1
%P 114-121
%V 55
%D 2014
%I Elsevier
%L ndc23517

%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Alcohol and mental health among school students.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 18
%L ndc22308
%V Issue 50, Summer 2014

%A Elaine M McMahon
%A Helen Keeley
%A Mary Cannon
%A Ella Arensman
%A Ivan J Perry
%A Mary Clarke
%A Derek Chambers
%A Paul Corcoran
%J Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
%T The iceberg of suicide and self-harm in Irish adolescents: a population-based study.
%X PURPOSE
Suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents. Self-harm is the most important risk factor for suicide, yet the majority of self-harm does not come to the attention of health services. The purpose of this study was to establish the relative incidence of adolescent suicide, hospital-treated self-harm and self-harm in the community.

METHODS
Annual suicide rates were calculated for 15-17 year-old in the Cork and Kerry region in Ireland based on data from the Central Statistics Office. Rates of hospital-treated self-harm were collected by the Irish National Registry of Deliberate Self-Harm. Rates of self-harm in the community were assessed using a survey of 3,881 adolescents, the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe study.

RESULTS
The annual suicide rate was 10/100,000. Suicide was six times more common among boys than girls. The annual incidence rate of hospital-treated self-harm was approximately 344/100,000, with the female rate almost twice the male rate. The rate of self-harm in the community was 5,551/100,000, and girls were almost four times more likely to report self-harm. For every boy who died by suicide, 16 presented to hospital with self-harm and 146 reported self-harm in the community. For every female suicide, 162 girls presented to hospital with self-harm and 3,296 reported self-harm.

CONCLUSIONS
Gender differences in relative rates of self-harm and suicide are very large, with boys who have harmed themselves at particularly high risk of suicide. Knowledge of the relative incidence of self-harm and suicide in adolescents can inform prevention programmes and services.
%N 12
%P 1929-1935
%V 49
%D 2014
%I Springer
%L ndc22193

%T Flash Eurobarometer 401. Young people and drugs.
%X This survey builds on the work of previous reports in exploring young people?s perceptions of and attitudes towards drugs, including:
?	Self-reported use of cannabis and new substances that imitate the effects of illicit drugs.
?	Sources of information about drugs, including their effects and the associated risks. 
?	Perceived ease of availability of drugs.
?	The perceived health risks associated with occasional or regular use of various drugs, including alcohol and tobacco.
?	The appropriate legal status of a range of currently illegal drugs, as well as alcohol and tobacco.
?	Opinions about the best ways for authorities to tackle drug problems.

Results are analysed at the overall EU28 level and (where sample sizes permit) at country level, and by a range of socio-demographic groups. Where possible, comparisons are made with the results from 2011.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2014
%I European Commission
%L ndc22196

%A Silvia Minozzi
%A Laura Amato
%A Cristina Bellisario
%A Marina Davoli
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Maintenance treatments for opiate dependent adolescent.
%V 6
%D 2014
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD007210. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007210.pub3
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc13551

%A Romuald Brunner
%A Michael Kaess
%A Peter Parzer
%A Gloria Fischer
%A Vladimir Carli
%A Christina W Hoven
%A Camilla Wasserman
%A Marco Sarchiapone
%A Franz Resch
%A Alan Apter
%A Judith Balazs
%A Shira Barzilay
%A Julio Bobes
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Doina Cosmanm
%A Christian Haring
%A Miriam Iosuec
%A Jean Pierre Kahn
%A Helen Keeley
%A Gergely Meszaros
%A Bogdan Nemes
%A Tina Podlogar
%A Vita Postuvan
%A Pilar A Saiz
%A Merike Sisask
%A Alexandra Tubiana
%A Airi Varnik
%A Danuta Wasserman
%J Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
%T Life-time prevalence and psychosocial correlates of adolescent direct self-injurious behavior: a comparative study of findings in 11 European countries.
%X Objectives
To investigate the prevalence and associated psychosocial factors of occasional and repetitive direct self-injurious behavior (D-SIB), such as self-cutting, -burning, -biting, -hitting, and skin damage by other methods, in representative adolescent samples from 11 European countries.

Methods
Cross-sectional assessment of adolescents was performed within the European Union funded project, Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE), which was conducted in 11 European countries. The representative sample comprised 12,068 adolescents (F/M: 6,717/5,351; mean age: 14.9???0.89) recruited from randomly selected schools. Frequency of D-SIB was assessed by a modified 6-item questionnaire based on previously used versions of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). In addition, a broad range of demographic, social, and psychological factors was assessed.

Results
Overall lifetime prevalence of D-SIB was 27.6%; 19.7% reported occasional D-SIB and 7.8% repetitive D-SIB. Lifetime prevalence ranged from 17.1% to 38.6% across countries. Estonia, France, Germany, and Israel had the highest lifetime rates of D-SIB, while students from Hungary, Ireland, and Italy reported low rates. Suicidality as well as anxiety and depressive symptoms had the highest odds ratios for both occasional and repetitive D-SIB. There was a strong association of D-SIB with both psychopathology and risk-behaviors, including family related neglect and peer-related rejection/victimization. Associations between psychosocial variables and D-SIB were strongly influenced by both gender and country. Only a minor proportion of the adolescents who reported D-SIB ever received medical treatment.

Conclusion
These results suggest high lifetime prevalence of D-SIB in European adolescents. Prevalence as well as psychosocial correlates seems to be significantly influenced by both gender and country. These results support the need for a multidimensional approach to better understand the development of SIB and facilitate culturally adapted prevention/intervention.
%N 4
%P 337-48
%V 55
%D 2014
%I Wiley
%L ndc22792

%A Johnny Connolly
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Investigating the links between substance misuse and crime among young offenders.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 16-17
%L ndc21685
%V Issue 49, Spring 2014

%T Better outcomes brighter futures. The national policy framework for children & young people 2014 - 2020.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc21773

%O NICE public health intervention guidance 4.
%T Interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable young people.
%X The Department of Health asked the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE or the Institute) to produce public health guidance on community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged children and young people.

The guidance is for NHS and non-NHS practitioners and others who have a direct or indirect role in ? and responsibility for ? reducing substance misuse. This includes those working in local authorities and the education, voluntary, community, social care, youth and criminal justice sectors.
%C London
%D 2014
%I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
%R NICE public health intervention guidance 4
%L ndc12531

%T Reducing substance misuse among vulnerable children and young people overview.
%X NICE Pathways is an online tool for health and social care professionals that brings together all related NICE guidance and associated products in a set of interactive topic-based diagrams.

Visually representing everything NICE has said on a particular topic, the pathways enable you to see at a glance all of NICE's recommendations on a specific clinical or health topic. 

There are sections on:
?	Working with vulnerable and disadvantaged children and young people
?	Preventing alcohol-use disorders
?	Smoking prevention and cessation in schools
%C London
%D 2014
%I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
%R NICE pathways
%L ndc18912

%T Comhairle na n?g report. Annual report 2013.
%X Comhairle Na n?g is a forum for structured input into decision-making by children and young people in the development of local services and policies; it is supported and resourced by relevant statutory and voluntary organisations in the county/city. The Comhairle Na n?g Development Fund is designed to assist local authorities to support the development and improvement of Comhairle Na n?g as:
?	a firmly embedded structure and key consultative/participative forum for children and young people in each local authority area CDB area;
?	An effective mechanism for children and young people to improve their own lives in partnership with adult stakeholders.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc21825

%A Silvia Minozzi
%A Laura Amato
%A Cristina Bellisario
%A Marina Davoli
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Detoxification treatments for opiate dependent adolescents.
%V 4
%D 2014
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD006749. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006749.pub3
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc13541

%A Carrie D Patnode
%A Elizabeth O?Connor
%A Maya Rowland
%A Brittany Burda
%A Leslie Perdue
%A Evelyn P Whitlock
%T Primary care behavioral interventions to prevent or reduce illicit drug and nonmedical pharmaceutical use in children and adolescents: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force.
%C Rockville, MD
%D 2014
%I Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
%R AHRQ Publication No. 13-05177-EF-1
%L ndc25003

%A Matthew Kwan
%A Sarah Bobko
%A Guy Faulkner
%A Peter Donnelly
%A John Cairney
%J Addictive Behaviors
%T Sport participation and alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.
%X Sport participation can play an important and positive role in the health and development of children and youth. One area that has recently been receiving greater attention is the role that sport participation might play in preventing drug and alcohol use among youth. 

The current study is a systematic review of 17 longitudinal studies examining the relationship between sport participation and alcohol and drug use among adolescents. Results indicated that sport participation is associated with alcohol use, with 82% of the included studies (14/17) showing a significant positive relationship. Sport participation, however, appears to be related to reduced illicit drug use, especially use of non-cannabis related drugs. Eighty percent of the studies found sport participation associated with decreased illicit drug use, while 50% of the studies found negative association between sport participation and marijuana use. Further investigation revealed that participation in sports reduced the risk of overall illicit drug use, but particularly during high school; suggesting that this may be a critical period to reduce or prevent the use of drugs through sport. 

Future research must better understand what conditions are necessary for sport participation to have beneficial outcomes in terms of preventing alcohol and/or illicit drug use. This has been absent in the extent literature and will be central to intervention efforts in this area.
%N 3
%P 497-506
%V 39
%D 2014
%I Elsevier Science
%L ndc24326

%A Vladimir Carli
%A Christina W Hoven
%A Camilla Wasserman
%A Flaminia Chiesa
%A Guia Guffanti
%A Marco Sarchiapone
%A Alan Apter
%A Judit Balazs
%A Romuald Brunner
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Doina Cosman
%A Christian Haring
%A Miriam Iosuec
%A Michael Kaess
%A Jean Pierre Kahn
%A Helen Keeley
%A Vita Postuvan
%A Pilar Saiz
%A Airi Varnik
%A Danuta Wasserman
%J World Psychiatry
%T A newly identified group of adolescents at "invisible" risk for psychopathology and suicidal behavior: findings from the SEYLE study.
%X This study explored the prevalence of risk behaviors (excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking, reduced sleep, overweight, underweight, sedentary behavior, high use of Internet/TV/videogames for reasons not related to school or work, and truancy), and their association with psychopathology and self-destructive behaviors, in a sample of 12,395 adolescents recruited in randomly selected schools across 11 European countries. 

Latent class analysis identified three groups of adolescents: a low-risk group (57.8%) including pupils with low or very low frequency of risk behaviors; a high-risk group (13.2%) including pupils who scored high on all risk behaviors, and a third group ("invisible" risk, 29%) including pupils who were positive for high use of Internet/TV/videogames for reasons not related to school or work, sedentary behavior and reduced sleep. Pupils in the "invisible" risk group, compared with the high-risk group, had a similar prevalence of suicidal thoughts (42.2% vs. 44%), anxiety (8% vs. 9.2%), subthreshold depression (33.2% vs. 34%) and depression (13.4% vs. 14.7%). 

The prevalence of suicide attempts was 5.9% in the "invisible" group, 10.1% in the high-risk group and 1.7% in the low-risk group. The prevalence of all risk behaviors increased with age and most of them were significantly more frequent among boys. Girls were significantly more likely to experience internalizing (emotional) psychiatric symptoms. The "invisible" group may represent an important new intervention target group for potentially reducing psychopathology and other untoward outcomes in adolescence, including suicidal behavior.
%N 1
%P 78-86
%V 13
%D 2014
%I World Psychiatric Association
%L ndc22790

%T Report card 2014.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Children's Rights Alliance
%L ndc21442

%T Fifth annual child & adolescent mental health service report 2012 - 2013.
%X The Health Service Executive?s Fifth Annual Report of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) 2012 - 2013 illustrates the continued progress in developing mental health services for children, young people and their families. In the 12 months from October 2012 to September 2013, 9,616 new clients were seen by community CAMHS teams compared with 8,671 in the previous 12 months. This is an increase of 952 or 11%.In the same period, there were 12,022 referrals to CAMHS teams, a 21% increase on the previous 12 months.

The expansion of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) with an increased number of teams and inpatient services are key recommendations of the 2006 policy document ?A Vision for Change?. There are currently 66 multi-disciplinary Child and Adolescent teams in place (60 Community teams, 3 Liaison service teams and 3 Day service teams). In 2012 an additional 150 new posts were allocated to recruit new allied health professionals for CAMHS Community Mental Health Teams and as at 30th November 2013, 134.5 of those posts are recruited.  In 2013, a further 80 posts were allocated and by November 2013, 24 of these posts have been recruited. The Mental Health Division Operational Plan for 2014 sets out a target to have the balance of the 2012 and 2013 priority posts in place by the end of Quarter 2.

All community CAMHS teams screen children and adolescents referred to their services on the basis of the urgency of need. Children and adolescents in need of an urgent appointment are seen as a high priority while those with a lower acuity need may have to wait for longer.  50% of referrals are seen within one month of referral. Some 17,116 children (1.49% of population under 18 years) are availing of community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services.

The report provides a comprehensive update on the development of mental health services for young people and outlines progress in the development of HSE?s CAMHS services as outlined in the ?A Vision for Change? policy. The CAMHS annual report provides important information on the number of new cases seen, waiting times for an appointment with a specialist team, and the types of mental health problems presenting to services, by age and gender.

The development of information systems to support the delivery of outcome focussed quality mental health services for our service users is a key priority for the Mental Health Division and the publication of this report today provides a foundation from which further work is being progressed. The initial steps in the development of performance indicators for General Adult and Psychiatry of Old Age Mental Health Services have drawn on the work in the CAMHS services. The Mental Health Division has committed to develop an information and data management framework to support performance management across the Division, utilising ICT in the short term to streamline data gathering and analysis and in the medium to long term to implement a clinical and management ICT system for Mental Health.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc21387

%T Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug users: a systematic review.
%X During adolescence, some young people may experiment with both licit and illicit substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs). This can have an impact on their behaviour, their relationships with others and how they function in society. For those who develop substance use disorders, family has a vital role to play in addressing this issue. This EMCDDA Paper focuses on a form of inclusive therapy that involves the young person, their family and their environment. Based on five studies carried out in the United States and the EU, the holistic approach encapsulated by Multidimensional family therapy delivers promising results that are visible both during therapy and after it has ended. However, the approach requires family engagement which cannot always be obtained, and may come at a higher cost than other therapeutic options.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2014
%I Publications Office of the European Union
%L ndc17168

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service: report for 2011/2012.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 19-20
%L ndc21217
%V Issue 48, Winter 2013

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Latest report from the Teen Counselling service.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 18
%L ndc21216
%V Issue 48, Winter 2013

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T New standards to support the voluntary capacity of youth work provision in Ireland.
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%P 15-16
%L ndc21214
%V Issue 48, Winter 2013

%A Cathy Kelleher
%A Mairead Seymour
%A Ann Marie Halpenny
%T Promoting the participation of seldom heard young people: a review of the literature on best practice principles.
%X 1. Introduction p.1.
1.1 Background
1.2 Who participates?
1.3 Structure of the report

2. Methodology p.6.
2.1 Literature selection
2.2 Critical engagement and synthesis
2.3 Thematic structuring of the review
2.4 Research advisory group

3. Legislation and policy context p.9.
3.1 International context
3.2 European context
3.3 National context
3.4 Conclusion

4. Seldom heard young people p.24.
4.1 Who are ?seldom heard? young people?
4.2 Conclusion

5. Setting the context: the challenges and barriers to participation for seldom heard young people p.29.
5.1 Barriers and challenges to participation for seldom heard young people
5.2 Barriers and challenges to participation for seldom heard young people in school/student councils
5.3 Conclusion

6. Representing the perspectives of seldom heard young people in participation structures p35.
6.1 Improving seldom heard young people?s inclusion in participation structures
6.2 Conclusion

7. Improving participation experiences for seldom heard young people p.42.
7.1 Young people?s perspectives on meaningful participation
7.2 Levels of participation
7.3 Youth development versus youth involvement approaches
7.4 Methods of participation
7.5 Informal participation
7.6 The whole-systems approach
7.7 Outcomes from participation
7.8 Conclusion

8. Drawing key messages together p.53.
8.1 What do we mean by ?seldom heard young people??
8.2 Defining participation
8.3 Barriers and challenges to participation for seldom heard young people
8.4 Considerations for the development of more effective approaches to participation
9. References p.67
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Centre for Social & Educational Research, Dublin Institute of Technology
%L ndc21452

%A Padraig MacNeela
%A Thomas Conway
%A Siobhan Kavanagh
%A Lisa Ann Kennedy
%A John McCaffrey
%T Young people, alcohol and sex: what?s consent got to do with it? Exploring how attitudes to alcohol impact on
judgements about consent to sexual activity: a qualitative study of university students.
%X This qualitative study explores the intersection of university students? attitudes to alcohol use and consent to engage in sexual activity. The study was carried out by researchers at the School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, commissioned by Rape Crisis Network Ireland (RCNI), between March and December, 2013. This report describes:
?	The background to the study
?	The two qualitative methodologies used to collect and analyse data
?	The findings that arose from student reactions to hypothetical scenarios of non-consenting sexual activity, and
?	Discusses the findings in respect of the scope to support change in attitudes to alcohol use and consent.

One of the key findings in the extensive RCNI Rape and Justice in Ireland report (Hanley et al., 2009) was the high rate of co-occurrence of heavy drinking with rape, by perpetrators and / or victims. This finding led RCNI to develop a year-long campaign in 2012, titled Calling Time on Sexual Violence and Alcohol. The current study builds on this work to address the links that exist between sexual violence and alcohol use. Internationally, it is recognised that extreme intoxication is a component of how the public understand sexual coercion and rape. For instance, this link underpins a ?double standard? attitude, whereby victims are attributed more responsibility if they had been drinking while perpetrators are often perceived as less responsible (Abbey, 2008). 

Studies of university student attitudes to alcohol use and non-consenting sexual encounters are not available in the Irish context, so relevant work from other countries will be cited in introducing this study. One reference point in the existing research literature is that of stereotypical rape myths (Ryan, 2011). These myths rely on attitudes and social scripts that support a network of fixed, false beliefs about sexual violence. Such rape myths are linked to the stigmatisation of victims by others. They are also associated with self-stigma, as many women who have been forced to have sex do not label the experience of rape, due to their own internalised expectations for what rape entails (Littleton et al., 2006). Thus, a victim who has been drinking may be less likely to label sexual violence as rape, in the mistaken belief that he or she shares responsibility for the assault.

It is not just through rape-specific expectations that preconceptions and stereotypes inform attitudes to non-consenting sex. Berntson et al. (2013) take a broader view on how college students use scripts and pre-existing expectations to make sense of their relationship experiences. For them, relationships and sexual activity are interpreted through interpersonal sexual scripts that are shared among peers. Berntson et al. suggest that women are more likely to view their sexual activity within a communicative, relationship-based script. They contrast this with the traditional male preference for a recreational script for ?no strings? sex. This picture reflects long-standing cultural norms, in which men and women may be pursuing different, potentially conflicting objectives through sexual activity. It should be noted that gender role differences in expectations for sexual activity may now be changing. According to U.S. research, recreational sexual scripts have gained traction among young adults as an acceptable option for both sexes. This has been seen in the emergence of the ?hook up? culture. Hooking up refers to engaging in sexual behaviours without a pre-existing romantic relationship (Downing-Matibag & Geisinger, 2009). This might include sexual intercourse, but a hook up can also include or be restricted to oral sex, sexual touching, or masturbation.

It is at this point that it becomes essential to consider the intersection between attitudes to sex and the impact that alcohol use has for sexual expression among young adults. Alcohol use has been identified as a critical issue for the well-being of young adults who take part in hook ups. In one recent survey of U.S. students, Thomson Ross et al. (2011) found that non-consenting sex was strongly associated with binge drinking and reports of harms arising from alcohol consumption. 

The link between drinking and non-consenting sex is especially relevant in an Irish context, as, quite apart from the emergence of a hook up culture, alcohol use is a dominant feature of socialising among young adults. For instance, a comparative study of 21 countries established that Irish university students exhibited one of the highest rate of drinking internationally (94%) (Dantzer et al., 2006). Dantzer et al. found no gender difference in the rate of non-drinking among Irish students, whereas in most countries rates of non-drinking are substantially higher among females than males. Ireland is one of several European countries with particularly high rates of alcohol consumption, along with Denmark, England, Scotland, Wales, and the Netherlands (Dantzer et al., 2006). All of these countries have high rates of binge drinking as well, a style of drinking that involves the consumption of large amounts of alcohol within a short period. There is by now little doubt that binge drinking is associated with considerably elevated risks of exposure to alcohol-related harms. These span the physical domain (e.g., injury, blackouts), psychological harms (e.g., lower quality of life, alcohol dependence), and social harms (e.g., higher rates of public disorder convictions, lower academic performance) (Kypri et al., 2009). Following repeated exposure to harms among peer networks, negative events such as a memory blackout or interpersonal conflict may become normalised.

It may be the case that these adverse outcomes become accepted as the cost of accommodating heavy drinking as an integral part of the university experience. The degree to which alcohol-related harms such as non-consenting sex, rape, and sexual assault have been normalised is as yet unstudied in the Irish context.
%C Galway
%D 2014
%I Rape Crisis Network Ireland
%L ndc21286

%T Adolescent addiction service report 2014.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc27961

%T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising:seventh annual report 2012.
%X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising.

As this seventh Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2012 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body
%L ndc21771

%A Tunde Apantaku-Olajide
%A Philip James
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse
%T Association of educational attainment and adolescent substance use disorder in a clinical sample.
%X This study explores substance use, psychosocial problems, and the relationships to educational status in 193 adolescents (school dropouts, 63; alternative education, 46; mainstream students, 84) who attended a substance abuse treatment facility in Dublin, Ireland. The study found that the 3 groups exhibited statistically significant differences in their substance use problems, with the school dropouts displaying significantly more problems. The need for early detection and intervention of at-risk students, and collaborative interagency work aimed at addressing substance use, cannot be overemphasized as strategies to ultimately prevent school dropout.
%N 3
%P 169-176
%V 23
%D 2014
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc21868

%T The Ballymun Youth Action Project Ltd annual report 2013.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Ballymun Youth Action Project
%L ndc23118

%A P Cotter
%A Paul Corcoran
%A J McCarthy
%A F O' Suilleabh?in
%A V Clarke
%A C Hoven
%A C Wasserman
%A M Sarchiapone
%A D Wasserman
%A H Keeley
%J Irish Medical Journal
%T Victimisation and psychosocial difficulties associated with sexual orientation concerns: A school-based study of adolescents.
%N 10
%P 310-313
%V 107
%D 2014
%I Irish Medical Organisation
%L ndc23090

%T Value for money and policy review of the youth programmes that target disadvantaged young people.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Government Publications
%L ndc23242

%A Gonzalo Fanjul
%T Children of the recession. The impact of the economic crisis
on child well-being in rich countries.
%X The data and observations in this Innocenti Report Card reveal a strong and multifaceted relationship between the impact of the Great Recession on national economies and a decline in children?s well-being since 2008. Children are suffering most, and will bear the consequences longest, in countries where the recession has hit hardest.

For each country, the extent and character of the crisis?s impact on children has been shaped by the depth of the recession, pre-existing economic conditions, the strength of the social safety net and, most importantly, policy responses. Remarkably, amid this unprecedented social crisis, many countries have managed to limit ? or even reduce ? child poverty. It was by no means inevitable, then, that children would be the most enduring victims of the recession.
%C Florence
%D 2014
%I UNICEF Office of Research
%R Innocenti report card 12
%L ndc22859

%A Ann Hope
%J Alcohol and Alcoholism
%T ?Lead us not into temptation?: adolescence and alcohol policy in Europe.
%X Although the World Health Organization and the European Community recognize harm to children and young people due to alcohol?whether their own or someone else?s drinking effective policies to reduce harm are not widely followed. The alcohol beverage industry?s drive to use social networking systems blurs the line between user-generated and industry marketing materials, such that young people are more frequently and at a younger age, potentially exposed to the promotion of alcoholic drinks. This contravenes recommendations arising out of the emerging scientific literature that delaying the onset of drinking and reducing the prevalence of heavy session drinking are likely to promote a healthier next generation.
%N 2
%P 126-127
%V 49
%D 2014
%L ndc21446

%T Tackling youth crime ? youth justice action plan, 2014-2018.
%X A small, but significant number of young people in Ireland every year require targeted, strategic attention because their behaviour has led to their involvement in the youth justice system. These young people have been given specific attention through the implementation of the National Youth Justice Strategy, 2008-2010 and are the focus of this Action Plan. Twelve years is the age of criminal responsibility (or 10/11 years where a child has committed a serious offence1) and a ?child? is defined as a person under the age of 18 years under the Children Act 2001. The terms ?youth? and ?young person? are interchangeably used to describe a person who meets this legal definition. Youth crime constitutes up to 15% of all crime (excluding road traffic offences). The typical offending that young people become involved in (e.g. public order crime, alcohol and drug misuse) is often distressing for members of the public and while we know that youth crime will always be a concern, we also now know from hard data that the vast majority of young people grow out of crime. Since the first National Youth Justice Strategy commenced in 2008, the number of children detained by the Courts annually on criminal conviction has consistently dropped; the operational costs of detention have reduced by over 30%; the capital costs and space required in the new national detention facilities being built at Oberstown are approximately 50% of what was estimated in 2008; and youth crime has decreased.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Department of Justice and Equality
%L ndc21336

%A Michael Kaess
%A Romuald Brunner
%A Peter Parzer
%A Vladimir Carli
%A Alan Apter
%A Judit A Balazs
%A Julio Bobes
%A Horia G Coman
%A Doina Cosman
%A Padraig Cotter
%A Tony Durkee
%A Luca Farkas
%A Dana Feldman
%A Christian Haring
%A Miriam Iosuec
%A Jean Pierre Kahn
%A Helen Keeley
%A Tina Podlogar
%A Vita Postuvan
%A Franz Resch
%A . others
%J European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
%T Risk-behaviour screening for identifying adolescents with mental health problems in Europe.
%X Indicated prevention of mental illness is an important public health concern among youth. The aim of this study was to establish a European school-based professional screening among adolescents, which included variables on both a broad range of risk-behaviours and psychopathology; and to investigate the indicative value of adolescent risk-behaviour and self-reported psychopathology on help-seeking and psychological problems that required subsequent mental healthcare. 

A two-stage professional screening approach was developed and performed within the multi-centre study ?Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe? (SEYLE). The first stage of screening comprised a self-report questionnaire on a representative sample of 3,070 adolescents from 11 European countries. In the second stage, students deemed at-risk for mental health problems were evaluated using a semi-structured clinical interview performed by healthcare professionals. 61 % of participants (n = 1,865) were identified as being at-risk in stage one. In stage two, 384 participants (12.5 % of the original sample) were found to require subsequent mental healthcare during semi-structured, clinical assessment. Among those, 18.5 % of pupils were identified due to screening for psychopathology alone; 29.4 % due to screening for risk-behaviours alone; and 52.1 % by a combination of both. Young age and peer victimization increased help-seeking, while very low body mass index, depression, suicidal behaviour and substance abuse were the best predictors of referral to mental healthcare. 

Screening of risk-behaviours significantly increased the number of detected students requiring subsequent mental healthcare. Screening of risk-behaviours added significant value in identifying the significant amount of European pupils with mental health problems. Therefore, attention to adolescent risk-behaviours in addition to psychopathology is critical in facilitating prevention and early intervention. Identifying factors that increase compliance to clinical interviews are crucial in improving screening procedures.
%N 7
%P 611-620
%V 23
%D 2014
%I Springer
%R DOI 10.1007/s00787-013-0490-y
%L ndc22789

%A Lisa Keane
%A Kevin Ducray
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse
%T Psychological characteristics of heroin-dependent and non-opioid-substance-dependent adolescents in community drug treatment services.
%X By examining measures of psychological distress in heroin-dependent (HD) and non-opioid-substance-dependent (NOSD) adolescents, this study attempts to ascertain whether mental health symptoms differ according to drug use predilection or gender. The Beck Youth Inventory scores of 52 HD young people and 68 NOSD youths were retrospectively reviewed. HD adolescents demonstrated poorer self-concept as well as greater anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior than the NOSD group. Female HD adolescents reported more mental health problems related to self-concept and disruptive behaviors than male HD adolescents. While causation cannot be stipulated, this study points to the complexity of mental health needs in adolescent drug users.
%N 4
%P 205
%V 23
%D 2014
%I Taylor & Francis
%L ndc22368

%A M Mackay
%A J Vincenten
%T National action to address child intentional injury - 2014. Europe summary.
%X The report describes the prevalence of intentional injuries to children in the European Union, including maltreatment, peer to peer violence and self-directed violence, and examines the level of uptake of national level policies to address intentional child injuries in over 25 Member States. This is the first time that national actions to address child intentional injury are being comprehensively assessed and reported on in the EU.

Within the report are individual country policy profiles for each of the participating Member States: Austria, Belgium (Flanders only), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden and the United Kingdom (England and Scotland only).
%C Birmingham
%D 2014
%I European Child Safety Alliance
%R ISBN 978-1-909100-98-5
%L ndc21574

%A Michael T McKay
%A James R Andretta
%A Jennifer Magee
%A Frank C Worrell
%J Journal of Adolescence
%T What do temporal profiles tell us about adolescent alcohol use? Results from a large sample in the United Kingdom.
%X The psychological construct broadly known as time perspective is potentially useful in understanding a range of adolescent behaviours, including alcohol use. However, the utility of the construct has been hindered by measurement and conceptual problems. To date the vast majority of studies have assessed the relationship between time perspective and other measures in a variable-focussed (correlational) rather than a person-centred way. The present series of studies used a person-centred approach to assess the relationship between temporal profiles and alcohol use in a large sample (n?=?1620) of adolescents from High Schools in Northern Ireland. Although a 'Balanced' time perspective has been suggested as optimal, the present study suggests that having a 'Future' temporal profile is associated with less problematic use of alcohol, while having a 'Past Negative' or 'Hedonist' profile is associated with more problematic consumption. Results are discussed in the context of the time perspective and alcohol use literatures.
%N 8
%P 1319-1328
%V 37
%D 2014
%L ndc22783

%A Tony Munton
%A Elaine Wedlock
%A Alan Gomersall
%T The efficacy and effectiveness of drug and alcohol abuse prevention programmes delivered outside of school settings.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Health Research Board
%R HRB drug and alcohol evidence review 2
%L ndc23079

%A KD Murphy
%A S Byrne
%A LJ Sahm
%A S Lambert
%A S McCarthy
%J Rural and Remote Health
%T Use of addiction treatment services by Irish youth: does place of residence matter?
%X INTRODUCTION: 
Substance abuse treatment centres for Irish rural youth have largely been overlooked in the scientific literature. This study examined data from a substance abuse treatment centre that treats both urban and rural attendees to investigate if there are differences in usage patterns between attendee groups.

METHODS: 
A cross-sectional study was done of 436 service-users attending a treatment centre: patient characteristics, treatment referral details and substance history of the attendees from urban and rural areas were compared. Descriptive analysis of the service-user population was performed and recent substance use was investigated. Inferential tests examined for differences between urban and rural service-users.

RESULTS: 
The typical service-user was an Irish male aged between 16 and 17 years, who resided with his parents. A greater percentage of rural service-users were employed (33.3% vs 22.2%, <i>p</i>=0.015), while a significantly greater percentage of urban service-users were unemployed (10.3% vs 4.1%, <i>p</i>=0.015). A greater proportion of urban service-users had tried multiple substances in their lifetimes (73.7% vs 52.2%, <i>p</i>=0.001) and continued to use multiple substances regularly (49.3% vs 31.3%, <i>p</i>=0.003) compared with their rural counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS: 
This is the first Irish study comparing service-users from urban and rural settings. Rural service-users developed more problematic alcohol use, while more urban service-users were referred for benzodiazepine use. Prevention strategies should acknowledge the differences and similarities in urban and rural young people.
%N 2735
%V 14
%D 2014
%I ARHEN
%L ndc22461

%A Kevin Daniel Murphy
%A Stephen Byrne
%A Suzanne McCarthy
%A Sharon Lambert
%A Laura Jane Sahm
%J Journal of Addiction Medicine
%T Benzodiazepine use among young attendees of an Irish substance treatment center.
%X OBJECTIVE
To describe the demographic characteristics of those service users attending Matt Talbot Services, and their current and past substance use, and to explore the use of benzodiazepines among this group.

METHOD
There were 198 service users who attended a substance misuse treatment center in Cork, Ireland, between January 2005 and August 2011.

RESULTS
Benzodiazepines had ever been used by 51.0%, and of these, 55.8% were regular benzodiazepine users. The mean age of first use was 14.9 ? 1.4 years. Regular users of benzodiazepines were regular users of significantly more substances (3, interquartile range [IQR] = 2-3) when compared with nonregular benzodiazepine users (1, IQR = 1-2). Regular benzodiazepine users showed more behavioral signs (12, IQR = 10-14) than nonregular users (9, IQR = 7-12). Physical signs were significantly different between regular (8, IQR = 6-11) and nonregular (5, IQR = 3-10) users.

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of benzodiazepine misuse affect the individual, their family, and society as a whole through hospitalization, substance treatment, and crime. Identifying regular benzodiazepine users can help reduce the burden of benzodiazepines.
%N 3
%P 199-204
%V 8
%D 2014
%I Wolters Kluwer
%L ndc22656

%T Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: a research-based guide.
%X Historically the focus with adolescents has tended to be on steering young people clear of drugs before problems arise. But the reality is that different interventions are needed for adolescents at different places along the substance use spectrum, and some require treatment, not just prevention. Fortunately, scientific research has now established the efficacy of a number of treatment approaches that can address substance use during the teen years. This US guide describes those approaches, as well as presents a set of guiding principles and frequently asked questions about substance abuse and treatment in this age group. I hope this guide will be of great use to parents, health care providers, and treatment specialists as they strive to help adolescents with substance use problems get the help they need.
%C Bethesda, md
%D 2014
%I National Institute on Drug Abuse
%L ndc24063

%A S Rochford
%A N Doherty
%A S Owens
%T Prevention and early intervention in children and young people?s services: ten years of learning.
%C Dublin
%D 2014
%I Centre for Effective Services
%L ndc24411

%T Alcohol and the developing adolescent brain: evidence review.
%X ?	Section One: Introduction
?	Section Two: In the first paper, Dr. Iroise Dumontheil summarises the processes of development that occur during adolescence, the links between adolescence and mental health, and findings from research into peer influences on behaviour. 
?	Section Three: In the next paper, Dr. Killian Welch reviews evidence on detectable brain abnormalities in young people with alcohol use disorders. 
?	Section Four: Professor Gunter Schumann then goes on to discuss what advances in genetic research can teach us about different responses to alcohol by individuals. 
?	Section Five: Professor Anne Lingford-Hughes makes the case for the importance of understanding the neuropsychobiological mechanisms for early-onset alcohol use and escalation of drinking so as to inform prevention and treatment.
?	Section Six: Dr.Gordon Fernie reviews the available evidence to determine alcohol?s impact on impulsivity and control processes.
?	Section Seven: This aims to capture the main themes of our round table discussion. This process was facilitated by the discussants; Professor Stephen Lawrie, Dr. Peter Rice, Dr. Evelyn Gillan and Eric Carlin.
?	Appendix One: Dr. Deborah Shipton discusses findings of national surveys of self-reported alcohol consumption provide insight into adolescent drinking in Scotland.
?	Appendix Two: Dr. Lesley Graham examines the evidence on harms to young people from alcohol consumption.
%C Edinburgh
%D 2014
%I Scottish Health Action on Alcohol Problems
%L ndc22810

%A Robert Whelan
%A Richard Watts
%A Catherine A Orr
%A Robert R Althoff
%A Eric Artiges
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Gareth J Barker
%A Arun L W Bokde
%A Christian B?chel
%A Fabiana M Carvalho
%A Patricia J Conrod
%A Herta Flor
%A Mira Fauth-B?hler
%A Vincent Frouin
%A Jurgen Gallinat
%A Gabriela Gan
%A Penny Gowland
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Claire Lawrence
%A Karl Mann
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Frauke Nees
%A Nick Ortiz
%A Marie-Laure Paill?re-Martinot
%A . et al
%J Nature
%T Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers.
%X A comprehensive account of the causes of alcohol misuse must accommodate individual differences in biology, psychology and environment, and must disentangle cause and effect. Animal models can demonstrate the effects of neurotoxic substances; however, they provide limited insight into the psycho-social and higher cognitive factors involved in the initiation of substance use and progression to misuse. One can search for pre-existing risk factors by testing for endophenotypic biomarkers in non-using relatives; however, these relatives may have personality or neural resilience factors that protect them from developing dependence. A longitudinal study has potential to identify predictors of adolescent substance misuse, particularly if it can incorporate a wide range of potential causal factors, both proximal and distal, and their influence on numerous social, psychological and biological mechanisms. Here we apply machine learning to a wide range of data from a large sample of adolescents (n = 692) to generate models of current and future adolescent alcohol misuse that incorporate brain structure and function, individual personality and cognitive differences, environmental factors (including gestational cigarette and alcohol exposure), life experiences, and candidate genes. These models were accurate and generalized to novel data, and point to life experiences, neurobiological differences and personality as important antecedents of binge drinking. By identifying the vulnerability factors underlying individual differences in alcohol misuse, these models shed light on the aetiology of alcohol misuse and suggest targets for prevention.
%N 7513
%P 185-9
%V 512
%D 2014
%L ndc22613

%T Health for the world?s adolescent.
%X The report brings together all WHO guidance concerning adolescents across the full spectrum of health issues. It offers a state-of-the-art overview of four core areas for health sector action:

providing health services
collecting and using the data needed to plan and monitor health sector interventions
developing and implementing health-promoting and health-protecting policies and mobilizing and supporting other sectors.

The report concludes with key actions for strengthening national health sector responses to adolescent health.

The website will be the springboard for consultation with a wide range of stakeholders leading to a concerted action plan for adolescents.
%C Geneva
%D 2014
%I World Health Organization
%L ndc21891

%T Teen counselling annual report 2012.
%X Referrals made in 2012 
Referrals received 524 
Referrals accepted 482 

Drugs and alcohol:
(17%) of teen attendees used drugs and (46%) used alcohol. The drug of choice for teens was cannabis/hash. Amongst the parents of teen clients, addiction to either alcohol (34%), or drugs (18%) was a factor.
%D 2013
%I Crosscare Teen Counselling
%L ndc20847

%A Clay Darcy
%T A survey of drug issues among young people in Bray.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Bray Drugs Awareness Forum & Bray Youth and Information Services
%L ndc27957

%A Deirdre Healy
%A S Naqvi
%A D Meagher
%A Walter Cullen
%A Colum Dunne
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T Primary care support for youth mental health: a preliminary evidence base for Ireland's Mid-West.
%X BACKGROUND: Mental and substance use disorders are leading causes of morbidity. Prevention/treatment amongst young people are global health priorities. International data have highlighted primary care and general practice as important in addressing these. AIMS: Survey of 128 physicians (GPs) in Ireland's Mid-West (Counties Limerick, Clare, North Tipperary) to document the spectrum of youth mental health problems, describe strategies adopted by GPs in dealing with these, identify barriers (perceived by GPs) to effective care of young mental health patients and collate GP proposals for improved care of this cohort. 

METHODS: Self-administered questionnaire on physician and practice demographics, case management and barriers to care in youth mental health. 

RESULTS: Thirty-nine GPs (31?%) responded. Mental health and family conflict represented the most frequent reasons why young people attended GPs. Depression, anxiety, family conflict, suicidal thoughts/behaviour, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were the most common issues followed by substance abuse and antisocial behaviours. GP referral practices for young people with mental/substance use disorders varied, with distinctions between actual and preferred management due to insufficient access to dedicated youth services and training. GPs stated need for improved access to existing services (i.e., Psychiatry, counseling/psychology, social/educational interventions). A number of GPs surveyed were located, or provided care, in Limerick's 'Regeneration Areas'. Young people in these areas predominantly attended GPs due to mental/substance use issues and antenatal care, rather than acute or general medical problems. 

CONCLUSIONS: GPs play an important role in meeting youth mental health needs in this region and, in particular, in economically deprived urban areas.
%N 2
%P 237-243
%V 182
%D 2013
%I Springer
%R doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0868-8
%L ndc18871

%T Identifying and supporting children affected by parental substance misuse ? Resource for schools.
%X How can schools identify and support pupils affected by parental substance misuse?
This resource has been developed for the Alcohol and Drug Education and Prevention Information Service (ADEPIS) by Adfam, the national umbrella organisation for those working with and for families affected by drugs and alcohol, and is intended to be a useful tool to help schools in safeguarding their pupils.

The purpose of this resource:
When schools and teachers think about ?drugs?, they may often initially focus on incidents on school grounds and how to respond to them, students at risk of using substances, or perhaps about drug education.

However, substance use can impact the lives of young people in many ways, especially if they are affected by problematic drug or alcohol use in their own homes. This resource aims to summarise the key issues for children affected by parental substance use, and how schools can consider supporting them.

It is aimed primarily at school governors and headteachers, but will also be relevant to members of staff with particular pastoral care duties, including school nurses, Education Welfare Officers, and anyone identified as a Designated Senior Person (DSP) for child protection in schools.

Key messages:
?	Parental substance use is not a problem that schools can ?solve? alone, nor is it an issue they should turn a blind eye to
?	Schools have both the responsibility and the ability to support  children affected by parental substance use
?	Safeguarding is a matter of child welfare, not drug and alcohol expertise
?	Existing structures/policies cover most of this work already, but added focus is needed
%C London
%D 2013
%I Mentor ADEPSIS
%L ndc24072

%A Mary Cannon
%A Helen Coughlan
%A Mary Clarke
%A M Harley
%A Ian Kelleher
%T The mental health of young people in Ireland:
a report of the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research across the Lifespan (PERL) Group Dublin.
%X There has been a dearth of epidemiological research on rates of mental disorder among Irish people and little is known about the numbers of young people in Ireland who are experiencing diagnosable mental disorders. In the context of such limited epidemiological research in the field of mental health, the PERL Group in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland has conducted two studies on mental disorders and psychopathology among young Irish people. This report is the first research report from these two studies by the PERL Group. It provides data on the prevalence rates of mental disorder, substance use, deliberate self-harm and suicidality among young Irish people aged 11-24 years.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland
%L ndc20687

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Mapping the empirical research base of youth work: learning from international practice.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 28-29
%L ndc20747
%V Issue 47, Autumn 2013

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Drugs, alcohol and children?s lives ? strategy to improve our understanding.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 18-19
%L ndc20740
%V Issue 47, Autumn 2013

%A Brigid Pike
%A Dermot King
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Responding to addiction in a time of recession ? BYAP seminar.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 2
%L ndc20725
%V Issue 47, Autumn 2013

%T Hearing child survivors of sexual violence:Towards a national response.
%X As children are among the most vulnerable in society, through their dependence on adults and limited access to resources they are often incapable or face considerable difficulty communicating needs and having those needs met.

This report seeks to identify those needs more clearly in relation to sexual violence and provide information about child sexual violence learned from child survivors who access services. This information can be used by adults and statutory actors to respond to and support vulnerable children.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Rape Crisis Network Ireland
%L ndc20683

%A Aoife Gavin
%A Michal Molcho
%A Colette Kelly
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T The HBSC Ireland trends report 1998?2010: Child health behaviours, outcomes and contexts.
%X The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) trends report presents findings on indicators of children?s health and well-being between 1998 and 2010. The report is divided into three main sections: health behaviours; health outcomes and contexts of children?s lives. In general, this report presents findings that highlight positive changes to children?s lives across each of these three areas.

Health Behaviours
Overall, there are encouraging trends in relation to both health risk behaviours and positive health behaviours. There is an overall significant decrease in the percentage of young people who are engaging in risky health behaviours, specifically substance use. However, particular attention should be given to girls and those from lower social classes who are consistently more likely to report engagement in these behaviours.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Health and National University of Ireland, Galway
%L ndc20575

%O A report prepared by Ignite Research on behalf of the Irish Heart Foundation and the Irish Cancer Society. No electronic version available.
%T The impact of tobacco branding and standardised packaging on young people.
%X Section 1: Introduction and study design
Section 2: Teen smoking attitudes and behaviours
Section 3: A closer look at the role of cigarette packaging
Section 4: Exploring the potential impact of standardised packaging.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Ignite Research
%L ndc20580

%T Talking to your children about legal highs and club drugs: A parent's handbook.
%X Chapter 1 ? What exactly are club drugs and legal highs?
Chapter 2 ? How did legal highs become so popular?
Chapter 3 ? What do legal highs contain?
Chapter 4 ? Know your Substances
Chapter 5 -- Legal Highs, the limits of the law and police action
Chapter 6 ? What you can do as a parent
Chapter 7 ? Talking Consequences 
Chapter 8 -- Talking to your children about legal highs
%C London
%D 2013
%I The Angelus Foundation; Adfam; Club Drugs Clinic, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
%L ndc20398

%A Alan Stanton
%A Gill Grimshaw
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Tobacco cessation interventions for young people.
%V 7
%D 2013
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003289.pub5
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc16603

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Multiple risk behaviour].
%X An overview of prevention of multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood.
Jackson C.A., Henderson M., Frank J.W. et al. Journal of Public Health: 2012, 34(S1), p. i31?i40.

Different youth 'problem' behaviours overlap and share common causes, so it should make sense to implement programmes which affect several at once. That was the thesis of this Scottish review, which looked at studies reporting on both substance use and risky or underage sex. The literature was scarce but did give some reasons for optimism.

Summary 
Substance (alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug) use and sexual risk behaviour share some common underlying determinants. This 'rapid review' sought to synthesise the international evidence on 'what works' to prevent these overlapping risk behaviours, focusing largely on the 'microenvironment' rather than broader social and legal issues, and on universal approaches addressing whole youth populations rather than selected 'high-risk' groups or individuals.

The reviewers found no previous reviews of intervention studies which had reported multiple risk-behaviour outcomes, so instead they identified reviews focused on single risk-behaviours, and also looked for individual evaluation studies which reported both substance use and sexual risk behaviour outcomes. The latter had to be based on the young people's behaviour at age 11 to 25 and the impacts of interventions implemented between the ages of about five and 25.
%D 2013
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc20423
%V 25 Jul

%A Allyn Fives
%A Celia Keenaghan
%A John Canavan
%A Lisa Moran
%A Liam Coen
%T Evaluation of the Restorative Practice Programme of the Childhood Development Initiative.
%X This report presents the key findings of an independent evaluation, undertaken by the UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre at the National University of Ireland, Galway, of the Restorative Practice Programme, part of the Childhood Development Initiative?s (CDI) Community Safety Initiative (CSI). The study comprises (i) a process study evaluation of programme implementation under the headings of programme utilisation, programme organisation and programme fidelity; and (ii) an outcomes study evaluation of programme impact on participants? work, lives, organisations and family, and also the wider impact on community building and collaborative action.

Restorative Practice
Restorative Practice (RP) is ?the science of restoring and developing social capital, social discipline, emotional wellbeing and civic participation through participatory learning and decision-making? (Wachtel, 2005, p. 86). Restorative programmes promote dialogue between wrongdoers and harmed persons.

CDI initiated the RP training programme in Tallaght West, which constitutes the four communities of Brookfield, Fettercairn, Killinarden and Jobstown. Despite many positive developments in the past two decades, the area is highly vulnerable in terms of socio-economic disadvantage. It has a young population, a high rate of public housing, a relatively weak social class profile and a high rate of joblessness (CSO, 2011).

The RP training programme as implemented by CDI had a number of overarching targets to be achieved by the end of 2011, in particular relating to participation of young people, residents and professionals working in Tallaght West in the three levels of RP training: Phase 1, awareness raising; Phase 2, facilitation skills training; and Phase 3, training for trainers.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Childhood Development Initiative
%L ndc20224

%J Drugnet Ireland
%T ? and the Minister replies.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 11
%L ndc20132
%V Issue 46, Summer 2013

%T National Strategy for Research and Data on Children?s Lives 2011 ? 2016. Implementation report: action plan update 2012.
%X This is  the first Implementation Report of the National Strategy for Research and Data on Children's Lives, 2011-2016, presenting the progress made on the implementation of the agreed actions in the strategy. Published in November 2011, the strategy was prepared by the Research Unit of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs and sets out a strategic direction and comprehensive action plan for research and data on children's lives in Ireland.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc20177

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Young people appeal for a more inclusive society.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 12-13
%L ndc20133
%V Issue 46, Summer 2013

%A Rosaleen McElvaney
%A Mimi Tatlow-Golden
%A Roisin Webb
%A Eilis Lawlor
%A Brian Merriman
%T Someone to care: the mental health needs of children and young people in the care and youth justice system.
%X This report hears from eight young adults who have been through the care system and yet show remarkable resilience. They are taking steps to move forward in their lives and have a valuable contribution to make. If we can put in place the right mental health supports for children in the care and youth justice system, we will be building better futures not just for them, but for society as a whole. We will have worked to use our new understanding of their needs to build a transformed future. The lives of our children, all of our children, will ultimately be the better for that.

This report marks what the Coalition hopes will be the beginning of a process. It clearly identifies the need for a coherent and comprehensive national strategy addressing the mental health needs of young people in care and in the youth justice system. The mental health needs of these children and young people should, crucially, be central to any new policy and service developments which are currently underway in the reform of children?s services. 

At the heart of this process must be the young people themselves. As experts by experience, they must be involved in the planning, development and delivery of the system. Amnesty International Ireland?s 2011 polling revealed a high level of confidence in children?s ability to make decisions for themselves and in their trustworthiness. Nearly all respondents (86%) agreed it was important children have their opinions taken into account in significant decisions that affect them, while 67% agreed that children are trustworthy when voicing their opinions on decisions that will affect them. We must start listening.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Children's Mental Health Coalition
%L ndc20226

%A K Laird
%T Young people and alcohol: scoping approaches to prevent or reduce harm.
%X The aim of the scoping exercise was to:
Produce a national overview of the approaches developed and implemented to prevent or reduce harm to young people in Scotland caused by their own alcohol consumption.

Objectives:
? Identify the range of initiatives which are currently being delivered and categorise them by setting.
? Conduct semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (ADPs, third sector organisations, NHS) to gain more in-depth information to inform the final report (and later consider developing case studies on active projects).
? Incorporate views from young people directly, to inform working practice
%C Edinburgh
%D 2013
%I NHS Health Scotland
%L ndc21015

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T How are the children?
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 8-10
%L ndc20130
%V Issue 46, Summer 2013

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T The President gets young people talking ?
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 10-11
%L ndc20131
%V Issue 46, Summer 2013

%A A Onikoyi-Deckon
%A Bobby P Smyth
%O Taken from Book of Abstracts from the Conference: Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, RAMI Section of Biomedical Sciences, annual meeting 2012, Galway Ireland.
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T Use of new psychoactive substances among teenagers attending a specialized adolescent addiction service in Dublin, before and after a legislative ban on their sale.
%X [This article is an abstract from an annual meeting report]

The EMCCDA reported that Irish youths demonstrate the highest prevalence of use of new psychoactive substances in Europe. The Irish government responded by banning many of these drugs in May 2010. Some have suggested that the ban may drive users to the blackmarket while doing little to reduce use. The aim was to determine if the use of new psychoactive substances by teenagers with substance use disorders diminished following the ban on sale of new psychoactive substances in May 2010. Information was obtained using a structured assessment tool which examined lifetime and past month use of three categories of new psychoactive substances.
%N Supplement 4
%P S135-S136
%V 182
%D 2013
%I Springer
%L ndc20236

%A Daniel Regan
%A Todd G Morrison
%J Journal of Health Psychology
%T Adolescents' negative attitudes towards non-drinkers: a novel predictor of risky drinking.
%X The Regan Attitudes towards Non-Drinkers Scale was developed to address the concept that consumption of alcohol may serve as a means of avoiding social costs associated with being a non-drinker. This study sought to examine the Regan Attitudes towards Non-Drinkers Scale within a sample of Irish school-age adolescents. Results indicated that the Regan Attitudes towards Non-Drinkers Scale was a statistically significant predictor of self-reported problematic drinking. 

The findings of this study underscore the importance of this newly identified construct and highlight the necessity of further empirical tests of the Regan Attitudes towards Non-Drinkers Scale.
%N 11
%P 1465-1477
%V 18
%D 2013
%I Sage
%R doi: 10.1177/1359105312464676
%L ndc22234

%A Marica Ferri
%A Elias Allara
%A Alessandra Bo
%A Antonio Gasparrini
%A Fabrizio Faggiano
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Media campaigns for the prevention of illicit drug use in young people.
%X Media campaigns to prevent illicit drug use are a widespread intervention. We reviewed 23 studies of different designs involving 188,934 young people and conducted in the United States, Canada and Australia. The studies tested different interventions and used several questionnaires to interview the young people about the effects of having participated in the studies brought to them. As a result it was very difficult to reach conclusions and for this reason we are highlighting the need for further studies.
%D 2013
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD009287. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009287.pub2.
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc20156

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Social network effects in alcohol consumption among adolescents].
%X Social network effects in alcohol consumption among adolescents.
Ali M.M., Dwyer D.S. Addictive Behaviors: 2010, 35, p. 337?342.

Is the peer influence on which many substance use prevention programmes are based an illusion due to other factors like pupils sharing similar environments or choosing like-minded friends? Not entirely, finds this unusually rigorous US analysis; the chances of a given child drinking rise by 4% for every 10% more of their school year-mates who drink.

Summary 
Presumptions about the influence of friends and peers on the substance use of young people lie at the heart of important approaches to preventing substance use. However, estimating the strength of this influence is complicated by the tendency for youngsters to choose like-minded friends, meaning that the causal relation is reversed ? young drinkers choosing for example to befriend other young drinkers rather than being influenced to take up drinking by their friends. Another type of complicating factor are shared influences which might affect both the focal child's drinking and that of their friends, creating the illusion that one is causally related to the other. An example might be the areas they live in and the schools they attend. Unless these confounding factors are controlled for, we risk basing prevention programmes on mistaken estimates about the influence of peers. The featured analysis sought to refine these estimates by as far as possible eliminating other influences.

Data for the analysis came from the 1994 wave of a national US study of adolescent health conducted in 132 schools between grades 7 and 12. The children were asked how often they had drunk in the past year, enabling the study to assess what proportion were drinkers and how frequently on average they drank. Just over 20,000 of the pupils (they averaged 15 years of age) were not just surveyed in schools but also interviewed in their homes where their parents too were interviewed, yielding information which could help eliminate influences which might bias the estimate of the influence of peers.

Another major advantage of the survey was that it gathered information about two differently constructed sources of peer influence. The first came from asking the young people to name their five closest male and five closest female friends. Since these friends were usually also surveyed, it was possible to assess the extent of their drinking and in turn assess how this might have influenced the focal child. However, these estimates were vulnerable to reverse causality ? similar peers gravitating towards each other. This was not the case for the second source of peer influence assessed by the analysis ? the drinking of the other children in the same grade of the child's school, an influence particularly relevant to school-based prevention programmes which operate on whole classes and grades in a school. For both sources of influence the analysis assessed the possible impact on the focal child of the proportion of their peers who drank at all and of the average intensity of their drinking.
%C London
%D 2013
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc19896
%V 8 May 2013

%T Perspectives on drugs: Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs?
%X The use of mass media campaigns in drug prevention is both relatively common and not without controversy. Both policymakers and practitioners have hotly debated the effectiveness of such campaigns to reduce young people?s drug use or their intention to use. This analysis aims to contribute to the debate via a review of available evidence on the topic.

1. Analysis
2. Interactive map
3. Terms and definitions
4. Background theories
%C Lisbon
%D 2013
%I European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
%L ndc21978

%T Children?s and young people?s exposure to alcohol advertising 2007 to 2011.
%X This report sets out the findings of analysis examining trends in young people?s exposure to television advertising of alcoholic products between 2007 and 2011. The analysis looks at trends among children aged 4-15 (including sub-groups of 4-9 and 10-15 year olds) and adults aged 16-24 (including the sub-group 16-17 year olds1). The report looks at how the amount of advertising seen by these demographic groups has changed and considers this in the context of changes in viewing habits and the volume of advertising shown on commercial television channels.
%C London
%D 2013
%I Ofcom
%L ndc19916

%A Kathryn Higgins
%A Mark McCann
%A Aisling McLaughlin
%A Claire McCartan
%A Oliver Perra
%T Investigating parental monitoring, school and family influences on adolescent alcohol use.
%X This study aims to: 
?	test different causal hypotheses explaining the longitudinal relationship between parental monitoring and alcohol use trajectories 
?	test the role of peer- and school-level factors in influencing individual drinking trajectories and monitoring 
?	investigate how patterns of monitoring dimensions (e.g. parental control and child disclosure) and their association with alcohol use change when considering other factors 

To achieve these aims, this study was divided into a number of sections; path analysis investigating how parental monitoring and alcohol use are related; multilevel modelling, investigating how alcohol use, and parental monitoring varies between different schools, and finally; structural equation models to assess the direct and indirect associations between monitoring and other important family characteristics.

Key findings
? Children whose parents exert greater control over their free time activities tend to drink less frequently.
Early control has a lasting influence on alcohol use
? Higher rates of drinking in early adolescence leads to reduced levels of parent-controlled boundaries and limits at home
? Being in a school with a higher proportion of frequent drinkers is a risk factor for frequent drinking
? Girls who attend single-sex post-primary schools tend to drink more than pupils attending co-educational schools or male-only schools
%C London
%D 2013
%I Alcohol research UK
%L ndc20038

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Assessment of the value of youth work in Ireland.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 1-2
%L ndc19676
%V Issue 45, Spring 2013

%A ?ine Regan
%A Caroline Heary
%J Journal of Adolescence
%T Patterns of sedentary behaviours in Irish female adolescents.
%X Engagement in excessive sedentary behaviour represents a health risk for adolescents. The current study aimed to investigate patterns of sedentary behaviour amongst Irish female adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years old. 314 adolescents completed a questionnaire on their sedentary behaviour habits, health behaviours (physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use), enjoyment of sedentary behaviour, value on health, and sedentary facilitators in their home. Parents provided information on parental education, the child's weight and height, and parental sedentary behaviour habits. Cluster analysis found that five distinct sedentary clusters existed in this sample: Unproductive/Social Sedentary, Reading/Productive Behaviours, Mixed Sedentary Interests, Restricted Interests/High Television, and Academic Sedentary. The clusters differed on smoking and alcohol use, enjoyment of sedentary behaviour, and parental engagement in sedentary behaviour. The findings from this study support the use of a socio-ecological framework for investigating the development of sedentary behaviour patterns.
%N 2
%P 269-278
%V 36
%D 2013
%L ndc21763

%T Child well-being in rich countries: a comparative overview, Innocenti report card 11.
%X Part 1 presents a league table of child well-being in 29 of the world?s advanced economies.

Part 2 looks at what children say about their own well-being (including a league table of children?s life satisfaction).

Part 3 examines changes in child well-being in advanced economies over the first decade of the 2000s, looking at each country?s progress in educational achievement, teenage birth rates, childhood obesity levels, the prevalence of bullying, and the use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs.

P.51 Findings
Cigarettes
? The percentage of children and young people who smoke cigarettes has fallen in all 21 countries for which comparable data are available (with the exception of Greece and Sweden where rates were low at the beginning of the decade and have remained stable). 
? The biggest falls over the decade were recorded in Germany, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom ? all of which more than halved the proportion of young people who report smoking cigarettes. 

Alcohol
? More than three-quarters of the 21 countries also saw declines in alcohol use by young people ? as measured by the proportion of 11-, 13- and 15-yearolds who report having been drunk on at least two occasions.
? The biggest falls were again recorded in Germany (where the alcohol abuse rate fell from 18% to under 12%) and in the United Kingdom (which saw a decline from 30% to just under 20%).
? Despite the declining overall trend, the children and young people of three countries ? the Czech Republic, Denmark and Finland ? still have alcohol abuse rates of over 20%.
? The biggest rise in alcohol abuse by young people was seen in the Czech Republic (rising from 15% to 22%).

Cannabis
? 17 out of 20 countries reported a fall in cannabis use. ? The biggest percentage point falls were achieved in Canada, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
? Canada still has the highest level of cannabis use among young people, despite reducing its usage rate from 40% in 2001/2002 to 28% in 2009/2010.
? Germany has more than halved cannabis use among young people over the decade (from 19% to 9%).
? Starting from a higher level, the United Kingdom has also halved cannabis use among young people (from 34% to 17%).
? Switzerland has cut cannabis use among young people by more than a third (from 38% to 24%).

P.49 Figure 7.3a Changes between 2001/2002 and 2009/2010 in the percentage of young people aged 11, 13 and 15 who reported smoking at least once a week
P.50 Figure 7.3b Changes between 2001/2002 and 2009/2010 in the percentage of young people aged 11, 13 and 15 who reported having been drunk on more than two occasions
P.50 Figure 7.3c Changes between 2001/2002 and 2009/2010 in the percentage of young people aged 11, 13 and 15 who reported having used cannabis in the last 12 months
%C Florence
%D 2013
%I UNICEF Office of Research
%L ndc19663

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Long-term effect of community-based adolescent treatment].
%X Long-term effect of community-based treatment: evidence from the adolescent outcomes project.
Edelen M.O., Slaughter M.E., McCaffrey D.F. et al. Drug and Alcohol Dependence: 2010, 107, p. 62?68.

The title speaks of long-term effects but in fact there were none from sending young US substance users to a youth therapeutic community specialising in substance use problems compared to non-specialist group homes; early gains had all eroded, an instance of the general difficulty of sustaining youth treatment outcomes.

Summary 
Few studies have reported on the long-term impacts of substance use treatment for adolescents, and those which have provide at best limited evidence that impacts persist. In particular, no such study has yet assessed long-term outcomes for drug-involved juvenile offenders receiving treatment outside custody, the majority of adolescent treatment admissions.

This US evaluation offers the first assessment of long-term effects nearly nine years after offenders had been referred by the juvenile justice system either to a drug-specialist residential therapeutic community for adolescents (the Phoenix Academy), or to other residential group living programmes of similar size and structure, but which did not offer specialised substance use treatment.

Relative to the group homes, the community had previously been shown to result 12 months after referral in significantly better substance use and psychological functioning. This report sets out to establish whether these improvements persisted and even 'snowballed', or were eroded by time and other influences.

In 1999 and 2000, 449 young people aged 13?17 joined the study after being contacted at a juvenile court; all were legal wards of the court. Of these, 175 were initially admitted the specialist community where they stayed for on average just over five months, about the same time as other young people stayed after being sent instead to one of the six comparison group homes.

The featured report drew its data from the 412 youngsters who completed any of the long-term follow-up interviews about three, seven and eight and a half years after the baseline interviews; of these, nearly 90% had completed the final interview. Typically they were 15?16-year-old Hispanic/Latino boys who by the final follow-up would have averaged about 24 years of age. At study intake nearly 8 in 10 had met criteria for substance abuse and 55% for dependence. For about half their main substance was cannabis. Despite extensive substance use, 59% did not feel they needed treatment.

There were some appreciable differences between those sent and not sent to the Phoenix Academy, notably in motivation for treatment, extent of recent cannabis use, and substance use problems. An attempt was made to adjust outcomes for differences on these and other (totalling 88) dimensions as assessed before starting treatment. Then estimates were made of how well the young people would have done had they all been sent to Phoenix, or all to the other centres.
%C London
%D 2013
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc19890
%V 26 Mar

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions].
%X Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions for young adults discharged from the emergency department.
Suffoletto B., Callaway C., Kristan J. et al. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research: 2012, 36(3), p. 552?560.

For the first time this US study tried mobile phone text messaging as a way to moderate the hazardous drinking of young adults screened at emergency departments. Compared to merely monitoring, text-based advice did cut drinking ? but why did the monitoring-only patients actually start to drink more?

Summary 
Though recommended for US emergency departments, few have implemented formal screening to identify risky drinkers and even fewer then offer brief interventions in the form of short sessions of advice or counselling to reduce risk. Conducting brief intervention via a standardised mobile phone text messaging procedure could help overcome resistance from clinical staff who feel they have neither the time nor the expertise to discuss substance use with patients, and permit low-cost, large-scale implementation. For young adults in particular, text messaging may be preferable to face-to-face counselling.

This pilot study aimed to test the feasibility of brief text-message interventions for young adults identified as risky drinkers in emergency departments, and to gauge the impact to help guide the design of a larger study. It was conducted at three US emergency departments and trauma centres in Western Pennsylvania, where in 2010 research assistants asked 109 (all but three agreed) 18?24-year-old patients to complete a computerised screening assessment of their drinking over the past three months based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C). This assessment consist solely of questions about drinking, not about its consequences which may not yet be evident among young people.

About half (52) the 106 respondents screened positive for hazardous drinking, of whom 45 met criteria for the study, agreed to join it, and completed further baseline assessments of (inter alia) their drinking and related problems. Nearly two thirds were women and just 15% were unemployed. Their screening responses indicated that most drank at least twice a week and nearly half drank at least six standard US drinks on a single occasion at least once a month. All were advised they could have significant problems related to their drinking and encouraged to talk to their doctors, and were sent and encouraged to read an alcohol advice booklet after discharge.

All further intervention occurred via text messaging over the 12 weeks after the patients had been discharged. The 45 participants were randomly allocated to three groups of 15. One set (the control group) were simply texted reminders about the final assessment to be e-mailed to them 12 weeks after they had been recruited to the study. Another 15 (the assessment-only group) were weekly texted two questions, one about how often they had drunk over the past week, the other about their maximum single occasion consumption.

The final 15 (the intervention group) were sent the same questions, but an automated process then responded with texts depending on their answers. Those who had not drunk were congratulated, while those who had drunk moderately were told they were not drinking at a dangerous level and offered brief information about the risks of drinking. Full intervention was reserved for the (on different weeks) roughly 10?50% whose text responses indicated heavy single-occasion drinking over the past week. They were texted a message expressing concern over their drinking and asked if they would be willing to aim this week to drink moderately. Those who were willing were texted a reinforcing message followed by computer-selected strategies for cutting down, such as keeping track of their drinking, setting goals, pacing and spacing, eating at the same time, finding alternatives, avoiding 'triggers', planning ways to handle 'urges', and refusing drinks. Those unwilling to aim to drink moderately were prompted to reflect on their decision by texts such as: "It's OK to have mixed feelings about reducing your alcohol use. Consider making a list of all the reasons you might want to change."
%C London
%D 2013
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc19886
%V 18 Mar

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Assertive outreach strategies for narrowing the adolescent substance abuse treatment gap].
%X Assertive outreach strategies for narrowing the adolescent substance abuse treatment gap: implications for research, practice, and policy.
Ozechowski T.J., Waldron H.B. et al. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research: 2010, 37(1), p. 40?63.
This comprehensive US-focused review addresses the need to enrol more young problem substance users in treatment even if they at first refuse, validated methods for identifying such young people and engaging them in treatment with the help of family and others, and ethical and financial considerations involved in implementing these methods. 

Summary 
The Gateway Provider Model of youth service access hinges on equipping providers within so-called gateway service systems for youth with the knowledge and tools to recognise substance use problems, and to work in a coordinated manner across agencies to link youth exhibiting such problems with appropriate treatment services. Primary gateway service systems for adolescent substance abusers include juvenile justice, child and adolescent mental health, school-based counselling and other special programmes, emergency rooms, hospitals, and primary medical care settings, child welfare and related social services, as well as shelters and other facilities serving runaway and homeless youth.

However, specialised strategies may be warranted for the subpopulation of adolescents whose substance use disorders are unaccompanied by other emotional or behavioural disorders. In the USA, about one third to one half of the population of adolescents with substance use disorders may be relatively free of diagnosable comorbid conditions, which, some evidence suggests, may be associated with the likelihood of receiving substance abuse treatment. Specialised assertive outreach strategies may benefit this subpopulation given that such adolescents are unlikely to make contact with existing services and systems that could provide an entryway into substance abuse treatment, are relatively unlikely to have their substance use problems detected even if such contact is made, and may have parents who are not fully aware of the severity of their substance use problems and who may be unmotivated or unable to persuade or compel them to enter substance abuse treatment. The remainder of this review discussed some promising directions for developing assertive outreach strategies for this subpopulation which may also be useful for young people who do have other diagnosable comorbid conditions.
%D 2013
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc19279
%V 15 Feb

%T Drugs, alcohol & substance use/misuse: policy for children detention schools.
%X Substance misuse is the use of any drug or substance which can potentially lead to injury of the individual and/or society. This policy sets out, in writing, the framework within which the Children Detention Schools manage issues relating to substance use/misuse. It reflects the ethos of the Children Detention Schools and addresses procedures concerning usage of alcohol, tobacco and drugs/other substances by young people and the management of incidents relating to these substances.

Section 1. Objectives ? drugs, alcohol and substance use/misuse policy
Section 2. Health, welfare and rehabilitation
Section 3. Education, training and information in relation to substance use/misuse
Section 4. Programmes of care for children
Section 5. Searches and drugs testing
Section 6. Obligations and authority of schools in relation to illicit substances 
Section 7. Review of policy
Section 8. Acknowledgment
Section 9. Definitions

[Other policies are available at the link above]
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Irish Youth Justice Service
%L ndc20917

%T Annual report of the Committee Appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2011.
%X The Diversion Programme is a statutory option provided for under the Children Act 2001 to address the offending behaviour of children between the age of 10 years and 18 years. The Programme is managed by a Garda Superintendent appointed by the Commissioner of An Garda S?och?na and is known as the Director of the Programme. The Director must consider all cases and decide on the suitability or otherwise of the child for inclusion in the Programme.

?	The total number of incidents referred to the Diversion Programme during 2011 was 27,384.
?	The total number of individual children referred to the Programme was 12,809.
?	9,721 (76%) of the children referred were admitted to the Diversion Programme.
?	6,944 (54% ) children had their cases dealt with by way of an informal caution.
?	2,777 (22%) children had their cases dealt with by way of a formal caution.
?	515 (4%) children have a decision in their case pending.
?	738 (6%) children required no further Garda action to be taken.
?	1,835 (14%) children were considered not suitable for inclusion in the Programme.
?	25% of children who were referred to the Programme were female while 75% were male.
?	The Garda Programme of Restorative Justice continued to develop and involved Juvenile Liaison Officers using Restorative Justice in 903 referrals.
?	Public order (28.86%), theft and related offences (23.69%) and damage to property and to the environment (11.31%) constitute the three main categories of offences for which children were referred.
?	The total number of JLO posts is 123 including 8 JLO Sergeants.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I An Garda Siochana
%L ndc20023

%T Well-being in post primary schools. Guidelines for mental health promotion and suicide prevention.
%X Section 1: introduction p.1
Section 2: mental health promotion and suicide prevention 5
Section 3: school support for all: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.13
Section 4: school support for some: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.31
Section 5: school support for a few: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.35
Section 6: support for schools: addressing mental health promotion and suicide prevention p. 43
Conclusion p. 51
References  p.52
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Education and Skills; Health Service Executive & Department of Health
%L ndc19228

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Research on young people leaving state care in North Dublin.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 19-20
%L ndc19141
%V Issue 44, Winter 2012

%A Mike Vuolo
%J Drug and Alcohol Dependence
%T National-level drug policy and young people's illicit drug use: A multilevel analysis of the European Union.
%X Introduction:
Recent research has called upon investigators to exploit cross-national differences to uncover the cultural and structural factors influencing drug use. While the individual-level correlates are well-established, little is known about the association between cross-national variation in drug policies and young people's substance use. This study examines, net of individual-level predictors, the association between national-level drug policy and use of an illicit drug other than cannabis.

Methods:
The study uses Eurobarometer repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2002 and 2004 of adolescents aged 15?24 drawn in multistage, random probability samples proportional to population size and density within regions of their country (N = 15,191). Participants completed self-reported measures of last month drug use, attitudes toward drugs, school and work participation, and demographics. Gathered from several international bodies, national-level policy measures include drug offense levels, possession decriminalization, and presence and usage of harm reduction strategies.

Results:
Hierarchical logistic regression models demonstrate that, while controlling for important individual-level predictors, in countries where there is no restriction on possession of drugs for personal use, the odds of drug use in the last month are 79% lower (p < 0.05). On the other hand, higher usage of treatment and drug substitution are associated with higher levels of drug use. These results are robust to several alternate specifications.

Conclusions:
Among the strongest and most consistent findings, eliminating punishments for possession for personal use is not associated with higher drug use. The results indicate that researchers should take national-level context into account in individual-level studies of drug use.
%N 1-2
%P 149-156
%V 131
%D 2013
%I Elsevier Science
%L ndc19150

%T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising:sixth annual report 2011.
%X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising.

As this Sixth Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2011 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body
%L ndc19463

%A Tunde Apantaku-Olajide
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
%T Non-medical use of psychotropic prescription drugs among adolescents in substance use treatment.
%X Little is known about the extent of non-medical use of prescription drugs among European adolescents with substance use disorders. This cross-sectional study examined non-medical use of seven categories of psychotropic prescription drugs (opioid analgesics, ADHD stimulant, sleeping, sedative/anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anabolic steroid medications) in a clinical sample of Irish adolescents with substance use disorders. Of the 85 adolescents (aged 13-18 years) invited to participate, 65 adolescents (M = 16.3 years, SD = 1.3) took part (response: 74%). Among respondents, 68% reported lifetime non-medical use of any of the prescription drugs; sedative/anxiolytic (62%) and sleeping medications (43%) were more commonly abused. The most frequently reported motives for abuse were "seeking high or buzz" (79%), "having good time" (63%), and "relief from boredom" (56%). Sharing among friends and street-level drug markets were the most readily available sources. Innovative solutions of control measures and intervention are required to address the abuse of prescription drugs.
%N 4
%P 340-346
%V 45
%D 2013
%L ndc21192

%A Tunde Apantaku-Olajide
%A Catherine D Darker
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Addiction Medicine
%T Onset of cocaine use: associated alcohol intoxication and psychosocial characteristics among adolescents in substance abuse treatment.
%N 3
%P 183-188
%V 7
%D 2013
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%R doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e318288daa2
%L ndc20340

%A Brigid Arkins
%A Mark Tyrell
%A Eddie Herlihy
%A Brenda Crowley
%A Rose Lynch
%J Mental Health Practice
%T Assessing the reasons for deliberate self-harm in young people.
%X A history of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is one of the main indicators for suicide. There has been a rise in the number of presentations to emergency departments as a result of DSH, predominantly among 15 to 24 year olds. The main risk factors for this are risk-taking behaviour, substance misuse and interpersonal conflict, often occurring in combination in the 24 hours before the self-harm occurred. Studies of adolescents identify family, friends and school to be the main sources of support in preventing suicidal behaviour, proving more important than help from external agencies. Support and guidance for families and friends may therefore be valuable. Repeated presentation with DSH to the emergency department can signify an underlying problem that is not being identified or addressed, leading to recurrent crises. National early-intervention programmes involving screening for risk factors, and brief intervention in emergency departments, could be cost-effective interventions.
%N 7
%P 28-32
%V 16
%D 2013
%I RCN Publishing Company
%L ndc19849

%T Annual report of the committee appointed to monitor the effectiveness of the diversion programme 2012.
%X The report reflects the activities of the Monitoring Committee and the Diversion Programme during 2012 and sets out recommended actions for 2013. 
 
The number of referrals to the Diversion Programme during 2012 was 24,069 and the number of individual children referred was 12,246. Of those referred 9,776 (80%) were admitted to the Programme. 
 
During 2012, the Programme administered 1,036 cautions by way of Restorative Justice. This is indicative of the increased use of Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices when interacting with children who come in conflict with the law. In 2013 we will continue to progress the use of Restorative Justice as part of the Diversion Programme.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I An Garda Siochana
%L ndc21160

%A T D Cosco
%A K Morgan
%A L Currie
%A H McGee
%J Public Health
%T Early-onset drinking in Ireland: negative outcomes and behaviours.
%X Theage at onset of drinking alcohol in Ireland has decreased steadily over the last 70 years. According to a recent Irish survey, the average age at which individuals first consume an entire alcoholic beverage (i.e. not a sip or taste) is between 13 and 14 years. Furthermore, alcohol consumption in Ireland increased from 7.72 l of pure alcohol/person in 1972 to 14.34 l/ person in 2002, despite decreasing levels of alcohol consumption in the rest of the European Union over this period. The significance and pervasiveness of early-onset alcohol use and misuse is thus a pressing issue, particularly in Ireland.
%N 8
%P 788-90
%V 127
%D 2013
%I Elsevier
%L ndc21702

%T Crosscare teen counselling annual report 2012.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Crosscare Teen Counselling
%L ndc24114

%A Sean Denyer
%A Aisling Sheehan
%A Avery Bowser
%T Every child a home: a review of the implementation of the youth homelessness strategy.
%X This report presents the findings of a high-level review of the implementation of the Youth Homelessness Strategy. The purpose of the review is to establish the extent to which the strategy has been successful, to identify blockages and challenges to its implementation, and to make recommendations on a new implementation framework.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc20203

%T National quality standards for volunteer led youth groups.
%X In 2011, the DCYA introduced a set of standards for staff led youth work projects and services: these were called the National Quality Standards Framework (NQSF) for youth work. These standards are helping to ensure the provision and ongoing development of quality youth work opportunities for young people. As a natural progression to the NQSF, the DCYA has now developed a set of National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups, aimed at local youth groups and clubs. These have been developed and refined in consultation with young people, volunteers, youth organisations, the National Youth Work Advisory Committee, the Irish Vocational Education Association and VEC Youth/Liaison Officers. They present an opportunity for youth groups to demonstrate their commitment to best practice and to the delivery of quality programmes and activities, which meet the needs and expectations of their young members. As well as being a benchmark for progress, the National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups provide a fundamental building block on which practice can be developed on an ongoing basis. They are intended as a ?living document? that will evolve over time and be reviewed and informed by the process as the national quality standards are implemented in clubs and groups across the country.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc20356

%A Kelly Dickson
%A Carol-Ann Vigurs
%A Mark Newman
%T Youth work: a systematic map of the research literature.
%X This is the first systematic international map of youth work research. It provides a unique resource for investigating the content of youth work, how it is delivered and the terms in which it is assessed, both in formal evaluations of its impact and by children and young people themselves. It provides a valuable basis for developing an evidence-informed approach to policy and practice.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc20064

%A Amanda Fitzgerald
%A Barbara Dooley
%J Psychiatry Professional
%T Alcohol and youth mental health- The evidence base.
%X The My World Survey- Second Level (MWS-SL) assessed alcohol-related behaviours in 6,085 adolescents. Findings demonstrated a significant shift in the frequency, binge drinking and volume of alcohol consumed across the school year. Alcohol use in the Senior Cycle was a particular concern, with 35% outside the low risk category for alcohol behaviour. The MWS-SL found a strong relationship between alcohol use and mental health distress. Risky alcohol behaviour was associated with family conflict and other negative behaviours.
%N 1
%P 6-8
%V 2
%D 2013
%I Medmedia Group
%L ndc21265

%T Addressing youth violence and gangs. Practical advice for schools and colleges.
%X The vast majority of young people and education establishments will not be affected by serious violence or gangs. However, where these problems do occur there will almost certainly be a significant impact. 

Schools, both primary and secondary, and colleges have a duty and a responsibility to protect their pupils and students. It is also well established that success in learning is one of the most powerful indicators in the prevention of youth crime. Dealing with violence also helps attainment
%C London
%D 2013
%I Home Office
%L ndc20386

%T Young voices: have your say. Summary report.
%X Young Voices - Have your say' was a series of regional consultations with young people on how they can be more fully included in society.

In workshops young people discussed:
?	What does ?being included? mean?
?	What stops young people being included?
?	What are the times in a young person?s life when they are most at risk of being left out?
?	What groups of young people are most at risk of being left out?
?	What helps young people feel more included?
?	What do young people get from being involved in clubs and activities?
?	How could these activities be better and what new ideas do you have for clubs and activities?
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc19479

%A Philip James
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Tunde Apantaku-Olajide
%J Mental Health and Substance Use
%T Substance use and psychiatric disorders in Irish adolescents: a cross-sectional study of patients attending substance abuse treatment service.
%X Little information exists on the levels of psychiatric disorders among substance abusing adolescents in Ireland. The aim of the study is examine the pattern of psychiatric disorders and explore for gender differences among adolescents with a substance use disorder (SUD) in Ireland. 

A cross-sectional descriptive study and retrospective review of medical records on the 144 most recent admissions at the Youth Drug and Alcohol (YoDA) service, Dublin was carried out. Overall, 48% of the patients had a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) was the most common condition (27.1%), followed by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (20.8%) and depression (10.4%). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder were infrequently diagnosed. Compared with boys, the girls were more likely to have a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders (odds ratio 3.7; p = 0.005). 

These findings provide the first prevalence data on psychiatric disorders in a clinically representative sample of Irish adolescents with SUDs. Adolescent addiction services should have the skills to assess and manage co-occurring mental health problems. There is a need for further studies to examine DSH among adolescents with SUDs.
%N 2
%P 124-132
%V 6
%D 2013
%I Taylor & Francis
%R 10.1080/17523281.2012.693519
%L ndc18305

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Youth homelessness in Dublin: key findings from a six-year study.
%D 2013
%I Health Research Board
%P 26-27
%L ndc20746
%V Issue 47, Autumn 2013

%A Noreen Kearns
%A John Reddy
%A John Canavan
%T Evaluation of the Community Safety Initiative of the Childhood Development Initiative.
%X In September 2008, the Childhood Development Initiative (CDI) began the 3-year process of implementing the Community Safety Initiative (CSI) in Tallaght West, Co. Dublin. Through supporting local resident interaction and promoting collaborative responses to addressing local safety issues, the CSI seeks to improve people?s perceptions of safety, improve neighbour relations and promote a safe and healthy environment for children and families. The overall aims of the initiative (CDI, 2012) are:
? to improve safety and to promote pro-social behaviour across Tallaght West;
? to improve community awareness and participation in local activities and services;
? to encourage wide community engagement in maintaining a safe environment.

This report is the final output of the 3-year evaluation (2008-2011) of the CSI by the Child and Family Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway. It builds on the research from three phases of data collection in order to present a comprehensive assessment of the development and implementation of the CSI. Specifically, the report evaluates the achievement of the overall aims of the CSI in this period in order to answer the evaluation?s overall research questions, which are:
1. How is the CSI being implemented and what is the value of the logic underpinning the initiative?
2. Were there any changes in (1) perceptions of safety and (2) safety and/or crime prevention within the four target areas of Tallaght West?
3. If yes, what role (if any) did CSI activities play in influencing change (e.g. increasing community engagement and enhancing a ?sense of belonging? among community members) in the four areas?
4. What are the outcomes for children, parents and the wider community?
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Childhood Development Initiative
%L ndc20432

%A Robert A Kerr
%J Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies
%T Adolescent males in secondary school in Ireland: alcohol use and depressed mood.
%X Per capita alcohol consumption by Irish teenagers has doubled over the past three decades. There has also been a doubling of the suicide rate among young men. The aim of this study was to measure the correlation between alcohol consumption and negative mood (as measured by elements of the Beck Depression Inventory) in a sample (n = 169) of final-year secondary school male students. A questionnaire was devised to ascertain frequency, type and quantity of alcohol consumed, as well as attitudes towards drinking in general. The questionnaire also assessed overall mood disturbance, and these two sets of results were analysed and correlation coefficients calculated. It was found that both alcohol consumption and mood disturbance varied widely throughout the sample and that total alcohol consumption correlated weakly but significantly with overall mood disturbance. However, there was a stronger, more significant correlation between frequency of feeling drunk and mood disturbance, indicating a much greater effect on the teenagers? mood from binge drinking than from consistently drinking the same quantity of alcohol.
%N 1
%D 2013
%L ndc21266
%V 13

%A D Leahy
%A Elisabeth Schaffalitzky
%A Claire Armstrong
%A Gerard Bury
%A Paula Cussen-Murphy
%A Rachel Davis
%A Barbara Dooley
%A Blanaid Gavin
%A Rory Keane
%A Eamon Keenan
%A Linda Latham
%A David Meagher
%A Pat McGorry
%A Fiona McNicholas
%A Ray O'Connor
%A Ellen O'Dea
%A Veronica O'Keane
%A Tom P O'Toole
%A Edel Reilly
%A Patrick Ryan
%A Lena Sanci
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Walter Cullen
%J BMC Family Practice
%T Primary care and youth mental health in Ireland: qualitative study in deprived urban areas.
%X Mental disorders account for six of the 20 leading causes of disability worldwide with a very high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in youth aged 15&#8211;24&#160;years. However, healthcare professionals are faced with many challenges in the identification and treatment of mental and substance use disorders in young people (e.g. young people&#8217;s unwillingness to seek help from healthcare professionals, lack of training, limited resources etc.) The challenge of youth mental health for primary care is especially evident in urban deprived areas, where rates of and risk factors for mental health problems are especially common. There is an emerging consensus that primary care is well placed to address mental and substance use disorders in young people especially in deprived urban areas. This study aims to describe healthcare professionals&#8217; experience and attitudes towards screening and early intervention for mental and substance use disorders among young people (16&#8211;25&#160;years) in primary care in deprived urban settings in Ireland. 

Methods The chosen method for this qualitative study was inductive thematic analysis which involved semi-structured interviews with 37 healthcare professionals from primary care, secondary care and community agencies at two deprived urban centres. 

Results We identified three themes in respect of interventions to increase screening and treatment: (1) Identification is optimised by a range of strategies, including raising awareness, training, more systematic and formalised assessment, and youth-friendly practices (e.g. communication skills, ensuring confidentiality); (2) Treatment is enhanced by closer inter-agency collaboration and training for all healthcare professionals working in primary care; (3) Ongoing engagement is enhanced by motivational work with young people, setting achievable treatment goals, supporting transition between child and adult mental health services and recognising primary care&#8217;s longitudinal nature as a key asset in promoting treatment engagement. 

Conclusions Especially in deprived areas, primary care is central to early intervention for youth mental health. Identification, treatment and continuing engagement are likely to be enhanced by a range of strategies with young people, healthcare professionals and systems. Further research on youth mental health and primary care, including qualitative accounts of young people&#8217;s experience and developing complex interventions that promote early intervention are priorities.
%N 194
%V 14
%D 2013
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc21191

%A Paula Mayock
%A Mary Louise Corr
%T Young people's homeless and housing pathways: key findings from a 6-year qualitative longitudinal study.
%X This report documents key findings from a qualitative longitudinal study of homeless young people in Dublin city. The study was initiated in 2004 and has involved three waves of data collection over a 6-year period.

The first phase of the research was funded by the Office of the Minister for Children (OMC) ? now the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA) ? under the National Children?s Research Programme. At baseline, biographical interviews were conducted with 40 homeless young people during late 2004 and early 2005. Summary findings of this phase of the research were published in December 2006 by the Office of the Minister for Children(Mayock and Veki?, 2006) and the full findings were subsequently published in a book entitled Lives in Crisis: Homeless Young People in Dublin (Mayock and O?Sullivan, 2007).

In 2006, the Homeless Agency and Health Service Executive granted funding to embark on a second phase of research that involved tracking and re-interviewing the young people who enlisted in the study at baseline. This work was undertaken during 2005-2006 and the findings were published in 2008 by the Homeless Agency as Young People?s Homeless Pathways (Mayock et al, 2008).

A third phase was initiated following a period of approximately 3 years, during 2009-2010, and this wave of data collection was jointly funded by the DCYA and the Homeless Agency ? now the Dublin Region Homeless Executive (DRHE). 

The chapters introduce the background and methodological approach to the study and document findings related to the homeless and housing pathways of the study?s young people over the 6-year period of the study. Much attention is given to the ?routes? taken by young people into, through and out of homelessness. It is important to note that this report does not document all aspects of the study?s findings and does not claim to present a complete account of the lives and experiences of the study?s young people.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Government Publications
%L ndc20191

%A Helen McAvoy
%A Zubair Kabir
%A U Reulbach
%A Olga McDaid
%A Owen Metcalfe
%A Luke Clancy
%T A tobacco free future. An all-Ireland report on tobacco, inequalities and childhood.
%X Children growing up in disadvantaged circumstances face a number of threats to their health and development. Protecting children from the burden of tobacco related harm from both active and passive smoking is a priority action in enhancing population health and reducing health inequalities. Population health strategies on the island of Ireland are increasingly focussing on addressing the root causes of health inequality through social determinants of health approaches and through focussing on early childhood as a key period for intervention. At the same time, governments in both jurisdictions are working to enhance their approaches to effective tobacco control.

The World Health Organization considers that there are three key ?windows of exposure? in terms of tobacco-related harm in childhood ? in the womb (associated with active or passive smoking by the mother), directly through children taking up smoking and through exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) in indoor and outdoor environments. This report presents findings on these three windows of exposure based on a range of data sources in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

The central aim of the report is to contribute to knowledge on the exposure of children to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke at various stages of their development. The findings of the report can support policy makers and service providers in their efforts to make tobacco-free childhoods a reality on the island of Ireland.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Institute of Public Health in Ireland and TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland.
%L ndc20953

%A Deirdre McCarthy
%T The boundary wall. A needs analysis in the North Wall area of Dublin with a particular focus on education and young people.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I North Wall Education and Welfare Group
%L ndc19595

%A Michael T McKay
%A Andrew Percy
%A Jon C Cole
%J Addiction Research & Theory
%T Present orientation, future orientation and alcohol use
in Northern Irish adolescents.
%X Earlier initiation into more problematic drinking behaviour has been found to be associated with more problematic drinking later in life. Research has suggested that a lower future time perspective (and higher present time perspective) is associated with health-compromising behaviours such as problematic alcohol use in college student, University undergraduate and general population samples. This study used a cross-sectional design to examine whether consideration of future consequences (CFC), assessed by the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale, was significantly related to drinking behaviour in a large sample (n?707) of Northern Irish adolescents.
%N 1
%P 43-51
%V 21
%D 2013
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc17618

%A Elaine M McMahon
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Helen Keeley
%A Ivan J Perry
%A Ella Arensman
%J Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
%T Adolescents exposed to suicidal behavior of others: prevalence of self-harm and associated psychological, lifestyle, and life event factors.
%X Exposure to suicidal behavior of others was examined among 3,881 Irish adolescents in the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) study. One third of the sample had been exposed to suicidal behavior, and exposed adolescents were eight times more likely to also report own self-harm. Exposed adolescents shared many risk factors with those reporting own self-harm. Those reporting both exposure and own self-harm presented the most maladaptive profile on psychological, life event, and lifestyle domains, but neither anxiety nor depression distinguished this group. Exposed adolescents are burdened by a wide range of risk factors and in need of support.
%N 6
%P 634-645
%V 43
%D 2013
%L ndc21056

%A Elaine M McMahon
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Carmel McAuliffe
%A Helen Keeley
%A Ivan J Perry
%A Ella Arensman
%J Crisis
%T Mediating effects of coping style on associations between mental health factors and self-harm among adolescents.
%X There is evidence for an association between suicidal behavior and coping style among adolescents.
%N 4
%P 242-250
%V 34
%D 2013
%I Hogrefe
%L ndc21057

%A Barbara M Moffat
%A Emily K Jenkins
%A Joy L Johnson
%J Harm Reduction Journal
%T Weeding out the information: an ethnographic approach to exploring how young people make sense of the evidence on cannabis.
%X Background:
Contradictory evidence on cannabis adds to the climate of confusion regarding the health harms related to use. This is particularly true for young people as they encounter and make sense of opposing information on cannabis. Knowledge translation (KT) is in part focused on ensuring that knowledge users have access to and understand best evidence; yet, little attention has focused on the processes youth use to weigh scientific evidence. There is growing interest in how KT efforts can involve knowledge users in shaping the delivery of youth-focused public health messages. To date, the youth voice has been largely absent from the creation of public health messages on cannabis. 

Methods:
This ethnographic study describes a knowledge translation project that focused on engaging young people in a review of evidence on cannabis that concluded with the creation of public health messages generated by youth participants. We facilitated two groups with a total of 18 youth participants. Data included transcribed segments of weekly sessions, researcher field notes, participant research logs, and transcribed follow-up interviews. Qualitative, thematic analysis was conducted. 

Results:
Group dynamics were influential in terms of how participants made sense of the evidence. The processes by which participants came to understand the current evidence on cannabis are described, followed by the manner in which they engaged with the literature for the purpose of creating an individual public health message to share with the group. At project end, youth created collaborative public health messages based on their understanding of the evidence illustrating their capacity to ?weed out? the information. The content of these messages reflect a youth-informed harm reduction approach to cannabis use. 

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the feasibility of involving young people in knowledge translation initiatives that target peers. Youth participants demonstrated that they were capable of reading scientific literature and had the capacity to engage in the creation of evidence-informed public health messages on cannabis that resonate with young people. Rather than simply being the target of KT messages, they embraced the opportunity to engage in dialogue focused on cannabis.
%N 34
%V 10
%D 2013
%R doi:10.1186/1477-7517-10-34
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc21018

%A Kevin Murphy
%A Laura Sahm
%A Sharon Lambert
%A Stephen Byrne
%J Addictive Behaviors
%T Substance use in young persons in Ireland, a systematic review.
%X Adolescence is a time of physical and mental development when small changes can impact on the rest of a person's life. Substance use in this crucial period can have long-lasting consequences for the individual and for society. The prevalence of substance use in young people is an area of concern for policy makers and health workers. This systematic review looked at prevalence for four substances: alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and benzodiazepines, across the Republic of Ireland for persons between the ages of 13 and 24, and compared usage between 2000 and 2012. Eighteen articles were included in the review. It was seen that tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use has fallen in the lifetime and previous month use. The level of benzodiazepine use has remained similar in the period of study. Future work should redress the imbalance in substance use research that sees the majority of researchers looking at a few substances while little work is done on the others.
%N 8
%P 2392-2401
%V 38
%D 2013
%I Elsevier Science
%L ndc19669

%T Quality standard for the health and wellbeing of looked-after children and young people.
%X This UK quality standard defines best practice for the health and wellbeing of looked-after children and young people. NICE quality standards describe high-priority areas for quality improvement in a defined care or service area.

This quality standard covers the health and wellbeing of looked-after children and young people from birth to 18 years and care leavers (including young people planning to leave care or under leaving care provisions). It applies to all settings and services working with and caring for looked-after children and young people, and care leavers, including where they live.

NICE has produced a tailored resource for looked-after children and young people. This resource is aimed specifically at corporate parents and includes key messages from each of the quality statements, key resources, further information and practical tools all of which are relevant to this audience. The resource also contains links to relevant OFSTED judgements. The resource has been co-produced by in the UK by the NICE Collaborating Centre for Social Care and key people in the social care sector.
%C London
%D 2013
%I National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
%R NICE quality standard 31
%L ndc22428

%T National review panel annual report 2012.
%X In 2010 the Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) issued Guidance for the Health Service Executive for the Review of Serious Incidents including Deaths of Children in Care. This Guidance prescribes that the HSE establish a National Review Panel.

The work of the Review Panel is overseen by independent chairperson, Prof. Helen Buckley, Ph.D., School of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin. This is to ensure that the Panel can produce reports that are entirely objective and independent of the HSE.
%C Kildare
%D 2013
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc20906

%A Alex Stevens
%A Kate O'Brien
%A Simon Coulton
%T RisKit programme- operation manual.
%X The RisKit programme is a multi-component risk reduction programme for young people who are vulnerable to risks including drug and alcohol use, early and unprotected sex and offending. It has been developed in the project?s initiation phase from consultation with young people, a review of the research literature and interviews with local stakeholders. It has learnt much form the experience of KCA in delivering the enhanced intervention for young people on drugs and alcohol.
%C Kent
%D 2013
%I University of Kent
%L ndc19871

%A Katharina Swirak
%T A post-structuralist analysis of Irish youth crime prevention policy, with a specific focus on Garda Youth Diversion Projects.
%X This study was the subject of a PhD thesis (2013)by Katharina Swirak of the School of Applied Social Studies at University College, Cork, with funding from the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs (now the Department of Children and Youth Affairs) under the National Children?s Research Scholarship Programme.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc20904

%T Support manual for dealing with substance use issues in an out of school setting.
%X This support manual is intended to serve as a practical resource and reference guide for those who are involved in the youth work sector. It advocates for a holistic understanding and approach to the issue of substance use and young people.

This manual also advocates that issues relating to substance use and young people should not be viewed solely as a specialist area requiring input from experts, but rather should be viewed as being within the realm of good youth work.

This manual provides an overview of substance use in Ireland, theories of substance use, information on youth work and its substance use interventions and prevention. It also provides an overview of recent policy development in Ireland in this regard. It aims to enhance the skills of community youth workers in providing effective substance use education and support that is need-specific. It is anticipated that this manual and the accompanying training will stimulate interagency co-operation, encourage comprehensive service provision, and provide added value in the area of youth work and substance use prevention in line with best practice guidelines.
%C Dublin
%D 2013
%I National Youth Council of Ireland
%L ndc20539

%T For?ige?s Leadership for Life Programme. Evaluation report.
%X For?ige is a national Irish youth organisation which aims to enable young people to involve themselves consciously and actively in their own development and the development of society. Since For?ige was established in 1952, youth leadership has been a core offering of the organisation. In 2009, For?ige established its Best Practice Unit, with investment from The Atlantic Philanthropies. Through the Best Practice Unit a comprehensive Youth Leadership Programme was developed, building on both practice wisdom and available international evidence in terms of what works in building young leaders. The youth leadership programme seeks to enable young people to develop the skills, inspiration, vision, confidence, and action plans to be effective leaders and to empower them to make a positive difference to their society through the practice of effective leadership
%C Galway
%D 2013
%I UNESCO Child & Family Research Centre, NUI, Galway
%L ndc20433

%T Working together to safeguard children. A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.
%X This guidance covers: 
?	the legislative requirements and expectations on individual services to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in the United Kingdom; and 
?	a clear framework for Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs) to monitor the effectiveness of local services.

Key principles 
Effective safeguarding arrangements in every local area should be underpinned by two key principles: 
?	safeguarding is everyone?s responsibility: for services to be effective each professional and organisation should play their full part; and 
?	a child-centred approach: for services to be effective they should be based on a clear understanding of the needs and views of children.
%C London
%D 2013
%I Department for Education
%L ndc22324

%T Young people & alcohol. Essential information for social workers.
%X This guide seeks to support Social Workers in their practice with young people who drink alcohol and whose use of alcohol is excessive or problematic. It will also be relevant for other social and health care professionals. The information in the guide should be supplemented by further reading and learning.

Contents:
3 Reasons young people drink
4 Understanding the pressures
5 Education & awareness
6 Risks & safety planning
7 Working with parents/carers
8 Stages of alcohol use & suggested interventions
10 Assessment: principles
11 Assessment: practice
13 Intervention
15 Resources
16 Local contact information
%C Birmingham
%D 2012
%I British Association of Social Workers
%R A BASW pocket guide
%L ndc18967

%A Claire James
%T Reviewing your drug and alcohol policy: a toolkit for schools.
%X This toolkit aims to facilitate the process of developing or revising a school?s drug policy, making it an effective tool to safeguard the health and safety of pupils and others within school, and helping children and young people to be confident in making healthy choices outside school. 

The toolkit aims to be comprehensive but is not intended to be prescriptive: schools can choose to use only the parts which they find most useful, and are encouraged to adapt the materials to match their needs.
%C London
%D 2012
%I Mentor
%L ndc18994

%T Growing up in Ireland. Key findings: 13-year-olds. No. 1. School experiences among 13 year olds
%X Almost all 13-year-olds had made the transition to second-level education and were broadly positive about their school. However, important gender and social background differences had emerged in relation to school engagement. Boys had more negative attitudes to school, and were more likely to misbehave at school and to experience negative interactions with their teachers than girls.

Those 13-year-olds from professional/managerial, high-income and highly educated households had more positive interaction with teachers, lower levels of misbehaviour and more positive attitudes to school.

These gender and social background differences are of policy concern, given the importance of school engagement for longer-term achievement and retention.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc18857

%T Growing up in Ireland. Key findings: 13-year-olds. No. 3. The family and financial circumstances of 13-year-olds.
%X This Key Finding reports on data from the second wave of interviews with Growing Up in Ireland?s Child Cohort. The 8,568 children and their families were first interviewed when the children were 9 years old, and then at age 13 years, when 7,400 were reinterviewed between August 2011 and February 2012.

The majority (81%) of 13-year-olds lived in two-parent families, the main caregiver generally being their mother. Family structures were broadly stable between 9 and 13 years; just over 3% of the children changed from one-parent to two-parent families over the period in question, while 4% changed from two-parent to one-parent families.

The mother?s employment status was strongly related to her education. Better-educated mothers were much more likely to be at work outside the home. Family income (adjusted to account for differences in size and composition of family) was also strongly related to mother?s education and family structure.

The effects of the recession of the last four years were clearly felt by families with 13-year-olds. The extent of difficulties experienced in making ends meet increased substantially ? 29% were experiencing difficulties at the first interview compared with 61% at the second. Of most concern is the substantial minorities of families who, at the time of interview, could not afford or had to cut back on basics (31%) or who were behind with their utility bills (13%) or rent/mortgage payments (11%).
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc18859

%T Growing up in Ireland. Key findings: 13-year-olds. No. 4. The lives of 13-year-olds: their relationships, feelings and behaviours.
%X This Key Finding reports on data from the second wave of interviews with Growing Up in Ireland?s Child Cohort. The 8,568 children and their families were first interviewed when the children were 9 years old, and then at age 13 years, when 7,400 were reinterviewed between August 2011 and February 2012.

The findings show that the children are generally getting on very well with their parent(s). There appear to be some differences, however, in their interactions with their mothers and fathers. More children said they spent time talking to their mother (70%) than to their father (60%). In contrast, a higher percentage spent time doing fun things with their father (72%) than with their mother (63%).

Substantial proportions of both boys and girls had discussed sex and relationships with their parents ? 42% of boys and 51% of girls.

In general, 13-year-olds had a positive self-image. Boys had a more positive self-image than girls. An exception to this was the higher self-image that girls had in terms of their behaviour, indicating less problematic behaviours among girls than boys.

A very large majority (91%) of 13-year-olds had never smoked a cigarette, 7% had smoked at some point but not in the last year and 2% said they currently smoked. Similarly, a large majority (85%) had never taken alcohol. A small percentage (0.6%) of 13-year-olds recorded that they drank alcohol once a month or more.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc18860

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T The views of children and young people in state care.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 16
%L ndc18464
%V Issue 43, Autumn 2012

%A Jean Long
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Fifth ESPAD survey report published.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 23-24
%L ndc18469
%V Issue 43, Autumn 2012

%A Jean Long
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T National survey of youth mental health.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 10-11
%L ndc18460
%V Issue 43, Autumn 2012

%A Angela O'Connell
%T How we see it. Report of a survey on young people's body image.
%X There is a growing body of research in Western and developing cultures demonstrating that teenagers, and teenage girls in particular, are worried about body image, although earlier studies also indicated an increasing concern with body image among boys. Negative body image is associated with poorer mental well-being, eating disorders, self-harm, acceptance of plastic surgery, smoking, use of anabolic steroids and dieting aids, excessive exercise, becoming the target of teasing and bullying, and developing a lack of confidence in interpersonal relationships. Fear of being seen as gay or lesbian (homophobia) in defining both male and female bodies, and in policing behaviour, is also implicit in many of the studies.

The main recommendations made by the young people who completed the survey can be broadly grouped under four approaches:
?	A Body Image Awareness campaign ? to highlight the complex issues facing young people in relation to how they feel about their bodies.
?	Personal Development programmes and education ? to help young people to develop a more positive body image.
?	Information that is made available and accessible to young people on issues such as healthy eating, eating disorders, obesity and anabolic steroids.
?	Promoting sports and exercise ? to make young people healthier.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc18597

%T Domino effects: The impact of localism and austerity on services for young people and on drug problems.
%X This briefing reviews the changes that are occurring to services for young people at the local level in the UK and considers the potential impact of these for drug problems. It draws on interviews with 27 people working in a range of different types of young people?s services in nine local case study areas, a one-day event attended by people from statutory and voluntary organisations working with young people, as well as relevant published reports. The main focus of this report is on services for adolescents, generally those under 18, which tends to be the threshold for transition into adult services.
%C London
%D 2012
%I The UK Drug Policy Commission
%L ndc18498

%J Effectiveness Bank Bulletin
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Brief preventive measures].
%X 1. A brief image-based prevention intervention for adolescents.
Werch C.E., Bian H., Moore M.J., et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: 2010, 24(1), p. 170?175.

Across the sample, a brief face-to-face consultation highlighting how substance use might stop them becoming the sort of young adults they wanted to be generally did not prevent substance use among US high school pupils, but those already using substances were significantly more responsive, suggesting a selective if not a universal prevention role.

Summary:
The Behavior-Image Model approach to health promotion is based on the principle that portrayals of people attractive to the participant and their own improved possible future selves can integrate and motivate change in a range of activities which result in better health. Change is motivated by providing feedback on the participant's current health-related activities and their self-images, highlighting the discrepancy between them to foster commitment to setting goals to narrow this gap. Such interventions might prove more feasible for schools than single-target or lengthy programmes because in a short time they target multiple commonly used drugs and positive health promoting and personal development habits.

Two previous studies (1; 2) evaluating image-based prevention interventions among adolescents found improved substance use and other outcomes particularly among those already using substances at the start of the studies.

The featured article reports outcomes three months later in a third study. For the study 416 students (nearly two thirds girls) at a US school in grades intended for 15?17-year olds completed baseline questionnaires and were randomly assigned to the image-based intervention or to a control group who were simply given commercially available health promotion materials commonly used in schools. Of the 416, 87% completed the three-month follow-up.

The image-based intervention called Planned Success delivered scripted messages which illustrated how health-promoting behaviours support positive social and self-images of a successful young adult attractive to the student, while behaviours which risk health do the opposite. Content was tailored to the individual's current health behaviours and the images most attractive to them. At the end they were given a 'goal plan' against which to make progress after the session. Sessions were delivered to individual pupils face-to-face by specially trained nurses and health educators and lasted about 20 minutes. Starting a week later, parents and guardian were sent three weekly mailings of five parent?youth cards with messages parallel to those given the children.


2. Are effects from a brief multiple behavior intervention for college students sustained over time?
Werch C.E., Moore M.J., Bian H. et al. Preventive Medicine: 2010, 50, p. 30?34.

At a US university students at first cut back their drinking and cannabis use in response to a brief face-to-face fitness consultation, but the gains were no longer apparent a year after intervention. Yet still at that time they had at least experienced more positive trends in how they felt than students who had just read a fitness brochure.

Summary:
The Behavior-Image Model approach to health promotion is based on the principle that portrayals of people attractive to the participant and their own improved possible future selves can integrate and motivate change in a range of activities which result in better health. Change is motivated by providing feedback on the participant's current health-related activities and their self-images, highlighting the discrepancy between them to foster commitment to setting goals to narrow this gap.

An initial study evaluated three brief face-to-face, image-based interventions for college students conducted by fitness specialists. Over the following month several health-related activity domains and health-related quality of life significantly improved.

The featured article reports outcomes 12 months later from a second such study which at three months found that a brief image-based intervention had led to reductions in various measures of drinking and cannabis use, improved exercise and sleep patterns, and enhanced spiritual and social health-related quality of life.

For the study 18?21-year-old students at a public US university were recruited by adverts and announcements and paid for their participation. Of the 303 who volunteered, nearly all (299, of whom 60% were women) completed baseline questionnaires and were randomly assigned to then immediately participate in the image-based intervention or join a control group asked by a fitness specialist to read a standard brochure on fitness in a private office.
%D 2012
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc18403
%V 10 September 2012

%A Jon Adamson
%A Lorna Templeton
%T Silent voices. Supporting children and young people affected by parental alcohol misuse.
%X Main table of contents:
?	Summary of Key Messages and Recommendations 	 
?	Section One: Background 	 
?	Section Two: Methodology 	 
?	Section Three: Consultation with children and young people 	 
?	Section Four: Review Findings 	 
?	Research Question One: What is known about the experiences of children and families where there is parental alcohol misuse and to what extent is this informed by the views of children and young people themselves? 	 
?	Research Question Two: What are the key wider issues associated with PAM (e.g. unemployment, domestic abuse, mental health) and how do they relate to risk/protective factors for children and families? 	 
?	Research Question Three: What is known about protective factors and processes in this population and how they can minimise risk/negative outcomes? 	 
?	Research Question Four: What is known about services, and their delivery, and the impact/benefit of such services for children (and families) where there is PAM and to what extent is this informed by the views of children and young people themselves? 	 
?	Research Question Five: What is the current policy context for children and families where there is PAM and how might it be improved? 	 
?	Research Question Six: Thinking about questions 1 to 5 above, what are the gaps in our knowledge about children affected by PAM and services for these children?
%C London
%D 2012
%I The Office of the Children?s Commissioner
%L ndc18356

%T Survey on income and living conditions (SILC). Thematic report on children 2004-2010.
%X Annual SILC data has previously been published from 2004 to 2010 on income, poverty and deprivation rates. Further analysis of this data has now been carried out to specifically look at the circumstances of children, those aged less than 18 years. In the majority of tables, the analysis is presented for all persons living in households with children, compared with persons living in households without children. Some tables in this report also compare age groups of the overall population. Also contained in this publication is a further breakdown of income, which details child-related social transfers separately.

Summary of main findings
?	In 2010, the average income (ie equivalised gross weekly disposable income) of individuals living in households with children was ?482.83, down 8.8% on the 2009 figure of ?529.20. This compares with an income for those living in households without children of ?575.15 in 2010, down 2.1% on the 2009 figure of ?587.32. See table 1b.
?	In 2010 the at risk of poverty rate for those living in households with children was 18.7% compared with the rate of 11.8% for those in households without children. A similar pattern is evident between these two household types across all years. See table 2a.
?	Excluding family allowances from the analysis for 2010 would increase the at risk of poverty rate for persons living in households with children from 18.7% to 38.6%. This shows the effect that such family related social transfers had in shielding individuals from poverty in households with children. See table 2a.
?	Among children, the highest at risk of poverty rate in all years occured in the 12-17 age band. This rate was 26.1% in 2010 compared with a rate of 19.2% for 6-11 year olds and a rate of 12.0% for children in the 0-5 year old band. See table 2b.
?	The level of enforced deprivation (lacking two or more basic items) for individuals living in households with children was 28.2% in 2010 compared with a level of 14.6% for those living in households without children. See table 3a.
?	In all years the rate of consistent poverty was higher for individuals living in households with children than for those living in households without children (8.0% compared with 3.8% respectively in 2010). See table 4a.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc18336

%A Eleanor Winpenny
%A Sunil Patil
%A Marc Elliot
%A Lidia Villalba van Dijk
%A Saba Hinrichs
%A Theresa Marteau
%A Ellen Nolte
%T Assessment of young people?s exposure to alcohol marketing in audiovisual and online media.
%X Alcohol use among young people, and adolescents in particular, is an increasing concern in Europe. Children and adolescents have greater vulnerability to alcohol than adults and there is increasing evidence of the impact of drinking on young people?s health, both short and long term, including the increased likelihood of being in a risky situation when drunk.

There are many factors that may encourage alcohol use among young people, and alcohol marketing has been identified as one potential influence. Evidence strongly suggests that alcohol advertising will increase the likelihood that adolescents will start to drink alcohol at a young age and may increase alcohol use among those who already consume alcohol. It is against this background that the European Commission Health and Consumer Directorate-General (DG SANCO), by way of the EAHC, has commissioned RAND Europe to carry out an assessment of young people?s exposure to alcohol marketing through television and online media. The overall aim of the work presented in this report was to use novel approaches to measure alcohol advertisement exposure among young people in Europe through audiovisual and online media.

Our analyses used a range of methods. First, to assess young people?s exposure to alcohol marketing in television, we used commercially available data on television audiences (?viewership?) and on alcohol advertising in the UK, the Netherlands and Germany. We applied descriptive statistics and regression analysis to estimate the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising compared with that of adults. Second, we analysed alcohol advertising portrayals of a sample of alcohol adverts broadcast in each of the three countries to better understand the extent to which advertisements are using elements that have been identified as appealing to young people. In a third step, we assessed the extent to which alcohol portrayals in these adverts adhere to national statutory or voluntary codes on (alcohol) advertising in each country, and with policies developed by alcohol manufacturers themselves. Fourth, we explored exposure to alcohol marketing in online media, here focusing on the UK. We examined data on online media channels accessed by young people, described the main types of social media marketing messages for alcoholic beverages, and assessed the use of age gates to restrict content to those over the legal drinking age.
%C Cambridge
%D 2012
%I Rand Europe
%L ndc19554

%A Kevin Malone
%A L Quinlivan
%A S McGuinnes
%A F McNicholas
%A Cecily Kelleher
%J Irish Medical Journal
%T Suicide in children over two decades: 1993-2008.
%X Suicide rates have increased in Ireland?s youth over the past two decades. However, no research report has focussed on suicide rates in those aged under 18 ? the children of Ireland. We retrieved national disaggregated age and sex-specific suicide mortality data from 1993-1998 and compared it with similar suicide mortality data from 2003-2008. Significant age (older vs younger) and sex effects (boys greater risk than girls) are apparent in both decades Suicide rates in both males and females have increased (males: 9.3 - 13.5 / 100,000), (females: 2.4 - 5.1/100,000. Suicide rates in under 15 year olds boys and girls is extremely rare for both time periods studied (1.6/100,000). Results are discussed in light of the rights of children and the obligation of the nation in this regard, as well as more child-specific and transition to adulthood-specific suicide prevention policy implications.
%N 7
%V 105
%D 2012
%I Irish Medical Organisation
%L ndc18255

%A Kristin V Carson
%A Malcolm P Brinn
%A Nadina A Labiszewski
%A Matthew Peters
%A Anne B Chang
%A Antony Veale
%A Adrian J Esterman
%A Brian J Smith
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Interventions for tobacco use prevention in Indigenous youth.
%V 8
%D 2012
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009325.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc23404

%T The global state of harm reduction 2012. Towards an integrated response.
%X In 2008 Harm Reduction International released the Global State of Harm Reduction, a report that mapped responses to drug-related HIV and hepatitis C epidemics around the world for the first time. The report has since been published every two years.

The Global State of Harm Reduction 2012 presents the major developments in harm reduction policy adoption and programme implementation that have occurred since 2010, enabling some assessment of global progress. It also explores several key issues for developing an integrated harm reduction response, such as building effective harm reduction services for women who inject drugs, access to harm reduction services by young people, drug use among men who have sex with men, global progress toward drug decriminalisation and sustainability of services in challenging environments.

This report, and other global state of harm reduction resources, are designed to provide reference tools for a wide range of audiences, such as international donor organisations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, civil society and non-governmental organisations, including organisations of people who use drugs, as well as researchers and the media.
%D 2012
%I Harm Reduction International
%L ndc18167
%E Claudia Stoicescu

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Understanding youth homelessness.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 12-13
%L ndc17689
%V Issue 42, Summer 2012

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T In brief.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 18
%L ndc17695
%V Issue 42, Summer 2012

%T Practice standards for young people with substance misuse problems.
%X Drug and alcohol misuse among young people is a major problem, although overall use is starting to decline. The UK has one of the highest rates of young people?s cannabis use and binge drinking in Europe, with some 13,000 hospital admissions linked to young people?s drinking each year. In recent years the number of specialist services for drug and alcohol misuse has increased so that young people can get the treatment they need. In 2010-2011 the number of under-18s accessing these services was 21,955.

The new standards have been developed by the Royal College of Psychiatrists? Centre for Quality Improvement (CCQI) in partnership with substance misuse organisations, paediatricians, psychologists and nurses.They are aimed at all staff in contact with young people aged 18 or under (in universal, targeted and specialist services) across health, social care, education, youth justice system, and the voluntary and community sector.

The standards propose that services invest in the psychosocial development and well-being of young people with substance misuse problems to give them the best chance of a normal life through:
?	engagement of the young person, and their family where possible
?	skilled initial analysis of the young person?s difficulties, including mental disorders and developmental problems such as learning disability, and life circumstances
?	engaging local systems so that they work together
?	co-ordinated, well-led interventions that mobilise the resources of local communities as required, including safeguarding, education, training, mental health and accommodation
?	active follow-up to detect further episodes of support or intervention
?	prioritising and delivering the training and support of staff

Dr Dickon Bevington, of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "Many of our most vulnerable young people have their lives further blighted by substance misuse. From a position just a decade ago of having minimal evidence for effectiveness, substance use disorder services for young people are now guiding many young people toward fuller lives. These standards should be read as the next chapter in a conversation that has been gathering pace, where genuine collaboration between experts, agencies, and different professional groupings has been a founding principle."

Martin Barnes, chief executive of DrugScope, said: "These practice standards have a vital role to play in supporting the development of procedures, interventions and services that are both efficient and effective. I hope they will become a key reference resource for everyone working with young people affected by substance misuse problems, and will be used to inform workforce development, strategic planning and development, and delivery of care and treatment."
%C London
%D 2012
%I Royal College of Psychiatrists
%L ndc17885
%E Eilish Gilvarry
%E Paul McArdle
%E Anne O?Herlihy
%E Kah Mirza
%E Dickon Bevington
%E Norman Malcolm

%A Geoffrey Shannon
%A Norah Gibbons
%T Report of the Independent Child Death Review Group 2000-2010.
%X The report, authored by Dr. Geoffrey Shannon and Norah Gibbons, gives details of the 196 children who died over the period 2000-10, both of natural and unnatural causes. The children in the report include children who were in the care of the state at the time of their death, young adults who were in aftercare and other children who were not in care but were known to the HSE.

Speaking at the publication of the report, Minister Fitzgerald said; ?Before this Government took office; there was conflicting data about the numbers of children who died in state care. The lack of transparency and the lack of accountability, shocked. It was utterly unacceptable that the state could not even tell how many children had died in state care.

The Minister stated that this report now gives clarity on this vital issue. There were 112 children who died of unnatural causes; 17 of whom were in care, 27 of whom were in receipt of aftercare and 68 of whom were not in care, but were in some way known to the HSE child and family services. The children and young adults in this report died from a range of causes. Some died from a range of illnesses, 4 died of accidental drowning; 5 died in house fires; 17 died from road traffic accidents; 16 were unlawfully killed; and at least 28 died by suicide.

The Minister stated: ?I wish to extend my deepest sympathy, and that of the state, to all those touched by a loss in this report. No parent should expect to lose a child. I do not expect today?s report to bring closure. Indeed, I am sure it will, for many, bring fresh pain. But this work shines a light on a dark, often unexamined and tragic corner of Irish life. The authors have done a professional and painstaking job in making real and understandable the lives and deaths of children who are no longer with us.?

Responding to the report the Minister stated: ?The findings of this report are deeply disturbing. We read of children and young people and families, often vulnerable, often in crisis, who needed support. We read of services often willing, but fragmented and not comprehensive in their response. The question must arise how, after a period of such unprecedented economic prosperity, we were left with a child protection service in need of such reform.

?If ever evidence was required of the scale of the challenge which this Government and I have had to face into, then this report is it. If ever evidence was required of why we need an utterly reformed system of state care and intervention, then this report is it. And if ever evidence was required of the need to take child protection away from the HSE, wherein up until recently, it was lost, and to set up a new agency; the Child and Family Support Agency, then this report is it.

The report highlighted system failings in the Irish child protections services including
? Poor risk assessment
? Poor co-ordination between services
? Poor flows of information
? Limited access to specialist assessment and therapeutic services
? Limited interagency work for children and families with complex needs.
? A lack of early intervention and family support services responding proportionately to the needs of children at risk and families in crisis.

Commenting on these failings Minister Fitzgerald stated: ?if the system had done a better job, outcomes for some of these children might well have been very different. The key to a successful child protection service is early intervention. This concept must become part of our national psyche. Parachuting in a service at a late stage is not the most efficient or effective way to help the child, or to help the family.

Responding to the report Minister Fitzgerald stated that ?the current government reform programme is an essential response to this report, in particular the establishment of the Child and Family Support Agency led by CEO Designate Gordon Jeyes.  Already, under Gordon?s leadership we are seeing implementation of a ?change agenda? in children and families services which will continue and be accelerated under the new agency; and will be further informed by the recommendations of this report.

Key element of the ?change agenda? in children and families services include:
? A service delivery model that will address a multi-agency, albeit differentiated, approach to managing the child welfare and protection system;
? A nationwide consistency of approach in practice and implementation of Children First and child welfare and protection services generally;
? Use of standardised definitions, criteria  and thresholds for reporting and referrals including prioritisation of cases;
? Greater reliance on real-time data on social work referrals and alternative care collated through HSE performance management indicators and the ongoing development of the National Child Care Information System;
? Improved resource allocation responsive to changing needs;
? Clearer management and budgetary accountability;
? Better workforce planning, training and induction of new staff.?

The Minister added: ?The Task Force which I established in September 2011 to advise on the new Agency, will present its final report by the end of this month and I look forward to addressing its recommendations relating to vision, governance and scope-of-services, such that the Agency is established and up-and-running next January 2013.?

In the report the authors remark that ?a key issue to be emphasised is the vulnerability of these children?.

The Minister responded stating: ?Many of these individuals had extremely complex needs.  There is no doubt that children in these circumstances sometimes have little to draw on, in terms of their own resilience, and limited positive experiences to allow them to cope with even the ordinary challenges they subsequently had to deal with.

?The role of alcohol and drugs in Irish society plays heavily in the lives and deaths of many of the children and young people in this report, highlighting in the most serious way, our national problems with alcohol and drug abuse. I am committed to working with Minister Roisin Shortall and the relevant agencies on progressing a fresh new approach to identifying and addressing the hidden harm posed by substance misuse.

Responding to the report Minister Fitzgerald also announced a number of other measures.

The Minister accepted the essential criteria set out in the Report on developing an independent child death review structure and confirmed that she will be making an announcement on this in September.

The Minister announced that HIQA will next month publish new National Standards for the Protection and Welfare of Children which will lay-out a new standards-led approach to enforcing a new culture of quality, effectiveness and accountability in Ireland?s child protection services.
The Minister also commented on the concerns raised on aftercare in this report: ?Young people with a need for aftercare should; and must, receive the support they require when they leave care. I believe the law needs to be strengthened in this regard, and with advice from the Attorney General, I will be proposing legislative change later this year, in the bill to establish the Child and Family Support Agency.?

The Minister confirmed that along with Gordon Jeyes she is working to extend access to 24 hour social work assistance: ?Child protection crises arise 24-7. So why should child protections services operate any differently??

The Minister concluded saying: ?today is an especially difficult day for the families of the children in this report. We cannot change things for their children. However, I hope it is clear that already a great many changes have been put in train for other children because of what happened. I hope it is clear that this Government is committed to transparency and honesty about the challenges in getting children?s services right. Child protection remains a high priority on our agenda and changes at every level ? policy, law, structures and individual practitioner - have happened and will continue to happen; and will make a difference for the future.?
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Government Publications
%L ndc17774

%A Bjorn Hibell
%A Ulf Guttormsson
%A Salme Ahlstrom
%A Olga Balakireva
%A Thoroddur Bjarnason
%A Anna Kokkevi
%A Ludwig Kraus
%T The 2011 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 36 European countries.
%X The overall aim of ESPAD is to collect comparable data on substance use among 15?16 year old students in as many European countries as possible. The most important objectives in the long run are to monitor trends, and to compare trends between countries and groups of countries. In order to do so, the surveys are repeated every four years, with 1995 as the starting point.
 
Results from the fifth data collection wave is presented in The 2011 ESPAD Report and the next data collection is planned to be carried out in 2015.
%C Stockholm
%D 2012
%I The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN); EMCDDA; Council of Europe
%L ndc17644

%A Bjorn Hibell
%A Ulf Guttormsson
%A Salme Ahlstrom
%A Olga Balakireva
%A Thoroddur Bjarnason
%A Anna Kokkevi
%A Ludwig Kraus
%T Summary 2011 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in 36 European countries
%X The main purpose of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is to collect comparable data on substance use among 15- to 16-year-old European students in order to monitor trends within as well as between countries. So far, five data-collection waves have been conducted in the framework of the project. The first study was carried out in 26 countries in 1995, while data collection in 2011 was performed in 37 countries. However, results for 2011 are available only for 36 countries, since the Isle of Man collected data but unfortunately did not have the possibility to deliver any results.

This summary presents key results from the 2011 survey in the ESPAD countries as well as findings regarding the long-term trends. An initial section gives a short overview of the methodology.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2012
%I Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
%L ndc17643

%A Maia Lindstr?m
%A Pernille Skovbo Rasmussen
%A Krystyna Kowalski
%A Trine Filges
%A Anne Marie Klint J?rgensen
%T Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) for young people in treatment for illicit non-opioid drug use. Protocol.
%X This is a protocol for an ongoing review.

Brief Strategic Family Therapy is a manual-based family-oriented prevention and treatment intervention for young people?s drug use. BSFT is a problem focused family therapy, aiming at creating changes in interactions relevant to the identified problems within families, and in individual family members resisting changes.

This review will specifically explore the family-based intervention Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) (Szapocznik, Hervis & Schwartz, 2003; Robbins & Szapocznik, 2000) as aggregated evidence for BSFT?s effects is needed. The review seeks to clarify the effects of the BSFT program for relevant groups of young people age 11-21. The review focus on young people enrolled in treatment for drug use, independent of how their problem is labeled. Enrolment in treatment means that the severity of the young person?s drug use has caused a significant adult close to the young person (teacher, parent, social services, school counselor, etc.) to require treatment. The intervention (BSFT) is delivered in outpatient treatment settings3 to young people age 11-21 living with their family. The review will focus primarily on non-opioid drugs use.

This review will be one in a series of reviews on manual-based family therapy interventions for young people in treatment for non-opioid drug use, and will consider poly-drug use if relevant.
%C Coventry
%D 2012
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%R ID NO. SW2011-05
%L ndc18694

%T Review of adequacy for HSE children and families services 2010.
%X The Review of Adequacy is not an end in itself; rather it is a process of review and reflection upon how services might be improved. In recent years a number of reports have highlighted the need for structural reform and more consistency in the way in which services are delivered. Meeting this challenge was a priority throughout 2010 and into 2011. The Government decision, late in 2010, to appoint a National Director for Children and Families Services reflected the commitment to address these issues in a meaningful way. Despite the financial constraints additional staff were recruited in key areas during the year. Greater emphasis was also placed on the efficient management of resources and on the management of performance.

?	The first and second sections of this report provide a foreword and executive summary.
?	The third section provides an introduction which sets out the statutory provisions governing the Review of Adequacy 2010.
?	The fourth section addresses strategic change, governance and structure. It provides an overview of budget and expenditure, the structure of service provision and performance management arrangements.
?	Section five provides an analysis of indicators of need. Ireland?s growing child population is highlighted. Other demographic factors are considered, such as poverty, lone parent families and ethnicity.
?	Section six deals with family support services. There is an emphasis on the development of Children?s Services Committees as a means of integrating family support services across a range of key stakeholders. Welfare reports to social work departments continued to outnumber reports concerning child protection.
?	In section seven trends in child protection services are analysed. Figures show a year-on-year increase in the number of reports being made. Neglect remained the consistently the most prominent reason for a child protection report to be made. Planned service improvements continued to be rolled out in the light of the Ryan Report (Commission of the Inquiry into Child Abuse 2009), report of the OCO on Children First (OCO 2010) and the Roscommon Child Care Inquiry report (Roscommon Child Care Inquiry Team 2010).
?	Section seven describes alternative care services. The numbers of children in care has increased by 13.7% since 2006 from 5,247 to 5,965. However, the rate of children in care remains lower than those in neighbouring countries. Admissions to care were slightly down on the previous year. By the end of December the percentage of children in care with an allocated social worker exceeded 93%. 
?	In section eight services for education, training, research and policy are examined. During the year a National Advisory Group was established to provide advice on these internal services.
?	Finally section nine draws broad overall conclusions

Table 12: Primary reason for welfare concern following initial assessment (2010) (PAGE 20)
Child Problems 30.2%
?	Child with emotional/behavioural problems 14.7%
?	Child abusing drugs/alcohol 2.0%
?	Child involved in crime 0.3%
?	Child pregnancy 0.5%
?	Physical Illness/disability in child 0.3%
?	Mental health problem/intellectual disability in child 1.3%
?	Other 11.0%
Family Problems 69.8%
?	Parent unable to cope 8.4%
?	Family member abusing drugs/alcohol 15.9%
?	Family member involved in crime 0.5%
?	Domestic violence 4.6%
?	Physical illness/disability in other family member 1.1%
?	Mental health problem/intellectual disability in other family member 5.8%
?	Family difficulty re: housing/finance 4.7%
?	Parent separation/absence/other disharmony in home 13.6%
?	Other 15.2%
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc17776

%A Suzi Lyons
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Study findings on opiate substitution programme for adolescents.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 14-15
%L ndc17277
%V Issue 41, Spring 2012

%A Vivion McGuire
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T BYAP marks its 30th year with launch of two reports.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 6
%L ndc17267
%V Issue 41, Spring 2012

%O The OCO have produced a CD of spoken excerpts from interviews with children who have experienced homelessness. Listen to extracts on the OCO website (link above).
%T Homeless truths: experiences of homeless children in Ireland.
%X The decision to initiate a consultation with young people who have experienced homelessness was made in light of OCO's positive obligations under Section 7 of the Ombudsman for Children Act, 2002 to consult with children and on the basis that an awareness of the first-hand experiences and corresponding perspectives of young people would strengthen the OCO?s understanding of issues that can arise for children experiencing homelessness.
 
The issue of homeless children has come to the attention of the Office through our Complaints and Investigation function, and has been dealt with on a case by case basis and has been reported to the Oireachtas through previous annual reports.
 
The issues participating children were consulted on were identified through the OCO?s work on youth homelessness in the context of the Office?s complaint-handling function.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Ombudsman for Children?s Office
%L ndc17341

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin. [Therapist behaviour as predictor of responsivenes to multisystemic therapy]
%X Therapist behavior as a predictor of black and white caregiver responsiveness in multisystemic therapy.
Foster S.L., Cunningham P.B., Warner S.E. et al. Journal of Family Psychology: 2009, 23(5), p. 626?635.

How to get parents more engaged in becoming a positive influence over their seriously delinquent drug abusing teenagers through family therapy integrated in to a US juvenile drug court. Some of the therapist tactics expected to work did deepen engagement, others did not.

Summary 
Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive family-and community-based treatment programme which focuses on the entire world of chronic and violent young offenders ? homes, families, schools, teachers, neighbourhoods and friends ? in the attempt to reduce antisocial and undesirable behaviour including problem substance use. It targets severe and intractable offenders aged 12?17 with very long arrest histories. MST clinicians are always on call, and work intensively in the home and elsewhere with parents or other caregivers to improve parenting and help focus the child on school and gaining job skills. Therapist and caregivers also introduce the child to sports and recreational activities as an alternative to 'hanging out'. Each therapist has a small caseload of one to five families. On average, treatment lasts four months and the therapist spends several hours a week with the child and/or their family.

The featured study addressed two gaps in research on this approach. First, whether therapist comments and responses expected to deepen the engagement of caregivers and make them feel more positive about the treatment process actually do have this effect. Secondly, whether such skills were more or less important for black families and whether matching these families with a black therapist would deepen engagement and make caregivers feel more positive.

Data for this analysis were drawn from audiotapes of mid-therapy Months two and three, chosen to capture the period when engagement is likely to be the most difficult because therapists are most likely to be making demands of caregivers in the attempt to improve parenting. sessions involving 89 The ones with decipherable audiotapes. of the 94 families/children allocated to Multisystemic Therapy as part of a study of the effectiveness of integrating this approach into a court specialising in young drug-related offenders. The youngsters aged 12?17 were randomly allocated to be sentenced and supervised by this court with or without also being offered Multisystemic Therapy, which was for some randomly selected children also combined with rewards and sanctions contingent on urine test results ('contingency management'). The original study concluded that in respect of substance use reductions, adding Multisystemic Therapy improved the effectiveness of the court. In this study, two thirds of primary caregivers identified themselves as black or African-American. Of these, 85% were living at or below the poverty level compared to 25% of white caregivers.

In consultation with MST therapists, scales were developed to identify therapist behaviours thought to contribute to treatment success with families in general and black families in particular. For families in general, these were:
? teach: the therapist directs the session, instructs, or educates the client, but not in an authoritarian manner;
? problem solve/collaborate: the therapist suggests an idea or plan of action;
? validate/empathy: the therapist legitimises the client's point of view or feelings; and
? reinforce: the therapist comments positively on a specific client behaviour or statement.

Four other behaviours were deemed especially relevant for black families:
? instrumental support: the therapist offers specific help with practical needs;
? strength focus: the therapist highlights something positive about the client, family, or situation;
? takes responsibility: eg, the therapist admits lack of understanding or acknowledges their possible contribution to a problem in therapy; and
? storytelling: the therapist uses a story or an example to illustrate a point.

The other side of the therapeutic interaction is the caregiver's responses. These were classified along two dimensions:
? positive responses: the proportion of caregiver comments which expressed agreement with the therapist about strategies, plans, or outcomes, or positive opinions, feelings, judgments, or hope.;
? engagement: a general impression of the degree to which the caregiver was involved in sessions, embracing commitment to therapy and agreement on treatment.

These therapist and caregiver behaviours were rated for each of an average eight segments Therapy sessions were transcribed verbatim and segmented into thought units (sentences or phrases that expressed complete thoughts). Transcripts were then divided into segment groups of approximately 100 thought units per group to ensure that each session was divided into equal parts. Transcript lengths varied from two to 20 segment groups. of each audiotaped therapy session.

The key issue was whether generally, and for black caregivers in particular, these therapist and client behaviours were related in such a way as to provide guidance on how therapists can deepen caregiver engagement and promote positive responses to therapy. Relationships were assessed within the same segment of the session and across succeeding segments.
%D 2012
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc17785
%V 28 Mar

%A Alistair Kennedy
%A Ian Dunbar
%A Michelle Boath
%A Caryl Beynon
%A Paul Duffy
%A Julia Stafford
%A Geraldine Pettersson
%T Evaluation of alcohol arrest referral pilot schemes (Phase 1).
%X Occasional Paper 101 presents findings from an evaluation of the first phase Alcohol Arrest Referral pilots which operated between 2007 and 2008 in four police forces. Brief interventions to attempt to tackle alcohol-related offending were offered to adults, arrested and deemed to be under the influence of alcohol.

Overall, the intervention did not appear to reduce re-arrests for this client group. Two schemes saw a statistically significant reduction in alcohol consumption but it was not possible to assess how much this reduction was attributable to the intervention as there was no control group. Break-even analysis suggested that the schemes would have needed to reduce between 0.6 and 6.0 arrests for every 100 interventions delivered to break even.
%C London
%D 2012
%I Home Office
%R Occasional Paper 101
%L ndc17118

%J Drug and Alcohol Findings
%T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin. [Motivational Interviewing interventions for adolescents]
%X Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change: a meta-analytic review.
Jensen C.D., Cushing C.C., Aylward B.S. et al. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology: 2011, 79(4), p. 433?440.

Not just for adults, but teenagers and young adults too, with this analysis motivational interviewing seems confirmed as the leading evidence-based approach to reducing possibly or actually risky substance use among non-clinical populations not seeking treatment.

Summary 
Evidence for the effectiveness of motivational interviewing to modify health-related behaviour in adults is strong, but evidence in respect of adolescents is just emerging. For the first time, this meta-analysis aimed to summarise information and synthesise data from studies of motivational interviewing interventions intended to promote changes in the substance use of teenagers and young adults.

The analysts searched for peer-reviewed, English language articles from studies which compared post-treatment outcomes from interventions described as motivational interviewing against those from control conditions such as assessment only or an intervention not intended or expected to affect substance use. The people involved had to be (with minor exceptions) aged 21 or less, though their parents might also be involved in the intervention. With relatively few studies, the analytic method did not assume that the impact of these motivational interventions varied only by chance around one 'true' underlying figure, but that differences between the studies might have led to real differences in the impacts of the interventions.

In all 21 studies were discovered. Most documented changes in cannabis and alcohol use, a third smoking, while lesser proportions reported on other drugs. All but four studies recruited samples who were not attending treatment centres but might for example have been identified as substance users in emergency departments or doctors' surgeries, or responded to requests for substance users to join a study. In line with this sampling, 13 of the 21 studies tested brief interventions consisting of just one session of motivational interviewing, and in 17 the motivational intervention was the sole 'treatment'. Additional to or instead of measuring change shortly after the interventions ended, seven studies conducted follow-up assessments over six months later and another four within the next six months.
%D 2012
%I Drug and Alcohol Findings
%L ndc17795
%V 09 Feb

%A Avalon de Bruijn
%A Esther van den Wildenberg
%A Anouk van den Broeck
%O Conducted as part of the Alcohol Marketing Monitoring in Europe (AMMIE) project. AMMIE is coordinated by the
Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy (STAP) and supported by The European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing
(EUCAM) (www.EUCAM.info).
Participating organizations: German Centre for Addiction Issues (DHS) (Germany); Danish Alcohol Policy Network/
Alcoholpolitisk Landsraad (Denmark); Foundation ?Horizonti 21? (Bulgaria); Eurocare Italia (Italy); EUROCARE
(Belgium)
%T Commercial promotion of drinking in Europe. Key findings of independent monitoring of alcohol marketing in five European countries.
%X The following report provides a comprehensive overview of the results of the monitoring work conducted by the NGOs in five European countries; Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Italy and The Netherlands.

 The AMMIE project (Alcohol Marketing Monitoring in Europe) consists of NGOs from five EU countries (Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands) that monitored alcohol advertising practices and marketing activities in 2010. The project started in 2009 and is partly funded by the European Commission. 

Although alcohol marketing is an important topic within the EU Alcohol Strategy, alcohol marketing had not yet been monitored systematically and independently from commercial interests in many of the European Member States. The goal of the AMMIE project is to provide insight into the effectiveness of existing alcohol marketing regulations (both legislative and self-regulation) in select European countries (Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands). The results of the AMMIE project thus offer insight into the overall presence of alcohol marketing in the five selected countries and describe the content and the amount of alcohol advertising. Special attention is given to the opinion of young people about the attractiveness of alcohol advertising practices and to the amount of exposure to alcohol advertising of young people.
%C Utrecht
%D 2012
%I European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing
%L ndc17449

%T Aislinn adolescent addiction centre annual report 2011.
%X Highlights of 2010/2011
? Action plan launched ? with its commitments to best practice in the delivery of rehabilitation services, and to implementing change.
? We established a new programme ?Living in Recovery?.
? Six week sibling therapeutic group.
? An increase in the number of families availing of our therapeutic respite family programme.
? We established a dedicated integration and aftercare team as a major component of the rehabilitation process.
?We opened a new detoxification programme on a pilot project basis.
? Two staff members were awarded a degree in Psychotherapy
? We briefed the Joint Committee on Health and Children on the issues of illegal/problem drug abuse from a youth perspective.
? Involved in the local SPHE programme in schools around Co. Kilkenny.
? Fundraising strategy put in place.
%C Kilkenny
%D 2012
%I Aislinn Adolescent Addiction Centre
%L ndc20319

%A Aine Behan
%A Magdalena Hryniewiecka
%A Colm MP O'Tuathaigh
%A Anthony Kinsella
%A Mary Cannon
%A Maria Karayiorgou
%A Joseph A Gagos
%A John L Waddington
%A David R Cotter
%J Neuropsychopharmacology
%T Chronic adolescent exposure to Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in COMT mutant mice: impact on indices of dopaminergic, endocannabinoid and GABAergic pathways.
%X Cannabis use confers a two-fold increase in risk for psychosis, with adolescent use conferring an even greater risk. A high-low activity polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene encoding the COMT enzyme involved in dopamine clearance in the brain, may interact with adolescent cannabis exposure to increase risk for schizophrenia. 

The impact of such an interaction on central neurotransmitter pathways implicated in schizophrenia is unknown. Male mice with knockout of the COMT gene were treated chronically with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during adolescence (postnatal day 32?52). We measured the size and density of GABAergic cells and the protein expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) in knockout mice relative to heterozygous mutants and wild-type controls. Size and density of dopaminergic neurons was also assessed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) across the genotypes. COMT genotype ? THC treatment interactions were observed for: (1) dopaminergic cell size in the VTA, (2) CB1R protein expression in the HPC, and (3) parvalbumin (PV) cell size in the PFC. No effects of adolescent THC treatment were observed for PV and dopaminergic cell density across the COMT genotypes. COMT genotype modulates the effects of chronic THC administration during adolescence on indices of neurotransmitter function in the brain. These findings illuminate how COMT deletion and adolescent cannabis use can interact to modulate the function of neurotransmitters systems implicated in schizophrenia.
%P 1773-1783
%V 37
%D 2012
%R doi:10.1038/npp.2012.24
%L ndc17531

%A Anne Marie Brennan
%J Irish Criminal Law Journal
%T The Garda Diversion Programme and the juvenile offender: The dilemma of due process rights.
%X The focus of this article is on the potential divergence between the welfare interests and due process rights of the juvenile in the Programme. The second section of the article will briefly outline the provisions of the Programme. This will be followed by an examination of the need for a customised rights approach in the Programme instead of the due process rights framework utilised by the traditional adversarial system.
%N 2
%P 46
%V 22
%D 2012
%I Round Hall
%L ndc22126

%T Smoking cessation interventions for youth: clinical evidence and guidelines.
%X RESEARCH QUESTIONS 
1. What is the clinical evidence regarding non-pharmacologic smoking cessation interventions for youth? 
2. What are the evidence-based guidelines regarding non-pharmacologic smoking cessation interventions for youth? 

KEY MESSAGE 
Evidence suggests that non-pharmacologic smoking cessation interventions for youth can be effective for promoting smoking cessation behaviours.
%C Ottawa
%D 2012
%I CADTH
%R Rapid response review
%L ndc18250

%A Ojmarrh Mitchell
%A David B Wilson
%A Amy Eggers
%A Doris L MacKenzie,
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Drug courts? effects on criminal offending for juveniles and adults.
%X Drug courts are specialized courts in which court actors collaboratively use the legal and moral authority of the court to monitor drug-involved offenders? abstinence from drug use via frequent drug testing and compliance with individualized drug treatment programs. The objective of this review was to systematically review quasi-experimental and experimental evaluations of the effectiveness of drug courts in reducing future offending and drug use. 

The systematic search identified 154 independent, eligible evaluations, 92 evaluations of adult drug courts, 34 of juvenile drug courts, and 28 of drunk-driving (DWI) drug courts. The findings most strongly support the effectiveness of adult drug courts, as even the most rigorous evaluations consistently find reductions in recidivism and these effects generally persist for at least three years. The magnitude of this effect is analogous to a drop in general and drug-related recidivism from 50% for non-participants to approximately 38% for participants. The evidence also suggests that DWI drug courts are effective in reducing recidivism and their effect on recidivism is very similar in magnitude to that of adult drug courts (i.e., a reduction in recidivism of approximately 12 percentage points); yet, some caution is warranted, as the few available experimental evaluations of DWI drug courts do not uniformly support their effectiveness. For juvenile drug courts we find considerably smaller effects on recidivism. The mean effect size for these courts is analogous to a drop in recidivism from 50% for non-participants to roughly 43.5% for participants.
%N 4
%V 8
%C Coventry
%D 2012
%R doi: 10.4073/csr.2012.4
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc18692

%T Crosscare teen counselling annual report 2011.
%X Teen Counselling offers families who access the service the time and space in which to work through or resolve the issues that contribute to their distress with the support of a counselling team. Teen Counselling is an ?adolescent friendly? service and as such, our aim is to enable young people and their parents or carers deal with difficulties, within the context of the family.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Crosscare Teen Counselling
%L ndc18348

%T Social determinants of health and well-being among young people : Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC)study : international report from the 2009/2010 survey.
%X The Health Behaviour of School-aged Children (HBSC) study provides key insights into the health-related behaviours of young people. Its unique methodology has facilitated engagement with hundreds of thousands of young people in many parts of the world since its inception in 1983, building a data base over time that describes patterns and issues relevant to their health and well-being.

HBSC focuses on a wide range of health, education, social and family measures that affect young people?s health and well-being. Previous reports from the study have highlighted gender, age, geographic and family affluence factors. This fifth international report from HBSC focuses on social determinants of health and provides a full description of the health and well being of young people growing up in different countries across Europe and North America through data collected from the 2009/2010 survey. The importance of social determinants to young people?s health, well-being and development is clear. Theirs is a world of great opportunity in relation to health, education, occupation, social engagement, discovery and fulfilment. But it is also a world laden with risks that can affect their ability to achieve full health both now and in the future, reduce their opportunities for education and occupation, and lead to isolation, frustrated ambition and disappointment.

This HBSC report is a crucial resource in deepening the understanding of social determinants that are known to affect young people?s health and well-being. Its broad areas of focus ?social context, health outcomes, health behaviours and risk behaviours ? encapsulate key factors that influence young people?s health and well-being, opportunities and life chances. The report provides strong evidence and data that will support countries in formulating their own policies and programmes to meet the challenges that lie ahead.
%C Copenhagen
%D 2012
%I World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
%L ndc17482
%E Candace Currie
%E Cara Zanotti
%E Antony Morgan
%E Dorothy Currie
%E Margaretha de Loozw
%E Chris Roberts
%E Oddrun Samdal
%E Vivian Barnekow

%A Barbara Dooley
%A Amanda Fitzgerald
%T My world survey: national study of youth mental health in Ireland.
%X Large-scale studies that capture the mental health profile of young people help us to understand their experiences and inform service provision. To date, there is a limited body of research on the prevalence of mental health difficulties among young people aged 12-25, particularly in the Irish context.

Most published Irish studies provide data up to age 18, with a primary focus on negative factors. The MWS had two broad aims: to extend the age distribution up to 25 years, and to consider protective factors in conjunction with risk factors. Thus, this is the first national study of youth mental health in Ireland from age 12-25 years.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Headstrong ? The National Centre for Youth Mental Health; UCD School of Psychology
%L ndc17589

%A Mary Dunne
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T ACAMH youth mental health conference.
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%P 31-32
%L ndc16893
%V Issue 40, Winter 2011

%T Growing up in Ireland. Key findings: 13-year-olds. No. 2. Physical activity and obesity among 13-year-olds.
%X This Key Finding reports on data from the second wave of interviews with Growing Up in Ireland?s Child Cohort. The 8,568 children and their families were first interviewed when the children were 9 years old, and then at age 13 years, when 7,400 were reinterviewed between August 2011 and February 2012.

The findings show that boys and young people from more socially advantaged backgrounds were more likely to exercise, and that 13-year-olds who took more exercise (whether hard or light exercise) were less likely to be overweight or obese.

While most of the young people in Growing Up in Ireland maintained a healthy weight over time, one in four was either overweight or obese, a finding similar to that at 9 years. Girls were also more likely to be classified as overweight or obese than boys. The majority of 13-year-olds were quite positive about their physical appearance, although a quarter rated themselves as below average in this respect, and girls tended to be less positive about their body image than boys. Dieting behaviours had also become evident at 13.

To understand more fully the origins and course of overweight and obesity, the descriptive data in this Key Finding can be used in more complex analyses drawing on the rich data available on the child, family and other important contextual variables.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc18858

%A Darran Flynn
%A Damian Smith
%A Luke Quirke
%A Stephen Monks
%A Harry G Kennedy
%J BMC Psychiatry
%T Ultra high risk of psychosis on committal to a young offender prison: an unrecognised opportunity for early intervention.
%X BACKGROUND: 
The ultra high risk state for psychosis has not been studied in young offender populations. Prison populations have higher rates of psychiatric morbidity and substance use disorders. Due to the age profile of young offenders one would expect to find a high prevalence of individuals with pre-psychotic or ultra-high risk mental states for psychosis (UHR). Accordingly young offender institutions offer an opportunity for early interventions which could result in improved long term mental health, social and legal outcomes. In the course of establishing a mental health in-reach service into Ireland's only young offender prison, we sought to estimate unmet mental health needs.

METHODS: 
Every third new committal to a young offenders prison was interviewed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) to identify the Ultra High Risk (UHR) state and a structured interview for assessing drug and alcohol misuse according to DSM-IV-TR criteria, the Developmental Understanding of Drug Misuse and Dependence - Short Form (DUNDRUM-S).

RESULTS: 
Over a twelve month period 171 young male offenders aged 16 to 20 were assessed. Of these 39 (23%, 95% confidence interval 18% to 30%) met UHR criteria. UHR states peaked at 18?years, were associated with lower SOFAS scores for social and occupational function and were also associated with multiple substance misuse. The relationship with lower SOFAS scores persisted even when co-varying for multiple substance misuse.

CONCLUSIONS: 
Although psychotic symptoms are common in community samples of children and adolescents, the prevalence of the UHR state in young offenders was higher than reported for community samples. The association with impaired function also suggests that this may be part of a developing disorder. Much more attention should be paid to the relationship of UHR states to substance misuse and to the health needs of young offenders.
%N 1
%V 12
%D 2012
%R doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-100
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc18724

%A Alex Hartigan
%A Natalie Coe
%T Internet influences on adolescent attitudes to alcohol.
%X The current study had the broad aim of examining the alcohol content encountered online by young people, evaluating young people's responses to that content and assessing whether relationships exist between consumption, implicit attitude and online alcohol exposure. This was achieved by focusing on three objectives through three studies. 

Study 1 used thematic analysis of semi-?structured interviews to examine young people's response to actual online screenshots encountered during internet-?use. Study 2 was a content analysis of the actual Internet use of 91 participants, examined for instances of alcohol and non-?alcohol, coded by website type, activity, source, prominence and valence. Study 3 examined relationships between drinking behaviour, implicit attitude (assessed through the Implicit Association Test) the alcohol content encountered by participants' in Study 2. Alcohol content online mainly manifested as passive references from sources outside participants' peer network and was generally of positive valence relative to non-?alcohol. 

Associations were found between alcohol exposure and consumption as well as between implicit attitudes and consumption. Thematic analysis revealed the high level of discrepant speculative assumptions made when interpreting online media, with general trends towards a focus on the aesthetics of the setting and the appearance of people in the screenshot. Results were discussed with implications for future research and policy.
%C London
%D 2012
%I Alcohol research UK
%L ndc17707

%T 2012 National Report (2011 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Ireland: new developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues.
%X Table of contents
1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis
2. Drug Use in the General Population and Specific Targeted Groups
3. Prevention
4. Problem drug use
5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability
6. Health Correlates and Consequences 
7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences
8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration
9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison
10. Drug markets

Selected issues
11. Residential care for drug users in Europe
12. Drug policies of large European cities
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Health Research Board
%L ndc18808

%T Fourth annual child & adolescent mental health service report 2011 ? 2012.
%X Executive Summary 
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Children in the population 
1.2 Prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders 
1.3 Child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS
1.4 Department of Health & Children Policy - Vision for Change (2006) 
1.5 Community child and adolescent mental health teams

Section 2 Workforce
2.1 Staffing of child and adolescent mental health services
2.2 Community child and adolescent mental health teams 

Section 3 Access to community CAMHS teams
3.1 Numbers waiting to be seen 
3.2 New cases seen by community CAMHS teams October 2010 to September 2011 
3.3 Breakdown of new cases (New vs. Re-referred cases) 
3.4 Waiting times for new cases seen 
3.5 Community CAMHS caseload 
3.6 Community CAMHS caseload per clinical whole time equivalent (WTE) 
3.7 Cases discharged 

Section 4 Audit of clinical activity November 2010
4.1 Source of referral 
4.2 Case profile 
4.3 Number of appointments offered 
4.4 Location of appointments 
4.5 Clinical inputs 
4.6 Age profile of cases seen 
4.7 Ethnicity 
4.8 Children in the care of the HSE or in contact with social services 
4.9 Primary presentation 
4.10 Suicidal ideation / deliberate self harm 
4.11 Gender profile of cases and primary presentations 
4.12 Length of treatment 
4.13 Day services 
4.14 Paediatric hospital liaison services 

Section 5 Inpatient child and adolescent mental health services
5.1 Inpatient servies child and adolescent mental health services. 
5.2 Admission of children and adolescents to inpatient units 
5.3 Age and gender of admissions (2010) 
5.4 Diagnostic categories 
5.5 Duration of admission 
5.6 Involuntary admissions 
5.7 Development of inpatient services 

Section 6 Community child and adolescent mental health service infrastructure
6.1 Accommodation provided for CAMHS teams 
6.2 Suitability of premises 
6.3 Difficulties encountered with premises 
6.4 Infrastructure developments 

Section 7 Demands on community CAMHS
7.1 Services for young people of 16 and 17 years of age 
7.2 Capacity of CAMHS teams to respond to demand 
7.3 Provision of dedicated ADHD clinics by community CAMHS teams 
7.4 Referral protocols and referral forms 

Section 8 Deliberate self harm in children aged from 10 to 17 years
8.1 The National Registry of Deliberate Self Harm 
8.2 Hospital presentations of children. 
8.3 Deliberate self harm by HSE regions 
8.4 Episodes by time of occurance 
8.5 Method of self harm 
8.6 Drugs used in overdose 
8.7 Recommended next care 
8.8 Repetition of deliberate self harm 

Section 9 Supporting the development of child and adolescent mental health services
9.1 Monitoring Progress and Evaluating Outcomes 

Appendix Service initiatives and developments
%C Kildare
%D 2012
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc18890

%T Assessment of the economic value of youth work
%X Overall Conclusions 
This study, for the first time in Ireland, completed a detailed, comprehensive assessment of the economic value and contribution of the youth work sector. Indecon?s independent analysis found that the sector is substantial in scale and reach, with almost 383,000 young people benefiting from a wide range of programmes and services, provided by almost 1,400 staff and over 40,000 persons working in a voluntary capacity across the State. The sector operates within a very challenging economic context, with young people experiencing high rates of unemployment and social and economic exclusion, while significant numbers are at risk of poverty and the adverse long-term implications of drug and alcohol abuse, and involvement in crime and anti-social behaviour.

The results of the cost-benefit assessment of the economic value of youth work presented in this study suggest that the public funding provided by the State for youth work services represents value for money. Specifically, we estimate that over a 10-year period the benefits of youth work programmes would exceed the costs by a factor of 2.2. This reflects in particular the benefits of targeted programmes in the areas of justice, health and welfare, compared to a scenario where the absence of these supports is likely to mean that the State would face higher costs. It also reflects the strong volunteering effort in the delivery of youth work services throughout the State, the absence of which would mean that the State would face a substantially greater cost if these human resources had to be fully remunerated. 

Policy decisions on the future development of the youth work sector should factor in these features and, in particular, the economic as well as social impacts of targeted interventions which address the needs of young people in a pre-emptive and holistic manner.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I National Youth Council of Ireland
%L ndc19045

%T Leading for outcomes children and young people.
%X Leading for Outcomes is a series of guides that provide support and training materials to help lead the social services workforce to focus on the outcomes important to people.
%C Glasgow
%D 2012
%I Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services
%L ndc17367

%T Life as a child and young person in Ireland: National consulation.
%X This report, Life as a Child and Young Person in Ireland: Report of a National Consultation, documents the views of 66,705 children and young people. This national consultation was conducted to inform development of the Children and Young People?s Policy Framework by the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, which will set out the key policy objectives for the next five years.

During 2010, the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA) (formerly the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, OMCYA) developed the concept and methodology for a children and young people?s consultation. It was agreed that children and young people in every school and Youthreach centre in the country would be invited to complete short questionnaires containing three open questions.

The questions for the primary school children were devised at a consultation with 7-12 year-olds conducted by the OMCYA in November 2010. The three questions devised by children for the primary school children were:

1. What?s the best thing about being a child in Ireland?
2. What?s the worst thing about being a child in Ireland?
3. What one thing would you change in Ireland for children to be happy?

Questions for young people were formulated by the OMCYA?s Children and Young People?s Forum (CYPF) in 2010. The CYPF consists of 35 young people, aged 12-18, from all parts of the country. They are nominated to the CYPF through Comhairle na n?g and organisations representing seldom-heard children/young people. The three questions for second-level young people were:

1. What do you think is good about being a young person living in Ireland?
2. What do you dislike about being a young person in Ireland?
3. If you were leader of the country, what one thing would you change for young people?
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Government Publications
%L ndc18754

%T Report on the Taskforce on the Child and Family Support Agency.
%X Numerous investigation reports have documented how fragmented services have failed to meet the needs of children. It is crucial that certain services for children are now realigned from across a number of agencies into a single comprehensive, integrated and accountable agency for children and families, the Child and Family Support Agency (CFSA). The Task Force?s vision for the Child and Family Support Agency is that it will, under the direction of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, provide leadership to relevant statutory and non-statutory agencies, to ensure that the conditions needed for children?s well-being and development are fulfilled. The Task Force?s ?vision for a quality Irish childhood? is relevant to and intended to encompass all organisations, agencies and sectors that provide services to children, young people and their families.

Key reforms to be progressed by the Agency include:
? The creation of multidisciplinary local teams.
? The streamlining of local services under one local manager.
? The establishment of a single, consistent mechanism for assessment, referrals and tracking supported by a new child protection notification system.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc18121

%T Report on the implementation of the National Youth Justice Strategy 2008-2010.
%X The National Youth Justice Strategy was launched in March 2008 and set challenging goals and objectives across a range of responsibilities of the Irish Youth Justice Service (IYJS). The more significant challenges were to bring about a modern and integrated youth justice system; to facilitate the implementation of the Children Act, 2001; to ensure that the programmes provided are effective; and to achieve the best possible outcomes for children who come into contact with the youth justice system.

As the timeframe for Strategy has now expired, it is time to review the progress made, re-examine priorities and plan the future direction of youth justice policy. The Strategy sets out key actions and commitments for each of the stakeholders i.e.; Criminal Justice agencies, the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA), the HSE, the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Innovation, the Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht affairs, the Children? Act Advisory Board (CAAB) and the Department of Education and Skills under 5 High Level Goals.
%D 2012
%I Irish Youth Justice Service
%L ndc18811

%A Claire Kiernan
%A Aislinn Ni Fhearail
%A Imelda Coyne
%O PMID: 22585075
%J British Journal of Nursing
%T Nurses' role in managing alcohol misuse among adolescents.
%X Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed by young people, aged 11-17 years, in the UK and Ireland, which has implications for all health professionals caring for adolescents. Alcohol misuse is increasingly common among adolescents and is a significant concern for families, communities and society. Health professionals need to be aware of the dangers involved with underage drinking, how to recognise the signs of alcohol misuse, and how to intervene appropriately. 

Over the past few years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of adolescents presenting to emergency departments (EDs) owing to alcohol-related injuries. This increase means that all nurses and other health professionals are suitably placed to provide education and support to adolescents who are consuming excessive alcohol. Regular alcohol misuse can lead to adverse health outcomes, and therefore nurses need to take an active role in health promotion to ensure that adolescents are aware of the associated dangers. 

This article summarises the harmful effects of underage drinking, the influencing factors and outlines the current guidelines on alcohol misuse in young people. It discusses strategies that nurses can use in the ED setting, and all healthcare settings, to motivate adolescents to change health-damaging behaviours.
%N 8
%P 474-478
%V 21
%D 2012
%I MA Healthcare
%L ndc17679

%A Noel Klima
%A Rosita Vanhauwaert
%A Belinda Wijckmans
%T EUCPN Toolkit 1. Local cooperation in youth crime prevention.
%X This toolbox aims to inform, support and inspire local practitioners and policy makers on actual knowledge in local cooperation in youth crime prevention. To reach this goal, this toolbox contains a variety of tools collected from different sources such as academic literature, existing good practices and expert opinions from different EU Member States to bundle the knowledge and present it to local practitioners and policy makers. It is an easyto- read document, providing an introduction to the topic of local cooperation in youth crime prevention.
%C Brussels
%D 2012
%I EUCPN Secretariat
%L ndc20817

%A Clea Machold
%A G Judge
%A A Mavrinac
%A Joe Elliott
%A Anne Marie Murphy
%A Edna Roche
%J Irish Medical Journal
%T Social networking patterns/hazards among Irish teenagers.
%X Social Networking Sites (SNSs) have grown substantially, posing new hazards to teenagers. This study aimed to determine general patterns of Internet usage among Irish teenagers aged 11-16 years, and to identify potential hazards, including; bullying, inappropriate contact, overuse, addiction and invasion of users? privacy. A cross-sectional study design was employed to survey students at three Irish secondary schools, with a sample of 474 completing a questionnaire. 202(44%) (n=460) accessed the Internet using a shared home computer. Two hours or less were spent online daily by 285(62%), of whom 450(98%) were unsupervised. 306(72%) (n=425) reported frequent usage of SNSs, 403(95%) of whom were Facebook users. 42(10%) males and 51(12%) females experienced bullying online, while 114(27%) reported inappropriate contact from others. Concerning overuse and the risk of addiction, 140(33%) felt they accessed SNSs too often. These patterns among Irish teenagers suggest that SNS usage poses significant dangers, which are going largely unaddressed.
%N 5
%P 151-152
%V 105
%D 2012
%I Irish Medical Organisation
%L ndc18451

%A John McCord
%A Tracy Irwin
%A Agnieszka Martynowicz
%O Published by the Children and Youth Programme with support from The Atlantic Philanthropies
%T Reviewing the provision of education for young people in detention: rights, research and reflections on policy and practice.
%X This thematic Report is the third in a Special Report Series addressing the rights and well-being of children and youth in Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Report corresponds with three key UNESCO aims: to strengthen awareness of human rights; to act as a catalyst for regional and national action in human rights; and to foster co-operation with a range of stakeholders and networks working with, or on behalf of, children and youth.

This Report adopts a rights-based approach to reviewing the provision of education for young people in detention. Using the General Measures of Implementation2 as a fundamental tool for good policy (CYP, 2011) together with the principles of best interests3 and voice of the child,4 the objectives of the Report are to:
1. identify the rights for children and young people to education in custody in Ireland and Northern Ireland;
2. analyse and review the legal and policy provisions for the educational needs of children and young people in custody;
3. highlight research evidence and data in relation to the voice and educational experiences of young people in custody and identify gaps in existing provisions and pedagogy;
4. explore new strategies of providing education in custody and make recommendations for policy development and implementation.

The Report comprises the following sections: Section 2 briefly outlines the relevant rights instruments and standards for the education of young people in detention; Section 3 provides a profile of children in the youth justice system with reference to education; Section 4 documents the legislative and policy context for the provision of education of young people in custody in Ireland and Northern Ireland and highlights areas of concern; Section 5 assesses the role of education for young people in detention and explores modalities of educational provision; and Section 6 draws concluding messages for policy in relation to custodial
%D 2012
%C Galway
%R Report 3
%I Children and Youth Programme
%L ndc18120

%A Michael T McKay
%A Andrew Percy
%A Jon C Cole
%J Journal of Substance Use
%T Consideration of future consequences and alcohol use
among Northern Irish adolescents.
%X This study investigated the relationship between consideration of future consequences and alcohol use among adolescents. A cross-sectional design was used and a large sample of 12- to 16-year-old schoolchildren (n ? 806) in Northern Ireland were recruited for this study. Alcohol use was assessed using a composite measure of drinking behaviour, the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. Time perspective was measured using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS). Data were also gathered on self-esteem, three domains of self-efficacy and aggression, all of which have been found to be related to both drinking behaviour and time perspective. 

Factor analysis of the CFCS revealed support for a two-factor solution, with CFC-I representing present orientation and CFC-F representing future orientation. After controlling for year in school (proxy for age) and gender and for clustering at school level, scores on both subscales were significantly associated with alcohol use. Only CFC-F score remained significant with the addition of psychosocial variables. These results support recent findings of a significant relationship between CFCS score and alcohol use in UK adolescents and University undergraduates, and suggest that in more fully controlled analyses, future orientation, rather than present, is related to adolescent drinking. Results are discussed in relation to health promotion.
%N 5
%P 377-391
%V 18
%D 2012
%I Informa healthcare
%R doi:10.3109/14659891.2012.685793
%L ndc17649

%A Michael T McKay
%A Nyanda McBride
%A Harry Sumnall
%J Journal of Substance Use
%T Reducing the harm from adolescent alcohol consumption:
results from an adapted version of SHAHRP in Northern
Ireland.
%X Background: 
The study aimed to trial an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Northern Ireland. The intervention aims to enhance alcohol related knowledge, create more healthy alcohol-related attitudes and reduce alcohol-related harms in 14?16-year-olds.

Method: 
A non-randomised control longitudinal design with intervention and control groups assessed students at baseline and 12, 24 and 32months after baseline. Students were from post-primary schools (high schools) in the Eastern Health Board Area in Northern Ireland. Two thousand three hundred and forty nine participants were recruited at baseline (mean age 13.84) with an attrition rate of 12.8% at 32-month follow-up. The intervention was an adapted, culturally competent version of SHAHRP, a curriculum programme delivered in two consecutive academic years, with an explicit harm reduction goal. Knowledge, attitudes, alcohol consumption, context of use, harm associated with own alcohol use and the alcohol use of other people were assessed at all time points.

Results: 
There were significant intervention effects on all measures (intervention vs. controls) with differential effects observed for teacher-delivered and outside facilitator delivered SHAHRP.

Conclusion: 
The study provides evidence of the cultural applicability of a harm reduction intervention (SHAHRP) for risky drinking in adolescents in a UK context.
%N 2
%P 98-121
%V 17
%D 2012
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc17020

%A Michael T McKay
%A Harry Sumnall
%A Jon C Cole
%A Andrew Percy
%J Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy
%T Self-esteem and self-efficacy: associations with alcohol
consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland.
%X Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported equivocal findings regarding the association between self-esteem, self-efficacy and adolescent alcohol use. Data were collected from a sample of 11?16-year olds in Northern Ireland (n?4088) over two consecutive academic years measuring global self-esteem, academic, social and emotional self-efficacy and alcohol involvement. Results showed a domain-specific association between alcohol involvement and self-efficacy, with more problematic alcohol use associated with higher social self-efficacy but lower emotional and academic self-efficacy. Additionally, regression analyses revealed that all self-concept measures significantly predicted drinking group membership. The results are discussed in terms of reported drinking behaviour, interventions with adolescent groups and general development.
%N 1
%P 72-80
%V 19
%D 2012
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc15060

%A Mark Newman
%A Carol-Ann Vigurs
%A Amanda Perry
%A Glyn Hallam
%A Elizabeth PV Schertler
%A Matthew Johnson
%A Ruth Wall
%T A systematic review of selected interventions to reduce juvenile re-offending.
%X This is a report of the methods and results of a systematic review of primary research on the effectiveness of selected interventions to reduce juvenile re-offending. The review provides answers to the question of the relative effectiveness of a small number of selected interventions in reducing juvenile re-offending.
%C London
%D 2012
%I EPPI-Centre
%R EPPI-Centre report no. 2008T
%L ndc18926

%T State of the nation's children report: Ireland 2012.
%X This is Ireland's fourth biennial State of the Nation's Children report. These reports, which provide the most up-to-date data on all indicators in the National Set of Child Well-Being Indicators, aim to: chart the well-being of children in Ireland; track changes over time; benchmark progress in Ireland relative to other countries; highlight policy issues arising.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Government Publications
%L ndc19449

%A Michael O? hAodain
%J Youth Studies Ireland
%T ?Coffee houses? and ?Crime prevention': Some thoughts on youth caf?s and Garda youth diversion projects in the context of youth work in Ireland.
%X There has been a significant increase in the number of youth caf?s and Garda Youth Diversion Projects in Ireland. It could be argued that they represent two differing approaches to youth work; that youth caf?s generally represent the ?universal? approach, while Garda Youth Diversion Projects are more representative of the ?targeted? approach. This paper will consider both initiatives in the context of youth work in Ireland, setting their emergence and development against the backdrop of youth work?s traditions and values, while also acknowledging the changing nature of the field and questioning the current direction of youth work. It will question the extent to which these developments reflect the core traditions and values of youth work and will go on to suggest that youth caf?s, if properly funded and truly grounded in the traditions and values of youth work, have great potential to engage young people as critical and active participants in their communities and society.
%N 2
%P 1-16
%V 5
%D 2012
%I Irish Youth Work Press
%L ndc20809

%A Una O?Connor
%A Louise Kinlen
%A Goretti Horgan
%A John McCord
%A Celia Keenaghan
%O Published by the Children and Youth Programme with support from The Atlantic Philanthropies
%T Understanding policy development and implementation for children and young people.
%X This Foundation Report is the second in a Special Report Series addressing the rights and well-being of children and youth in Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Report corresponds with three key UNESCO aims: to strengthen awareness of human rights; to act as a catalyst for regional and national action in human rights; and to foster co-operation with a range of stakeholders and networks working with, or on behalf of, children and youth.

The focus of this second Foundation Report from the Children and Youth Programme (CYP) is based on a series of consultations undertaken with key stakeholders from the policy, statutory and non-statutory sectors in Ireland and Northern Ireland, where the twin processes of policy development and implementation were identified as recurrent concerns (CYP Foundation Report 1, 2011). Arguably, if child-centred policy is developed and implemented well the rights and well-being of children and young people should be protected. However, as governmental responses to the economic decline demonstrate almost daily, the extent to which these rights are protected has become increasingly precarious, often impacting on the well-being of the most marginalised and vulnerable groups1.
%D 2012
%C Galway
%R Report 2
%I Children and Youth Programme
%L ndc18119

%A George C Patton
%A Caroline Coffey
%A Claudia Cappa
%A Dorothy Currie
%A Leanne Riley
%A Fiona M Gore
%A Louisa Degenhardt
%A Dominic Richardson
%A Nan Astone
%A Adesola O Sangowawa
%A Ali Mokdad
%A Jane Ferguson
%J The Lancet
%T Health of the world?s adolescents: a synthesis of
internationally comparable data.
%X Adolescence and young adulthood off er opportunities for health gains both through prevention and early clinical intervention. Yet development of health information systems to support this work has been weak and so far lagged behind those for early childhood and adulthood. With falls in the number of deaths in earlier childhood in many countries and a shifting emphasis to non-communicable disease risks, injuries, and mental health, there are good reasons to assess the present sources of health information for young people. We derive indicators from the conceptual framework for the Series on adolescent health and assess the available data to describe them. We selected indicators for their public health importance and their coverage of major health outcomes in young people, health risk behaviours and states, risk and protective factors, social role transitions relevant to health, and health service inputs. We then specify defi nitions that maximise international comparability. Even with this optimisation of data usage, only seven of the 25 indicators, covered at least 50% of the world?s adolescents. The worst adolescent health profi les are in sub-Saharan Africa, with persisting high mortality from maternal and infectious causes. Risks for non-communicable diseases are spreading rapidly, with the highest rates of tobacco use and overweight, and lowest rates of physical activity, predominantly in adolescents living in low-income and middle-income countries. Even for present global health agendas, such as HIV infection and maternal mortality, data sources are incomplete for adolescents. We propose a series of steps that include better coordination and use of data collected across countries, greater harmonisation of school-based surveys, further development of strategies for socially marginalised youth, targeted research into the validity and use of these health indicators, advocating for adolescent-health information within new global health initiatives, and a recommendation that every country produce a regular report on the health of its adolescents.
%N 9826
%P 1665-1675
%V 379
%D 2012
%I Elsevier
%R doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60203-7
%L ndc17440

%A Oliver Perra
%A Adam Fletcher
%A Chris Bonell
%A Kathryn Higgins
%A Patrick McCrystal
%J Journal of Adolescence
%T School-related predictors of smoking, drinking and drug use: evidence from the Belfast Youth Development Study.
%X Objective:
To examine whether students? school engagement, relationships with teachers, educational aspirations and involvement in fights at school are associated with various measures of subsequent substance use.

Methods:
Data were drawn from the Belfast Youth Development Study (n = 2968). Multivariate logistic models examined associations between school-related factors (age 13/14) and substance use (age 15/16).

Results:
The two factors which were consistently and independently associated with regular substance use among both males and females were student?teacher relationships and fighting at school: positive teacher-relationships reduced the risk of daily smoking by 48%, weekly drunkenness by 25%, and weekly cannabis use by 52%; being in a fight increased the risk of daily smoking by 54%, weekly drunkenness by 31%, and weekly cannabis use by 43%. School disengagement increased the likelihood of smoking and cannabis use among females only.

Conclusion:
Further research should focus on public health interventions promoting positive relationships and safety at school.
%N 2
%P 315-324
%V 35
%D 2012
%I Elsevier
%L ndc17919

%A Judge Michael Reilly
%T Report on an inspection of St. Patrick?s Institution by the Inspector of Prisons Judge Michael Reilly.
%X This Report is the culmination of a thorough investigation into all aspects of St. Patrick?s Institution (hereinafter referred to as St. Patricks) carried out over a considerable period.

Drugs and contraband in St. Patricks (p.28)
Illegal drugs and contraband are a problem in all prisons. It appears that the problem is worst in St. Patricks. St. Patricks forms part of the larger Mountjoy Complex and is situated in a densely populated urban area.

Drugs and contraband get into prisons in a number of ways of which the following are the most common:-
?	By being thrown over the perimeter walls into the yards.
?	By being brought in by prisoners? visitors.
?	By being brought in by prisoners. This can be on their persons or internally.
?	By being brought in by persons working in the prison or providing services to the prison.

I have been informed that the vast majority of drugs and contraband come in over the walls.

In the past two years nets were erected over the four yards in an effort to prevent drugs and contraband being thrown over the walls into the yards but despite this worthwhile initiative significant quantities of drugs find there way into the yards.

The drugs are thrown over the walls only at times that the prisoners are exercising. They are thrown from public areas outside the prison. It seems that there are two solutions:-
?	That members of An Garda S?och?na patrol those public areas from where the drugs are thrown during periods of exercise time in the prison.
?	That the yards are covered. If this option were to be contemplated the design of any covering would need to take account of the rights of prisoners to fresh air and light.

As most visits in St. Patricks are screened visits drugs cannot get to prisoners by this route.

Airport type screening of all persons entering St. Patricks is carried out at the Main Gate. Management must always be vigilant to ensure that this screening is carried out efficiently and thoroughly but with regard to best practice and human dignity.
%C Tipperary
%D 2012
%I Office of the Inspector of Prisons
%L ndc18619

%A Sophia Schneider
%A Jan Peters
%A Uli Bromberg
%A Stephanie Brassen
%A Stephan Miedl
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Gareth J Barker
%A Patricia Conrod
%A Herta Flor
%A Hugh Garavan
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Mark Lathrop
%A Eva Loth
%A Karl Mann
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Frauke Nees
%A Tomas Paus
%A Marcella Rietschel
%A Trevor W Robbins
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Rainer Spanagel
%A Andreas Str?hle
%A Maren Struve
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Christian B?chel
%J The American Journal of Psychiatry
%T Risk taking and the adolescent reward system: a potential common link to substance abuse.
%X Objective: Increased risk-taking behavior has been associated with addiction, a disorder also linked to abnormalities in reward processing. Specifically, an attenuated response of reward-related areas (e.g., the ventral striatum) to nondrug reward cues has been reported in addiction. One unanswered question is whether risk-taking preference is associated with striatal reward processing in the absence of substance abuse. 

Method: Functional and structural MRI was performed in 266 healthy young adolescents and in 31 adolescents reporting potentially problematic substance use. Activation during reward anticipation (using the monetary incentive delay task) and to gray matter density were measured. Risk-taking bias was assessed by the Cambridge Gamble Task. 

Results: With increasing risk-taking bias, the ventral striatum showed decreased activation bilaterally during reward anticipation. Voxel-based morphometry showed that greater risk-taking bias was also associated with and partially mediated by lower gray matter density in the same structure. The decreased activation was also observed when participants with virtually any substance use were excluded. The group with potentially problematic substance use showed greater risk taking as well as lower striatal activation relative to matched comparison subjects from the main sample. 

Conclusions: Risk taking and functional and structural properties of the reward system in adolescents are strongly linked prior to a possible onset of substance abuse, emphasizing their potential role in the predisposition to drug abuse.
%N 1
%P 39-46
%V 169
%D 2012
%I American Psychiatric Association
%R doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030489
%L ndc16026

%A Bobby P Smyth
%A John Fagan
%A Kathy Kernan
%J Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
%T Outcome of heroin-dependent adolescents presenting for opiate substitution treatment.
%X Because the outcome of methadone and buprenorphine substitution treatment in adolescents is unclear, we completed a retrospective cohort study of 100 consecutive heroin-dependent adolescents who sought these treatments over an 8-year recruitment period. The participants' average age was 16.6 years, and 54 were female. Half of the patient group remained in treatment for over 1 year. Among those still in treatment at 12 months, 39% demonstrated abstinence from heroin. The final route of departure from the treatment program was via planned detox for 22%, dropout for 32%, and imprisonment for 8%. The remaining 39% were transferred elsewhere for ongoing opiate substitution treatment after a median period of 23 months of treatment. Males were more likely to exit via imprisonment (p b .05), but other outcomes were not predicted by gender. There were no deaths during treatment among these 100 patients who had a cumulative period of 129 person years at risk. Our findings suggest that this treatment delivers reductions in heroin use and that one fifth of patients will exit treatment following detox completion within a 1- to 2-year time frame
%N 1
%P 35-44
%V 42
%D 2012
%I Elsevier
%L ndc15964

%A Marie Claire Van Hout
%J Youth Studies Ireland
%T Fifteen year olds? alcohol, cigarette and drug use in Ireland: results from a pilot study.
%N 2
%D 2012
%P 55-65
%L ndc15861
%V 5

%A Robert Whelan
%A Patricia Conrod
%A Jean-Baptiste Poline
%A Anbarasu Lourdusamy
%A Tobias Banaschewski
%A Gareth J Barker
%A MA Bellgrove
%A Christian Buchel
%A Mark Byrne
%A Tarrant DA Cummins
%A Mira Fauth-B?hler
%A Herta Flor
%A Jurgen Gallinat
%A Andreas Heinz
%A Bernd Ittermann
%A Karl Mann
%A Jean-Luc Martinot
%A Edmund C Lalor
%A Mark Lathrop
%A Eva Loth
%A Frauke Nees
%A Tomas Paus
%A Marcella Rietschel
%A Michael N Smolka
%A Rainer Spanagel
%A David N Stephens
%A Maren Struve
%A Benjamin Thyreau
%A Sabine Vollstaedt-Klein
%A Trevor W Robins
%A Gunter Schumann
%A Hugh Garavan
%J Nature Neuroscience
%T Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks.
%X The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior.
%N 6
%P 920-925
%V 15
%D 2012
%I Nature Publishing Group
%R doi: 10.1038/nn.3092
%L ndc17468

%T Youth Advocates Programme. Annual report 2011.
%X The YAP Model is a unique way of providing intensive, focused support to children, young people and families with a range of needs and who are often cause for concern to not only the Social Work services in the HSE but to Education, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Youth Justice, their families and communities. The HSE invested in bringing the model to Ireland in 2002 because of the proven effectiveness in the US and the model has adapted to the Irish context very well.
%C Dublin
%D 2012
%I Youth Advocates Programme
%L ndc17888

%A Avalon de Bruijn
%A Jaqueline Tanghe
%A Franca Beccaria
%A Michal Buljaski
%A Coraddo Celata
%A Jordy Gosselt
%A Dirk Schreckenberg
%A Luiza Slowdonik
%T Report on the impact of European alcohol marketing exposure on youth alcohol expectancies and youth drinking.
%X This deliverable reports on two possible outcomes of alcohol marketing exposure among youth: its impact on expectancies on alcohol as well as the drinking behavior. By including both outcomes in one analysis it was not only studied whether alcohol marketing exposure affects youth drinking behavior, but also whether the possible effect is mediated by expectancies on drinking alcohol. In this way, the authors attempt to provide a deeper understanding into the mechanisms behind the hypothesised impact of alcohol marketing exposure.

In order to study the impact of alcohol marketing exposure, two studies have been conducted: one study on online alcohol marketing (Study A) and a second study on alcohol-branded sport sponsorship (Study B). Focus groups held within the AMPHORA study revealed the possible importance of digital media and sport sponsorship according to European youth. Although alcohol marketing expenditures of these types of alcohol marketing are growing steadily, there is still a gap within the scientific literature on the impact of these types of alcohol marketing.
This report concludes with take home messages which give a summary of the most important findings.
%D 2012
%I Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA)
%L ndc19722

%A Avalon de Bruijn
%T Report on the volume of youth exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship.
%X Aims: There is growing evidence from longitudinal studies that the volume of alcohol advertising to which young people are exposed affects their alcohol drinking behaviour. This paper aims to give insight in the volume of adolescents? exposure to alcohol advertising in several European countries. A focus is laid on alcohol advertising on television, sport sponsorship and event sponsoring, promotional items, point of sale promotions and digital marketing. 

Methods: The paper describes analysis of cross-sectional data collected within the Amphora project. The sample (N=9380) contains secondary school students from Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. 

Results: Already in the limited number of marketing channels examined, young people seem to be reached frequently by large numbers of alcohol marketing practices. In the paper frequency of (perceived)exposure is reported. 

Conclusions: Alcohol advertisers use marketing channels that are attractive and available to young people. Advertising in such channels guarantees exposure to large volume of European minors.
%D 2012
%I Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA)
%L ndc19712

%A Tom ter Bogt
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%A Bruce G Simons-Morton
%A Mafalda Ferreira
%A Anne Hublet
%A E Godeau
%A E Kuntsche
%A Matthias Richter
%J Substance Use & Misuse
%T Dance is the new metal: adolescent music preferences and substance use across Europe.
%X This study examined relationships between music preferences and substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) among 18,103 fifteen-year-olds from 10 European countries. In 2005-2006, across Europe, preferences for mainstream Pop (pop chart music) and Highbrow (classical music and jazz) were negatively associated with substance use, while preferences for Dance (house/trance and techno/hardhouse) were associated positively with substance use. In three countries, links were identified between liking Rock (rock, heavy metal punk/hardcore, and gothic) and substance use; associations between Urban (hip-hop and R&B) and substance use were mixed. No substantial gender differences emerged in these patterns, and controlling for relevant covariates did not attenuate the predictive value of substance use. The findings are consistent with the conclusion that music is a robust marker of adolescent substance use.
%N 2
%P 130-142
%V 47
%D 2012
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc21148

%T UNODC youth initiative: discussion guide. Draft.
%X Contents:
Section 1: Perceptions about Drug Use
Section 2: What is Vulnerability? 
Section 3: The Direct Effects of Using Drugs
Section 4: Abuse of Prescription Drug
Section 5: Consequences and Risks Associated with Drug Use
Section 6: Prevention of Drug Use 
Section 7:Treatment of Drug Dependence 
Section 8: The Role of Youth in the Global Effort to Prevent Drug Use

Ice breaker ideas 
Guidelines for Creating Activities
Appendix: Youth Friendly Sites Providing Information about Drug Use
A site on how to manage your privacy on Facebook
Forum Guidelines for Youth Initiative Facebook page
%C Vienna
%D 2011
%I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
%L ndc16853

%T Third annual child & adolescent mental health service report 2010 ? 2011.
%X Executive Summary 
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Children in the population 
1.2 Prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders 
1.3 Child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS
1.4 Department of Health & Children Policy - Vision for Change (2006) 
1.5 Community child and adolescent mental health teams

Section 2 Workforce
2.1 Staffing of child and adolescent mental health services
2.2 Community child and adolescent mental health teams 

Section 3 Access to community CAMHS teams
3.1 Numbers waiting to be seen 
3.2 New cases seen by community CAMHS teams October 2010 to September 2011 
3.3 Breakdown of new cases (New vs. Re-referred cases) 
3.4 Waiting times for new cases seen 
3.5 Community CAMHS caseload 
3.6 Community CAMHS caseload per clinical whole time equivalent (WTE) 
3.7 Cases discharged 

Section 4 Audit of clinical activity November 2010
4.1 Source of referral 
4.2 Case profile 
4.3 Number of appointments offered 
4.4 Location of appointments 
4.5 Clinical inputs 
4.6 Age profile of cases seen 
4.7 Ethnicity 
4.8 Children in the care of the HSE or in contact with social services 
4.9 Primary presentation 
4.10 Suicidal ideation / deliberate self harm 
4.11 Gender profile of cases and primary presentations 
4.12 Length of treatment 
4.13 Day services 
4.14 Paediatric hospital liaison services 

Section 5 Inpatient child and adolescent mental health services
5.1 Inpatient servies child and adolescent mental health services. 
5.2 Admission of children and adolescents to inpatient units 
5.3 Age and gender of admissions (2010) 
5.4 Diagnostic categories 
5.5 Duration of admission 
5.6 Involuntary admissions 
5.7 Development of inpatient services 

Section 6 Community child and adolescent mental health service infrastructure
6.1 Accommodation provided for CAMHS teams 
6.2 Suitability of premises 
6.3 Difficulties encountered with premises 
6.4 Infrastructure developments 

Section 7 Demands on community CAMHS
7.1 Services for young people of 16 and 17 years of age 
7.2 Capacity of CAMHS teams to respond to demand 
7.3 Provision of dedicated ADHD clinics by community CAMHS teams 
7.4 Referral protocols and referral forms 

Section 8 Deliberate self harm in children aged from 10 to 17 years
8.1 The National Registry of Deliberate Self Harm 
8.2 Hospital presentations of children. 
8.3 Deliberate self harm by HSE regions 
8.4 Episodes by time of occurance 
8.5 Method of self harm 
8.6 Drugs used in overdose 
8.7 Recommended next care 
8.8 Repetition of deliberate self harm 

Section 9 Supporting the development of child and adolescent mental health services
9.1 Monitoring Progress and Evaluating Outcomes 

Appendix Service initiatives and developments
%C Kildare
%D 2011
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc16459

%T Alcohol screening and brief intervention for youth: a practitioner's guide.
%X With this Guide, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) introduces a simple, quick, empirically derived tool for identifying youth at risk for alcohol-related problems. If you manage the health and well-being of children and adolescents ages 9?18 years, this Guide is for you.

Why choose this tool?
It can detect risk early: In contrast to other screens that focus on established alcohol problems, this early detection tool aims to help you prevent alcohol-related problems in your patients before they start or address them at an early stage.

It?s empirically based: The screening questions and risk scale, developed through primary survey research, are powerful predictors of current and future negative consequences of alcohol use.

It?s fast and versatile: The screen consists of just two questions that you can incorporate easily into patient interviews or pre-visit screening tools across the care spectrum, from annual exams to urgent care.

It?s the first tool to include friends? drinking: The ?friends? question will help you identify patients at earlier stages of alcohol involvement and target advice to include the important risk factor of friends? drinking.
%C Bethesda, MD
%D 2011
%I National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
%L ndc16487

%A Pernille Skovbo Rasmussen
%A Maia Lindstr?m
%A Krystyna Kowalski
%A Trine Filges
%A Anne Marie Klint J?rgensen
%T Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) for young people in treatment for illicit non-opioid drug use. Protocol.
%X This is a protocol for an ongoing review. It contains useful definitions and information.

Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) has evolved over the last twenty years and is a manual-based, family-oriented treatment, designed to eliminate drug use and associated problems in young people (Liddle, 1999; Liddle, 2002; Liddle et al., 2009).

MDFT is one of many Family Therapy forms that meet the general characteristics of manual-based Family Therapies as it deals with young people and their families as a system throughout treatment, and thereby recognizes the important role of the family system in the development and treatment of young people?s drug use problems.

This review will specifically explore the family-based intervention Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) as aggregated evidence for MDFT?s effects is needed. The review seeks to clarify the effects of the MDFT program for relevant groups of young people age 11-21 living with their family. The review focus is on young people enrolled in treatment for drug use, independent of how their problem is labeled. Enrolment in treatment indicates that the severity of the young person?s drug use has caused a significant adult close to the young person (teacher, parent, social services worker, school counselor, etc.), or the young person themself to seek treatment. The intervention in focus is MDFT delivered as outpatient treatment and the review will focus primarily on non-opioid drugs use, but will consider poly-drug use if relevant. This review will be one in a series of reviews on different manual-based family therapy interventions for young people in treatment for drug use.
%C Coventry
%D 2011
%I The Campbell Collaboration
%L ndc18693

%A Michael T McKay
%A Jon C Cole
%A Harry Sumnall
%J Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy
%T Teenage thinking on teenage drinking: 15 to 16-year olds' experiences of alcohol in Northern Ireland.
%X Focus groups were conducted with 15- to 16-year olds in Northern Ireland looking at reasons for alcohol consumption and reflections on specific attitudes towards alcohol and behaviours resulting from alcohol use. Participants reported greater concern with ?being caught? drinking by parents than with any negative short- or long-term health impact from alcohol use. The results would also suggest that once initiated, young people are unlikely to stop drinking and therefore are in need of harm reduction advice and skills. Participants reported a desire to engage meaningfully with school teachers and parents concerning their use of alcohol; however, fear of being labelled as problematic by teachers and fear of disappointing their parents means that they would be more likely to keep their drinking secretive. Participants repeatedly reported that intoxication (or consumption of alcohol, more broadly) could be used to excuse both risky and illegal behaviours. Interventions with young drinkers might look to address some of the harms and attitudes discussed.
%N 5
%P 323-332
%V 18
%D 2011
%I Informa healthcare
%R doi: 10.3109/09687637.2010.507559
%L ndc14864

%A Ingunn Aanes
%T Toolkit on how to better involve young people in alcohol-related projects.
%X Alcohol Policy Youth Network hosted several activities in the period 2008-2011 and has gathered good practices from these events to this toolkit on how to address three main challenges when it comes to youth and alcohol:
?	Youth (organizations) don?t see alcohol as a problem.
?	Lack of interest to make alcohol related projects.
?	Lack of knowledge and skills to make alcohol related projects.
The participants, trainers and speakers of the activities helped to make this toolkit that will help APYN?s member organizations to tackle these challenges.

1. Introduction 
2. Why alcohol can be a problem (Facts) 
2.1 Alcohol related harm to the human body
2.2 Alcohol related harm to society
2.3 Alcohol and youth
3. How can we work on alcohol related projects 
3.1 Effective measures in alcohol policy
3.2 Prevention projects
3.3 Media and lobbying
?	Media
?	Lobbying
4. Project development 
4.1 Tips for project development
4.2 Examples
A. Case study 1- Skjenkekontrollen
B. Casestudy 2 ? Plan for national youth councils
5. Conclusion
%D 2011
%I Alcohol Policy Youth Network
%L ndc16953

%T One on every corner: the relationship between off-licence density and alcohol harms in young people.
%X Alcohol Concern?s Youth Policy project commissioned Dr Nikki Coghill, Senior Research Fellow at the University of the West of England, to conduct some statistical analysis into the density of off-licensed premises and alcohol harms in young people in selected areas of England. As far as we are aware, this is the first study of its kind in this country to focus on the links between off-licence density and harms in under-18s. 

The analysis uncovered a moderate but statistically significant relationship between the density of off-licensed premises and alcohol specific hospital admissions in young people under-18-years-old per 100,000 of population. Our findings suggest that the greater the availability of alcohol, the greater the risk of young people suffering alcohol harm. Therefore, the changing nature of where we buy and consume alcohol may have an impact on the risk of harms to young people. 

Limitations in the recording of alcohol-related conditions in hospitals and A&E departments means that the results from this study are likely to be an under-representation of the true picture of harms impacting on young people. Effective harm prevention therefore not only requires targeting education, information and support at an individual level among young people, but control of the concentration of alcohol outlets at a community level.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Alcohol Concern
%L ndc15849

%T Overexposed and overlooked. Young people?s views on the regulation of alcohol promotion.
%X Contents
The impact of alcohol marketing on children and young people: The international evidence 2
Introduction 3
Methodology 4
Tables of survey variables 5
Results 6
? Alcohol advertising on TV
? Alcohol advertising in the cinema
? Alcohol advertising on billboards and posters
? Alcohol promotion in supermarkets and off-licences
? Alcohol advertising on the Internet
? Alcohol website age-affirmation mechanisms
? Recognising alcohol promotion
? Who should develop alcohol-promotion regulation
? Who should pay for health messages
Key findings 9
Conclusion 11
Footnotes and references 12
Recommendations 13

The Alcohol Concern Youth Policy project surveyed the views of over 2300 children and young people under-18 about alcohol-promotion regulation in England and Wales. Designed by young people for young people, the survey findings reveal that the majority of young people, whilst not wanting to stop advertisers reaching adult audiences, are supportive of robust regulation that protects under-18s from exposure. In many instances this requires stronger regulation than currently exists. The challenge is for government to systematically include young people?s voices in regulatory decision-making and to develop a framework of protection from exposure to alcohol promotion that more accurately reflects what young people themselves deserve and expect.

International evidence linking children?s and young people?s exposure to alcohol marketing with consumption is widely acknowledged. A review of evidence concluded that exposure to alcohol marketing reduces the age at which young people start to drink, increases the likelihood that they will drink and increases the amount of alcohol they will consume once they have started to drink. The
European Union Alcohol and Health Forum found overwhelming evidence that exposure to ?alcohol marketing increases the likelihood that adolescents will start to use alcohol and drink more if they are using alcohol?.

Young people in the UK have by far the most positive expectations of alcohol in Europe and are least likely to feel that it might cause them harm3. This may be influenced by their collective cumulative exposure to alcohol marketing. Evidence shows a strong correlation between the amount spent on marketing and consumption by 11-to-15 year-olds4. If young people see and hear repeated positive messages about drinking alcohol, then their expectations of alcohol may well begin to reflect the content of such messages.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Alcohol Concern
%L ndc16203

%T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising: fifth annual report 2010.
%X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising.

As this Fifth Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2010 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor contractors, newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body
%L ndc15830

%A Tunde Apantaku-Olajide
%A Bobby P Smyth
%A Pat Gibbons
%J International Psychiatry
%T Naturalistic study of crisis referrals to an Irish community adult mental health service.
%X There is no agreed definition of a mental health crisis; however, a useful one is ?a situation where mental health has deteriorated to an extent that the user is likely to be at risk of harm to self or others and is in need of urgent intensive specialist support and treatment? (Minghella et al, 1998). Community-based care is the primary model of specialist mental healthcare in Ireland (Government of Ireland, 2006a). When clinically indicated, a patient with mental health crisis is referred to the community mental health team (CMHT) for an urgent assessment.
%N 3
%P 71-74
%V 8
%D 2011
%I Maney Publishing
%L ndc16260

%T Parenting positively - helping teenagers to cope with a parent?s problem drug or alcohol use.
%X Parenting Positively is a series by the Family Support Agency and Barnardos that provides information and guidance to parents. 

The series covers teenage well-being as well as the complex life issues of death, separation, bullying, parental drug or alcohol problems and domestic abuse. The booklets outline teenager?s understanding of the particular issue and how you can support them through this difficult time. 

Each booklet also gives further resources that you can follow up for more information and help on the issue covered.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Barnardos
%L ndc16069

%A Pamela Bremnar
%A Jamie Burnett
%A Fay Nunney
%A Mohammed Ravat
%A Willm Mistral
%T Young people, alcohol and influences.
%X This report presents the findings from a major study of young people and their relationship with alcohol, and explores the wide range of influences on their drinking.

This study differs from other research: it develops evidence of how different domains of influence work together, understanding their relative importance in tackling different patterns of drinking among different groups.

The study involved a survey of 5,700 teenagers aged 13?14 (Year 9) and 15?16 (Year 11) in schools in England and data was statistically modelled to highlight the strongest influences on and predictors of young people?s drinking.

The report examines circumstances surrounding young people's first time drinking, their current drinking patterns (including levels of consumption), and their experiences of drunkenness; and develops our understanding of what really influences young people's drinking patterns by identifying the domains and indicators that have the strongest relationship with their behaviour.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Joseph Rowntree Foundation
%L ndc15327

%A Sarah Buckley
%A Mary Canon
%A Derek Chambers
%A Helen Coughlan
%A Marie Duffy
%A Blanaid Gavin
%A Helen Keeley
%A Pattrick McGorry
%A Paddy Power
%A David Shiers
%T International declaration on youth mental health.
%X The vision of the International Declaration is that every young person with mental health problems gets the help they need when and where they need it. Inspire Ireland are delighted to have contributed to this declaration. The declaration highlights the importance of changing the way we think about youth mental health in keeping with innovative services like ReachOut.com

How did the declaration come about
The International Declaration on Youth Mental Health evolved from the Youth Mental Health Summit which took place in Killarney in 2010. The Summit provided a forum for 80 young people, family members, clinicians, researchers and policy makers to share practice innovation and research in the field of youth mental and to discuss and debate the content of this declaration.

What does the declaration mean
The International Declaration on Youth Mental Health articulates core principles and targets for youth mental health service provision. It aims to influence how people think about and respond to young people?s mental health needs. It will be used to leverage support for the development of timely and appropriate youth mental health services internationally. The Declaration sets out a range of measurable targets that can be achieved over a ten year period.

Inspire Ireland is very proud to be  involved in the development of such a visionary declaration and are pleased to be hosting the declaration online.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Association of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
%L ndc16297

%A Matthew Morton
%A Paul Montgomery
%J Campbell Systematic Reviews
%T Youth empowerment programs for improving self-efficacy and self-esteem of adolescents.
%X To report the state of the high-quality evidence on the impacts of YEPs on adolescents? (ages 10-19) sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem, as well as other social and behavioral outcomes. To determine if the available evidence indicates best practices among YEPs or differential effects according to particular subgroups of adolescents. To identify directions for further research.
%D 2011
%I Campbell Systematic Reviews
%L ndc17530
%V 5

%T Strengthening our skills: Canadian guidelines for youth substance abuse prevention family skills programs.
%X This document (the Family-based Guidelines) provides direction to teams wishing to design their own family skills program, strengthen an existing program or adopt a published program. It is an important resource because it provides a benchmark for family skills programming as well as a framework for planning, implementation and evaluation. The guidelines found in this supplement are evidence-based and represent best practice. 

These programs are the focus of the Family-based Guidelines because they have been shown to be effective in a variety of cultural contexts and can potentially reach a broad population. Most of the family factors associated with substance abuse are also linked to other health and social issues?such as mental health problems, violence, criminal behaviour and risky sexual practices?so these programs can have broad effects. Family skills programs are best suited to ?universal? and ?selective? populations (i.e., primary prevention). They are led by trained prevention facilitators who, rather than focus on individual problems, employ strength-based techniques to encourage personal exploration of shared parenting concerns (e.g., communication, discipline).

This document presents family skills programs as lying within both substance abuse prevention and family support systems in a community. Organizations or facilitators may come to the Family-based Guidelines through various routes; however, they are primarily intended for prevention resource persons (i.e., individuals with a mandate and expertise to conduct community and school prevention  activities) working with a team that has an interest in providing health promotion and prevention support to families.

The Family-based Guidelines is made up of four sections: Section One: Context for the Guidelines discusses factors affecting family well-being and youth substance abuse; presents a definition, description and theoretic underpinnings of family skills programs; and summarizes the benefits and challenges of implementing these programs. Section Two: Guidelines presents the nine guidelines for family skills programs, accompanied by an explanation of each. Section Three: Suggested Outline of Content for Family Skills Programs presents a content framework proposed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in its Guide to Implementing Family Skills Training Programmes for Drug Abuse Prevention (2009). Section Four: Appendices includes the methodology, references and bibliography.

The nine guidelines for family skills programs are:
1. Build cultural competence into the program.
2. Clarify needs, resources, targets and aims.
3. Identify theory to guide design, implementation and evaluation.
4. Establish a solid organizational and community context for the program.
5. Pay attention to facilitator selection, training and support.
6. Ensure active recruitment of participants.
7. Implement evidence-based programming with fidelity.
8. Take steps to retain participants.
9. Monitor, evaluate and revise the program accordingly.
%C Ottawa
%D 2011
%I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
%L ndc19994

%A Derek Chambers
%A F Murphy
%T Learning to reach out: young people, mental health literacy and the Internet.
%X The research and evaluation report, Learning to reach out: Young people, mental health literacy and the Internet, is the first of its kind in Ireland, conducted by Inspire/ReachOut.com.

 The report comprehensively deals with understanding and using online mental health resources safely, the mental health literacy of young people in Ireland, and the first ever ReachOut.com user-profile survey.
Identifying and getting help

Launching the report, Minister Lynch said ?This valuable research illustrates that professional, dedicated online resources, whilst not a replacement for face-to-face mental health support, play a unique and complementary role by facilitating young people in identifying and getting help for mental health difficulties.

?In order to succeed in informing more young people on mental health and addressing the stigma often associated with it, engagement and advice must be in a conducive, comfortable youth-friendly environment and through a familiar, accessible and enabling medium. It is vital that we ensure that mental health services reach all audiences and, in this context, are fully attuned to how young people think, behave and interact with others in their day-to-day lives.?

Some key findings in the report include:
?	74% of respondents to the ReachOut.com survey reported mild, moderate or severe levels of psychological distress;
?	91% of people surveyed agreed that ?anyone can experience a mental health problem?,  yet 59% of young people ?wouldn?t want other people to know? if they had a mental health problem;
?	Two-thirds of respondents would recommend ReachOut.com to a friend, with a similar proportion agreeing that it is ?a site I can trust?;
?	Of those who had spoken to a health professional in the past, 41% reported that they were ?unlikely? or ?very unlikely? to look for help from a health professional in the future.

Elaine Geraghty CEO, said, ?Since its launch in January 2010, ReachOut.com has established itself as an innovative online youth mental health resource attracting 3,000 unique Irish visits every week. ReachOut.com is committed to evaluating the impact of its work on an ongoing basis so that the mental health needs of young people can be determined and met.

?This research and evaluation report will help to provide a framework for understanding the online environment and its uses within the mental health sector, both in Ireland and internationally.?
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Inspire Ireland Foundation
%L ndc15579

%T Ten years on: did the National Children?s Strategy deliver on its promises?
%X The National Children?s Strategy: Our Children ? Their Lives, a 10 year strategy that has driven children?s policy in Ireland since 2000, comes to an end in December 2010. This review, undertaken by the Children?s Rights Alliance in collaboration with our members,1 looks back at the ten years of the Strategy and assesses whether it has delivered on its objectives.

The review is intended to be reflective: it does not provide recommendations for the next National Children?s Strategy, expected later in 2011, but rather provides the space to assess and reflect on the ten years just past. The review is the first phase of the Alliance?s work on the National Children?s Strategy, the second phase will provide member organisations with an opportunity to comment on what they would like to see included in a second strategy. The Alliance will play an active role in the National Children?s Advisory Council with the aim of influencing the development of recommendations for the second strategy. We believe that the second national children?s strategy should build on the achievements of the National Children?s Strategy: Our Children ? Their Lives, but also learn from its shortcomings and take active steps to address them. This review is an important opportunity to collectively reflect on the achievements and failures of the past ten years. Since 2000, much progress has been made and children have become more visible in Irish policy, however much remains to be done to make Ireland one of the best places in the world to be a child. It is hoped that this review will help provide the foundation for the development of the second strategy.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Children's Rights Alliance
%L ndc15464

%T Annual report of the Committee Appointed to monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2010.
%D 2011
%I Garda Siochana
%L ndc15906

%T Crosscare Teen Counselling annual report 2010.
%X Teen Counselling aims to provide a professional counselling service for adolescents and their families who are struggling with behavioural and emotional problems and to inform, support and complement the role of the State sector and other voluntary organisations.

Services are: 
?no cost
?community based
?generalist counselling service
?for teenagers (12-18 years) and their parents/carers
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Crosscare Teen Counselling
%L ndc15991

%A Walter Cullen
%A N Broderick
%A D Connolly
%A D Meagher
%J Irish Journal of Medical Science
%T What is the role of general practice in addressing youth mental health? A discussion paper.
%X Background 
Mental and substance use disorders are a leading cause of morbidity among young people. Policy and clinical services in Ireland are endeavouring to address these twin issues.

Aims 
To review the emerging literature on the role of general practice in addressing youth mental health and to discuss the implications of this literature for further research, education and service delivery.

Methods 
We conducted a review of ?PubMed? and a web search of relevant national/international primary/mental healthcare agencies and professional bodies.

Results 
Although general practice has an important role in addressing youth mental health, there are challenges in how young people seek help. Specifically, young people do not engage with healthcare agencies and many factors which act as barriers and enablers in this regard have been identified. The detection and treatment of mental and substance use disorders by GPs can be improved and implementing interventions to improve screening and early intervention are likely to be valuable.

Conclusions 
General practice is a central agency in addressing youth mental health and complex multifaceted interventions (education, clinical guidelines, and promoting awareness) are likely to support its role. Further research exploring this issue is a priority.
%N 2
%P 189-197
%V 181
%D 2011
%I Springer
%R DOI 10.1007/s11845-011-0757-6
%L ndc16025

%A June Statham
%T A review of international evidence on interagency working, to inform the development of children?s services committees in Ireland.
%X The primary aim of this review is to contribute to the evidence base for developing CSCs in Ireland. It therefore
focuses on specific aspects of interagency working that have already been adopted by existing CSCs or are
being considered by the DCYA, and within that on models of particular interest, rather than attempting to provide
a comprehensive overview of interagency working in general. 
Specific aims are:

1. to provide a high-level summary of the impact of interagency working on outcomes for children and young
people;

2. to undertake a more in-depth analysis of the international evidence for a number of specific approaches
to or aspects of interagency working. The following four areas were selected in consultation with the
commissioner of the study:
-joint planning structures;
-methods and tools for joint needs assessment;
-the differential/alternative response approach to child welfare;
-systems to support information sharing between agencies.

3. to identify key barriers and facilitators to successful interagency working and to implementing each of the
above approaches.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Government Publications
%L ndc16074

%A Janet Walker
%A Cam Donaldson
%T Intervening to improve outcomes for vulnerable young people: a review of the evidence.
%X Concerns about the number of young people who fail to reach their potential at school, or get into trouble, or are not in education, employment or training (NEET), underpin the continuing commitment to end child poverty in the UK by 2020, and the Coalition Government?s pledge to increase the focus on supporting the neediest families and those with multiple problems. A strong policy commitment to improving the life chances of vulnerable young people has in recent years led to the testing of a number of initiatives.

This review sought to identify: the common barriers to the effective implementation of new initiatives; elements of effective practice in the delivery of multi-agency services for vulnerable young people and their families; the costs associated with integrated service delivery; the outcomes that can be achieved; and whether fewer and more targeted initiatives might offer better value for money, particularly during a period of fiscal reform.

Includes:
?Introduction to the Review 
?Identifying and Assessing Vulnerable Young People 
?Multi-Agency Working: Innovations in the Delivery of Support Services 
?Delivering Interventions and Improving Outcomes for Young People 
?Assessing Value for Money in Interventions To Improve Outcomes for Young People
?Looking to the Future: Defining Elements of Effective Practice
%C London
%D 2011
%I Department of Education
%R Research report DFE-RR078
%L ndc14881

%T A review of the youth justice system in Northern Ireland.
%X This Review was launched in 2010 by the Minister of Justice, David Ford, in furtherance of the Hillsborough Castle Agreement. Undertaken by an independent team of three people, its terms of reference were to critically assess the current arrangements for responding to youth crime and make recommendations for how these might be improved within the wider context of, among other things, international obligations, best practice and a financially uncertain future. The Review Team consulted a wide range of stakeholders, including children and young people and members of the communities where they lived.
%C Belfast
%D 2011
%I Department of Justice
%L ndc16000

%T Effects of a school-based prevention program on European adolescents' patterns of alcohol use.
%X Drug and Alcohol Findings review of an article by Caria MP, Faggiano F, Bellocco R et al. in the Journal of Adolescent Health: 2011, 48, 182?188.

This was the largest European drug education trial ever conducted tested whether US-style social influence programmes would prove effective in Europe. Among the successes were the reductions in problem drinking documented in this report.

This entry is our account of a study selected by Drug and Alcohol Findings as particularly relevant to improving outcomes from drug or alcohol interventions in the UK.
%D 2011
%L ndc14726

%T Specialist drug and alcohol services for young people ? a cost benefit analysis.
%X This report looks at the costs and benefits associated with young people?s drug and alcohol treatment in the United Kingdom.

There were approximately 24,000 young people who received specialist drug and alcohol treatment in the UK in 2008-09. This is defined as ?a care planned medical, psychosocial or specialist harm reduction intervention?. As set out in the Drug Strategy 2010 such treatment is aimed at preventing escalation of use or harm and should ?respond incrementally to the risks in terms of drug use, vulnerability and, particularly, age.? Most of these young people were treated primarily for alcohol (37%) or cannabis (53%) misuse, with the remaining 10% misusing Class A drugs, including heroin and crack. Apart from using drugs and alcohol, these young people had experienced a range of other problems, including involvement in crime (shoplifting, theft, assault); being NEET (not in education, employment or training); or housing problems.

The National Treatment Agency (NTA) has oversight of young people?s specialist substance misuse services and systematically collects information on those young people accessing them. This information includes data on young people?s characteristics and, for most 16 and 17 year olds, a range of outcomes comparing treatment start and exit (such as crime, health, housing and education). We have drawn upon this data and the evidence from a range of academic studies and policy reports to assess the cost-effectiveness of young people?s specialist drug and alcohol treatment in the UK.

Throughout the report the term ?young people? is taken to refer to those aged under 18 unless stated otherwise. However, as noted much of the evidence base from the UK and abroad applies to those aged 16 or 17. The impact of this is discussed in the methodology section.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Department for Education
%R Research Report DFE-RR087
%L ndc14753

%A Anthony Goodman
%A Rachel Hurcombe
%A Jane Healy
%A Sue Goodman
%A Emma Ball
%T Teenage drinking and interethnic friendships.
%X This report explores the links between young people's interethnic friendships and their drinking patterns and behaviours. 

Britain is a multicultural society, but little is currently known about if, and how, young people mix with friends from different ethnic backgrounds and the potential impact of this on drinking attitudes and behaviours. Research was undertaken to examine these links using quantitative and qualitative methods among a sample of 14- and 15-year-olds in diverse locations in London and Berkshire. The report:
?	explores the intra- and interethnic mix of young people?s friendship groups as described by young people in questionnaires and interviews;
?	analyses how drinking patterns vary by ethnicity, religion and gender;
?	investigates the links between young people?s background characteristics, their friendship groups (including the ethnicity of friends) and their reported drinking rates; and
?	looks at the implications of the findings, including recommendations for harm reduction based on education and peer support programmes.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Joseph Rowntree Foundation
%L ndc15202

%A Fiona M Gore
%A Paul JN Bloem
%A George C Patton
%A Jane Ferguson
%A Veronique Joseph
%A Caroline Coffey
%A Susan M Sawyer
%A Colin D Mathers
%O Erratum in
Lancet. 2011 Aug 6;378(9790):486.
%J The Lancet
%T Global burden of disease in young people aged 10?24 years: a systematic analysis.
%X Background

Young people aged 10?24 years represent 27% of the world's population. Although important health problems and risk factors for disease in later life emerge in these years, the contribution to the global burden of disease is unknown. We describe the global burden of disease arising in young people and the contribution of risk factors to that burden.

Methods

We used data from WHO's 2004 Global Burden of Disease study. Cause-specific disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for young people aged 10?24 years were estimated by WHO region on the basis of available data for incidence, prevalence, severity, and mortality. WHO member states were classified into low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries, and into WHO regions. We estimated DALYs attributable to specific global health risk factors using the comparative risk assessment method. DALYs were divided into years of life lost because of premature mortality (YLLs) and years lost because of disability (YLDs), and are presented for regions by sex and by 5-year age groups.

Findings

The total number of incident DALYs in those aged 10?24 years was about 236 million, representing 15?5% of total DALYs for all age groups. Africa had the highest rate of DALYs for this age group, which was 2?5 times greater than in high-income countries (208 vs 82 DALYs per 1000 population). Across regions, DALY rates were 12% higher in girls than in boys between 15 and 19 years (137 vs 153). Worldwide, the three main causes of YLDs for 10?24-year-olds were neuropsychiatric disorders (45%), unintentional injuries (12%), and infectious and parasitic diseases (10%). The main risk factors for incident DALYs in 10?24-year-olds were alcohol (7% of DALYs), unsafe sex (4%), iron deficiency (3%), lack of contraception (2%), and illicit drug use (2%).

Interpretation

The health of young people has been largely neglected in global public health because this age group is perceived as healthy. However, opportunities for prevention of disease and injury in this age group are not fully exploited. The findings from this study suggest that adolescent health would benefit from increased public health attention.
%N 9783
%P 2093-2102
%V 377
%D 2011
%I Elsevier
%R PMID: 21652063
%L ndc15267

%A Trutz Haase
%A Jonathan Pratschke
%J Youth Studies Ireland
%T Risk and protection factors for substance use among young people. A comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students.
%X Summary of a report commissioned by the National Advisory Committee on Drugs.
%N 2
%P 1-9
%V 6
%D 2011
%I Irish Youth Work Press
%L ndc20807

%A Elaine Harris
%A Erika Doyle
%A Sheila Greene
%T Growing up in Ireland - The findings of the qualitative study with the 9-year-olds and their parents.
%X The qualitative studies which are part of Growing Up in Ireland involve interviews with sub-samples of 122 children and their parents. They are designed to complement the quantitative studies of 8,570 nineyear-olds and 11,100 nine-month-olds. This is the first report on the qualitative study with the nine-yearolds.

The broad aim of the Growing up in Ireland study is to examine factors which contribute to or undermine the well-being of children in contemporary Ireland. The output from the study is expected to contribute to the formulation of effective policies and design of services which address issues pertinent to the lives of children and their families. The study is closely aligned to the National Children?s Strategy (2000) which identifies as one of its principal aims that children?s lives will be better understood, and will benefit from evaluation, research, and information on their needs and rights and on the effectiveness of services.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%R Qualitative research report number 1
%L ndc15972

%T 2011 National Report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Ireland: new developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues.
%X Table of contents
1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis
2. Drug Use in the General Population and Specific Targeted Groups
3. Prevention
4. Problem drug use
5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability
6. Health Correlates and Consequences 
7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences
8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration
9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison
10. Drug markets

Selected issues
 Drug related health policies and services in prison

 Drugs users with children (addicted parents, parenting, child care and related issues)
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%L ndc16812

%A Christian Herbert
%A Cara Fennelly
%T Fact or fiction: a study of attitudes to alcohol and related issues among young people in the Ballymun area.
%X A Questionnaire was developed to engage young people from the ages of 12-18 on their attitudes to alcohol in the Ballymun area. The purpose of this research was to determine if attitudes are different according to age group. Questions ranged from opinions on public drinking, peer pressure and relationships with parents/guardians. The study groups were divided into three categories. It was clear that the 12/13 year age group overall were still at the stage where they agreed that drinking alcohol was against the law for young people, they were at times quiet
judgemental and used either stereotypes or education to influence their answers.

While the 14-16 year age group were at the stage where drinking alcohol was seen to them as the norm and their answers very much reflected on their social life and their friends, they were not looking at consequences and saw no harm in the activity. The 17/18 year age group were at a reflective stage and at times their answers were quite similar to the 12/13 year olds, this time using life experience/education, they were starting to look at consequences. This research has shown that there are significant changes in attitudes to alcohol among young people; the 12/13 year olds not having a vested interest, to the 14/16 year olds at the stage of experimenting, to the 17/18 year olds now assessing their use. A number of recommendations are given based on the findings.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Ballymun Youth Action Project
%L ndc16441

%T White paper on crime consultation process. Report of the consultation with young people.
%X As part of the White Paper on Crime process, consultation with a wide range of groups is underway. The aim of this consultation session with young people was to listen to, understand and document the views of children and young people on crime in Ireland, to find out which crime-related issues matter to them and how they thought Irish society should respond to crime into the future.

Consultation with young people is an important part of the White Paper on Crime
process. The general outline for the consultation was to explore the following questions:

1. Why does crime happen?
2. How does crime happen?
3. What from your experience can be done to prevent crime?
What have you seen that works?
What doesn?t work?
4. What can be done to improve things?
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Department of Justice, Equality & Law Reform
%L ndc15412

%T Irish Youth Justice Service: annual report 2010.
%X The Irish Youth Justice Service (IYJS) is an executive office of the Department of Justice and Law Reform working with the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs (OMCYA).

The IYJS is responsible for leading and driving reform in the youth justice area and is committed to the principles of dealing with young offenders through rehabilitation as enshrined in the Children Act 2001, as amended, using detention only as a last resort, when all other options have been explored. The IYJS funds organisations and projects providing services, including Garda and Probation Projects, to young people aged under 18 years who find themselves in conflict with the law. These children may be involved with An Garda S?och?na, the Probation Service and the Courts Service. 

We are also responsible for the development and management of an integrated children detention school service. Tackling youth crime, including anti-social behaviour, is a key priority for the Government. The approach adopted by the Government involves an incremental process of diversion from the formal criminal justice system, community sanctions as alternatives to custody and detention as a last resort. In the case of anti-social behaviour the diversion process includes the use of warnings, good behaviour contracts and anti-social behaviour orders, where appropriate. 

Our remit is to improve the delivery of youth justice services and reduce youth offending. This challenge is met by focusing on diversion and rehabilitation involving greater use of community-based interventions and the promotion of initiatives to deal with young people who offend. Providing a safe and secure environment for detained children and supporting their early re-integration back into the community is also a key function.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Department of Justice and Law Reform
%L ndc16108

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Commentary on NACD study on risk and protective factors for substance use.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 19
%L ndc14702
%V Issue 36, Winter 2010

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T The social norms approach to tackling substance use.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 16-17
%L ndc15646
%V Issue 38, Summer 2011

%A Caitriona Kearns
%A Philip James
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Addiction Nursing
%T Drinking patterns and preferences among Irish substance abusing teenagers: a pilot study.
%X Underage alcohol use continues to be an ongoing concern in Irish society. Staff at an Irish adolescent drug and alcohol service set out to determine the drinking patterns of clients accessing treatment. Clients aged 14 to 18 were invited to complete a brief questionnaire pertaining to their drinking habits. There were definite trends in the types of alcohol used by clients of the service, with beer and vodka being the preferred alcoholic beverages consumed. As evidence points to the idea that beer drinking in teenage years appears to be correlated to higher rates of alcohol dependence in early adulthood, it is perhaps not surprising that the drink of preference for our client group was lager. Brand loyalty was also evident. Budweiser lager and Smirnoff vodka were the most commonly used alcoholic drinks of our client group. Fifty percent of adolescents accessing treatment reported that they usually drink Budweiser, with 26.5% citing Smirnoff. These are interesting findings in the light of the fact that there are cheaper alternatives available.

When exploring levels of consumption, we saw that clients accessing treatment report high levels of alcohol use. Typical units consumed were 18.5 units by male clients and 17.5 by females. Most of the clients reported obtaining their alcohol in off licences, and frighteningly, despite that fact that respondents are currently attending treatment, 11% of clients informed us that it is their parents who buy the alcohol for them. Findings and future implications for research are discussed.
%N 3
%P 124-129
%V 22
%D 2011
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc16021

%A Danielle Kennan
%A Celia Keenaghan
%A Una O'Connor
%A Louise Kinlen
%A John McCord
%O Published by the Children and Youth Programme with support from The Atlantic Philanthropies
%T A rights?based approach to monitoring children and young people?s well?being.
%X This Foundation Report is the first in a Special Report Series addressing the well-being of children and youth in Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Report corresponds with three key UNESCO aims: to strengthen awareness of human rights; to act as a catalyst for regional and national action in human rights; and to foster co-operation with a range of stakeholders and networks working with, or on behalf of, children and youth.

This Foundation Report, whilst focusing on Ireland and Northern Ireland, reflects the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) position that rights and well-being are a global concern and the extent to which they are realised affects the lives of all children and young people.

The Report integrates the position of UNESCO on rights and well-being2 into current thinking and practice in Ireland and Northern Ireland in responding to the lessons of the past and shaping a society where a happy childhood is a norm and not an aspiration. The specific purpose of the Report is to contribute to a shared understanding of a human rights-based approach to monitoring children and young people?s well-being.
%D 2011
%C Galway
%R Report 1
%I Children and Youth Programme
%L ndc18117

%A Emmanuel Kuntsche
%A Sandra Kuntsche
%A Ronald Knibbe
%A Bruce Simons-Morton
%A Tilda Farhat
%A Anne Hublet
%A Pernille Bendtsen
%A Emmanuelle Godeau
%A Zsolt Demetrovics
%J Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
%T Cultural and gender convergence in adolescent drunkenness: evidence from 23 European and North American countries.
%X To investigate time-trend changes in the frequency of drunkenness among European and North American adolescents.
%N 2
%P 152-158
%V 165
%D 2011
%L ndc21150

%A Pat Leahy
%A Emma Bennet
%A Aoife Farrell
%T Youthwork as a response to drugs issues in the community. A report on the Gurranabraher?Churchfield Drugs Outreach Project: profile, evaluation, and future development.
%X The key findings from this study are:
?A social rather than medical or legal based response to drugs issues offers policy makers and practitioners a genuinely holistic methodology for effective intervention
?A local rather than universal response rooted in harm reduction allows for cultural, geographical and community factors to dictate the nature of an intervention
?Effective praxis in this field requires skilled, independent, reflexive, motivated and creative practitioners operating within a supportive agency setting
?A clear theoretical framework encompassing knowledge of young people, drugs work, human behaviour and communities is a fundamental prerequisite to best practice
?A high degree of service visibility in the community and easy access to the services is required 
?Community based projects work effectively with service users who will never enter treatment; they offer drug users an effective alternative to medicalised responses 
?In many cases inappropriate and problem drug use is a consequence of social inequality; interventions that can respond to these social issues in (particularly disadvantaged) communities offer the people who suffer from drugs issues a far more comprehensive range of services than a medicalised response. 
?Human contact between the service user and the practitioner in the form of a relationship founded on trust is the key building block of success
?In terms of cost effectiveness community based projects offer excellent value for money; the overwhelming majority of funding is used in the provision of frontline services.
%C Cork
%D 2011
%I Youth Work Ireland Cork
%L ndc14610

%A Jean Long
%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T NACD study on risk and protective factors for substance use among young people.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 16-18
%L ndc14701
%V Issue 36, Winter 2010

%A Suzi Lyons
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Crosscare Teen Counselling annual report 2009.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 9
%L ndc14691
%V Issue 36, Winter 2010

%A Nicola Madge
%A Keith Hawton
%A Elaine M McMahon
%A Paul Corcoran
%A Diego De Leo
%A Erik Jan de Wilde
%A Sandor Fekete
%A Kees van Heeringen
%A Mette Ystgaard
%A Ella Arensman
%J European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
%T Psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) study.
%X There is evidence to suggest that both psychological characteristics and stressful life events are contributory factors in deliberate self-harm among young people. These links, and the possibility of a dose?response relationship between self-harm and both psychological health and life events, were investigated in the context of a seven-country school-based study. Over 30,000, mainly 15 and 16 year olds, completed anonymous questionnaires at secondary schools in Belgium, England, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Australia. Pupils were asked to report on thoughts and episodes of self-harm, complete scales on depression and anxiety symptoms, impulsivity and self-esteem and indicate stressful events in their lives.

Level and frequency of self-harm was judged according to whether they had thought about harming themselves or reported single or multiple self-harm episodes. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the extent to which psychological characteristics and stressful life events distinguished between adolescents with different self-harm histories. Increased severity of self-harm history was associated with greater depression, anxiety and impulsivity and lower self-esteem and an increased prevalence of all ten life event categories. 

Female gender, higher impulsivity and experiencing the suicide or self-harm of others, physical or sexual abuse and worries about sexual orientation independently differentiated single-episode self-harmers from adolescents with self-harm thoughts only. Female gender, higher depression, lower self-esteem, experiencing the suicide or self-harm of others, and trouble with the police independently distinguished multiple- from single-episode self-harmers. The findings reinforce the importance of psychological characteristics and stressful life events in adolescent self-harm but nonetheless suggest that some factors are more likely than others to be implicated.
%N 10
%P 499-508
%V 20
%D 2011
%I Springer
%R DOI 10.1007/s00787-011-0210-4
%L ndc21127

%A Michael T McKay
%A Harry Sumnall
%A Andrew J Goudie
%A Matt Field
%A Jon C Cole
%J Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy
%T What differentiates adolescent problematic drinkers from their peers? Results from a cross-sectional study in Northern Irish school children.
%X Aim: To investigate whether or not a range of factors were associated with problematic drinking, as assessed using the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS) in a sample of 11?16-year olds in Northern Ireland.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional experimental design. Post-primary schools in the Eastern Health Board Area of Northern Ireland were targeted and 1137 participants were recruited of whom 1057 (93%) successfully completed a battery of questionnaires. These measured parent and peer Attachment, self-efficacy, self-esteem, academic motivation, alcohol outcome expectancies, parental rules on alcohol use and alcohol use (if any).

Findings: Multinomial logistic regression revealed that more problematic alcohol use was predicted by being in higher school year, higher reported positive outcome expectancies and lower negative outcome expectancies, less strict and/or clear parental rules on alcohol consumption, lower academic self-efficacy, higher social self-efficacy and less trust of parents.

Conclusions: Preventative and/or harm reduction initiatives with this age group need to be aware of these as factors which differentiate adolescent drinkers. In particular, the findings suggest the potential need for age and gender specific interventions which challenge social norms about alcohol consumption, and the potential viability of family/school relationship-building interventions
%N 3
%P 187-199
%V 18
%D 2011
%I Informa healthcare
%R doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.502160
%L ndc14410

%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T ISPCC survey of young people?s alcohol use.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 7
%L ndc14988
%V Issue 37, Spring 2011

%A Joan Moore
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T From Drugnet Europe.
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 26
%L ndc16181
%V Issue 39, Autumn 2011

%A SM O'Cathail
%A OJ O'Connell
%A N Long
%A Mark Morgan
%A JA Eustace
%A BJ Plant
%A JO Hourihane
%O PMID: 21315520
%J Addictive Behaviors
%T Association of cigarette smoking with drug use and risk taking behaviour in Irish teenagers.
%X BACKGROUND: 
Cigarette smoking has been shown to act as a 'gateway' to cannabis use and further risk taking behaviours. This study aims to (1) establish the prevalence of cigarette smoking and cannabis use in Irish teenagers, (2) to quantify the strength and significance of the association of cigarette smoking and cannabis use and other high risk behaviours and (3) examine whether the above associations are independent of the extent of social networking.

METHODS: 
Adolescent students across five urban, non-fee paying schools completed an abridged European schools survey project on alcohol and other drugs (ESPAD) questionnaire.

RESULTS: 
370/417 (88.7%) students completed the questionnaire. 228 (61.6%) were female, 349 (94.3%) were aged 15-16 years. 48.4% of those surveyed had smoked tobacco at some stage in their lifetime, 18.1% in the last 30 days. 15.1% have used cannabis with 5.7% using it in the last 30 days. 29.6% of cigarette smokers have used cannabis in comparison to 1.6% of non-smokers. On multivariate analysis lifetime cigarette smoking status was independently associated with hard drug use, adjusted OR=6.0, p<0.01; soft drug use, adjusted OR=4.6, p<0.01 and high risk sex practises, adjusted OR=10.6, p<0.05.

CONCLUSIONS: 
Cigarette smoking prevalence remains high in Irish teenagers and is significantly associated with drug use and other risk taking behaviours. Specific teenage smoking cessation strategies need to be developed targeting these combined high risk health behaviours.
%N 5
%P 547-550
%V 36
%D 2011
%I Elsevier Science
%L ndc16779

%T Young people in St. Patrick's institution.
%X In late 2009 and into 2010, the Ombudsman for Children?s Office initiated a project with young people detained in St. Patrick?s Institution, a closed, medium security prison managed by the Irish Prison Service which holds remand and sentenced young people between the age of 16 and 21.

The aim of this project was to identify the issues facing the young people under 18 detained in St Pat?s through consultation with them and to bring these issues to the authorities within the Institution and the wider Prison Service in order to improve the situation for the young people until such a time that the young people are transferred to the new youth detention centre, scheduled to be completed in 2014.

Throughout the project the Ombudsman for Children?s team endeavoured to hear directly from young people about their experiences of detention in St. Patrick?s Institution; to highlight their perspectives, including their ideas for change regarding the regime and conditions of the Institution; and to facilitate due consideration, as appropriate of the young people?s views within St. Patrick?s Institution and at national policy and political levels.

The young people who participated in this project were consulted on a range of issues which were identified with reference to national and international standards on the detention of children   such as the physical environment and accommodation; health care and promotion; education, training and recreation; contact with family, community and the outside world; protection and safety; disciplinary measures; inspections and complaints; and rehabilitation and reintegration.

The Ombudsman for Children?s report presents the findings of this consultation, her own recommendations and includes a formal response from the Irish Prison Service to the issues raised.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Ombudsman for Children?s Office
%L ndc14661

%A Andrew Percy
%A Joanne Wilson
%A Claire McCartan
%A Patrick McCrystal
%T Teenage drinking cultures
%X This report investigates the onset and development of drinking behaviours within teenage friendship groups.
%C York
%D 2011
%I Joseph Rowntree Foundation
%L ndc14639

%A Brigid Pike
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T What do children want to know?
%D 2011
%I Health Research Board
%P 6
%L ndc15633
%V Issue 38, Summer 2011

%T Children and the law: medical treatment.
%X The Report forms part of the Commission?s Third Programme of Law Reform 2008-2014. In the Report, the Commission makes over 20 recommendations for reform, which are aimed at (a) clarifying existing law that 16 and 17 year olds can consent to medical treatment; (b) ensuring that mature minors (those under 16) have their views fully taken into account when they seek medical treatment; and (c) providing clarity to parents, guardians and health care professionals. The Report also includes a draft Health (Children and Consent to Health Care Treatment) Bill and Outline Scheme of a Mental Health (Amendment) Bill to implement these recommendations.

Rights, responsibilities and roles of parents and young people:
The Report deals with the complex interaction between the rights, responsibilities and roles of parents and young people. The Report points out that, under the Constitution and international human rights conventions, parents and guardians are presumed to be best placed to ensure that the rights of children are implemented in practice, especially in the case of very young children. As children mature towards adulthood, their capacity to exercise their rights must be recognised. The literature on early adult development points out that maturing is usually a gradual process that occurs as the young person approaches adulthood; that many factors affect this, including the young person?s life experiences (such as health and medical experiences) and wider influences from society. This gradual maturing is also recognised in the law, which sometimes sets down definitive age thresholds for specific matters (especially in the criminal law) and sometimes sets down rules based on tests of maturity and understanding (for example, in assessing whether a child or young person?s views should be taken into account in child care or adoption proceedings). The Commission has taken this into account in the Report.

Main recommendations in the Report:
Among the recommendations in the Report are:
1. 16 and 17 year olds: the Commission recommends that 16 and 17 year olds should be presumed to have full capacity (based on a functional test that they understand the health care decision and its consequences) to consent to, and refuse, health care and medical treatment. This includes: advice, over-the-counter medicine, surgery, access to contraception and mental health services. (Note: section 23 of the Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 already states that consent given by a 16 and 17 year old to medical treatment is a defence in any criminal prosecution for assault against a medical professional). 
2. Those under 16: the Commission recommends that those under 16 should not be presumed competent to consent to, or refuse, medical treatment; but that, in exceptional circumstances they may be able to give their consent or refusal, based on an assessment of their maturity, and a presumption that their parents or guardians will usually be involved. 
3. The assessment of whether a person under 16 is sufficiently mature to consent to or refuse medical treatment would have to take account of the following factors: (a) whether he or she has sufficient maturity to understand the information relevant to making the specific decision and to appreciate its potential consequences; (b) whether his or her views are stable and reflect his or her values and beliefs; (c) the nature, purpose and utility of the treatment; (d) the risks and benefits involved in the treatment; and (e) any other specific welfare, protection or public health considerations, such as the mandatory application of the 2011 Children First Guidelines (revised earlier this month by the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs). 
4. Where any person under 18 refuses life-sustaining treatment, an application to the High Court would be required to decide on the validity of any such refusal. 
5. The Commission recommends that the Mental Health Act 2001 be amended to make specific provision for people under 18: for example, that a Mental Heath Tribunal (with an age appropriate focus) rather than the District Court should review their admission and treatment. 
6. The Commission recommends that a detailed statutory Code of Practice be published to provide guidance on the application of the Commission?s recommendations; and that the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs should establish a broad-based Working Group to advise on its content (membership to include representatives of parents, young people and health care professionals).
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Law Reform Commission
%R LRC 103-2011
%L ndc15587

%A Sean Redmond
%A Brian Dack
%T Working in partnership with communities to reduce youth offending.
%X YPP projects are not a homogeneous group of services and to some extent defy coherent description, at least in terms of their activity. The report attempts thematically to capture the complexities inherent in the challenges faced by YPP projects by considering the ways that they deploy effort in the context of improved outcomes for young people. The review is necessarily future focussed given the current absence of outcome data to conduct a performance review.
%D 2011
%I Department of Justice and Equality
%L ndc16675

%A Sandra Roe
%A Olivia McEvoy
%T An audit of children and young people?s participation in decision-making.
%X This aim of this study was to audit children and young people?s participation in decision-making activity in both statutory and non-statutory organisations working with children and young people aged 18 years and under. Four separate online surveys were developed as part of the research process. The first was aimed at Comhairle na n?g and other organisations that work with or on behalf of children and young people, the second at the HSE and HSE-funded services, the third at young people on Student Councils and the fourth at Student Council Liaison Teachers. 

Overall, organisations, services and structures that have involved children and young people in decision-making activity generally reported positive experiences, benefits and outcomes with regard to such activity. However, levels of participation activity and effectiveness varied among respondents. There was a much higher rate of participation activity among children and young people involved in Comhairle na n?g and other organisations compared with the HSE and HSE-funded services. Four out of 5 respondents (80.3%) from Comhairle na n?g and other organisations are currently involving children and young people in decision-making and 8.5% have done so in the past, whereas 36.2% of respondents from the HSE and HSE-funded services are currently involving children and young people in decision-making and 19.9% have done so in the past. 

Involvement in decision-making was typically described as informal among those from the HSE and HSE-funded services. On the other hand, involvement of children and young people in decision-making within Student Councils, Comhairle na n?g and other organisations was more structured. The majority of Student Councils are well established and involve young people in decision-making activities on a regular basis. For example, over 8 out of 10 Student Councils (81%) had been in existence for 5 or more years and almost all (93%) meet at least once a month and over half meet more than once a month. Comhairle na n?g and other organisations reported correspondingly high levels (93.5%) of ongoing involvement in participation activity, with over half (52.3%) having permanent youth councils or forums. Respondents from Comhairle na n?g, other organisations, the HSE and HSE-funded services all reported an increase in participation activity in the last 3 years. 

The key issues that children and young people who are involved in decision-making are consulted about varied, although mental health was cited as one of the most common topics. The HSE and HSE-funded services were most likely to consult with children and young people on mental health issues, whereas Comhairle na n?g and other organisations were most likely to consult with children and young people on issues relating to youth services, leisure and recreation, followed by mental health issues. Young people on Student Councils were most likely to be consulted by school management in relation to the development of new or existing school rules and policies.
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I Department of Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc16278

%A Jane Sixsmith
%A M D'Eath
%T An independent evaluation of the strengthening families programme in the WRDTF region.
%X In 2009, the WRDTF was funded by the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs to deliver a regional, family support programme. The Task Force chose to deliver the Strengthening Families Programme (SFP) and evaluate its implementation within 5 pilot sites throughout the region.
%E Geraldine Mills
%E Orla Irwin
%D 2011
%C Galway
%I TheWestern Region Drugs Task Force
%L ndc16657

%T eLearning: Parental substance misuse.
%X The Social Care Institute for Excellence?s (SCIE) Parental substance misuse elearning resource is designed to support social workers responsible for ?children in need? when working with families where a parent or parents are misusing drugs or alcohol.  

These elearning resources provide audio, video and interactive technology to assist in exploring parental substance misuse, its effects on children and parenting capacity and the implications for social work practitioners. 

The modules are presented in an accessible and engaging way. They look at: 
?defining and recognising substance misuse
?the effects on people 
?health and treatment options
?relationships with families. 

Components:
?Understanding substance misuse:
An introduction to the different types of substances commonly misused and the effects that these may have on the people taking them.

?Understanding the impact on children:
Explores how parenting capacity may be compromised and how children may be affected by parental substance misuse.

?Implications for children?s social work practice:
Explores the implications that parental substance misuse has for social work practice and to recognise when an assessment is needed.
%C London
%D 2011
%I Social Care Institute for Excellence
%L ndc16077

%A Jim McCambridge
%A John McAlaney
%O The full review is available on Plosmedecine.org website (see link)
%T Adult consequences of late adolescent alcohol consumption: a systematic review of cohort studies.
%X Background
Alcohol is responsible for a significant portion of the global burden of disease. There is widespread concern reported in the media and other sources about drinking trends among young people, particularly heavy episodic or ?binge? drinking. Prominent among policy responses, in the UK and elsewhere, have been attempts to manage antisocial behaviour related to intoxication in public spaces. Much less attention has been given to the longer term effects of excessive drinking in adolescence on later adult health and well-being. Some studies suggest that individuals ?mature out? of late adolescent drinking behaviour, whilst others identify enduring effects on drinking and broader health and social outcomes in adulthood.

If adolescent drinking does not cause later difficulties in adulthood then intervention approaches aimed at addressing the acute consequences of alcohol, such as unintentional injuries and anti-social behaviour, may be the most appropriate solution. If causal relationships do exist, however, this approach will not address the cumulative harms produced by alcohol, unless such intervention successfully modifies the long-term relationship with alcohol, which seems unlikely. To address this issue a systematic review of cohort studies was conducted, as this approach provides the strongest observational study design to evaluate evidence for causal inference.
%D 2011
%C London
%R Alcohol Insight 80
%I The Alcohol Education and Research Council
%L ndc14910

%A Kristin V Carson
%A Malcolm P Brinn
%A Nadina A Labiszewski
%A Adrian J Esterman
%A Anne B Chang
%A Brian J Smith
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people.
%X Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of multi-component community based interventions in influencing smoking behaviour, which includes preventing the uptake of smoking in young people.

Conclusions: There is some evidence to support the effectiveness of community interventions in reducing the uptake of smoking in young people, but the evidence is not strong and contains a number of methodological flaws.
%N 7
%D 2011
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD001291. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001291.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc16631

%A Chris Lovato
%A Alison Watts
%A Lindsay F Stead
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours.
%X To assess the effects of tobacco advertising and promotion on nonsmoking adolescents' future smoking behaviour.

Conclusions: Longitudinal studies consistently suggest that exposure to tobacco advertising and promotion is associated with the likelihood that adolescents will start to smoke. Based on the strength and specificity of this association, evidence of a dose-response relationship, the consistency of findings across numerous observational studies, temporality of exposure and smoking behaviours observed, as well as the theoretical plausibility regarding the impact of advertising, we conclude that tobacco advertising and promotion increases the likelihood that adolescents will start to smoke.
%N 10
%D 2011
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD003439. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2.
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc16582

%A Roger E. Thomas
%A Diane Lorenzetti
%A Wendy Spragins
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Mentoring adolescents to prevent drug and alcohol use.
%X Objectives: Assess effectiveness of mentoring to prevent adolescent alcohol/drug use.

Conclusions: All four RCTs were in the US, and included ?deprived? and mostly minority adolescents. Participants were young (in two studies age 12, and in two others 9-16). All students at baseline were non-users of alcohol and drugs. Two RCTs found mentoring reduced the rate of initiation of alcohol, and one of drug usage. The ability of the interventions to be effective was limited by the low rates of commencing alcohol and drug use during the intervention period in two studies (the use of marijuana in one study increased to 1% in the experimental and to 1.6% in the control group, and in another study drug usage rose to 6% in the experimental and 11% in the control group). However, in a third study there was scope for the intervention to have an effect as alcohol use rose to 19% in the experimental and 27% in the control group. The studies assessed structured programmes and not informal mentors.
%N 11
%D 2011
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD007381. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007381.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc16490

%A David Foxcroft
%A Diana Ireland
%A Geoff Lowe
%A Rosie Breen
%O This review was withdrawn in 2011 but previous versions can be found.
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people.
%X Objectives:
1. To identify and summarize rigorous evaluations of psychosocial and educational interventions aimed at the primary prevention of alcohol misuse by young people. 
2. To assess the effectiveness of primary prevention interventions over the longer-term (> 3 years).
%N 9
%D 2011
%R Art. No.: CD003024. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003024.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc13562

%A Silvia Minozzi
%A Laura Amato
%A Simona Vecchi
%A Marina Davoli
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Psychosocial treatments for drugs and alcohol abusing adolescents (Protocol).
%X This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. 

The objectives are as follows:
To assess the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for substance and alcohol abusing adolescents compared to pharmacological interventions, no intervention, other psychosocial interventions on retention in treatment, reducing the use of substances and improving health and social status.
%N 3
%D 2011
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008283.pub2
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc14913

%A David Foxcroft
%A Alexander Tsertsvadze
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Universal family-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people.
%X Family-based alcohol misuse prevention for young people can be effective

We conducted a Cochrane systematic review of 12 randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of family-based universal programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. In family settings, universal prevention typically takes the form of supporting the development of parenting skills including parental support, nurturing behaviours, establishing clear boundaries or rules, and parental monitoring. Social and peer resistance skills, the development of behavioural norms and positive peer affiliations can also be addressed with a universal family-based preventive program.

Most of the studies included in this review reported positive effects of family-based universal programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. Two studies, each with a large sample size, reported no effects. In conclusion, in this Cochrane systematic review we found that that the effects of family-based prevention interventions are small but generally consistent and also persistent into the medium- to longer-term.
%V 9
%D 2011
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009308
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc15934

%A David Foxcroft
%A Alexander Tsertsvadze
%J Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%T Universal multi-component prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people.
%X Universal multi-component alcohol misuse prevention for young people can be effective

We conducted a Cochrane systematic review of 20 randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of universal multi-component programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. Multi-component prevention programs are defined as those prevention efforts that deliver interventions in multiple settings, for example in both school and family settings, typically combining school curricula with a parenting intervention.

A majority of the studies included in this review reported positive effects of multi-component programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people, with effects persisting into the medium- and longer-term. But a notable proportion of trials reported no statistically significant effects. In seven studies we were able to assess the impact of single versus multiple components, and only 1 out of the 7 studies clearly showed a benefit of components delivered in more than one setting.

In conclusion, there is some evidence that multi-component interventions for alcohol misuse prevention in young people can be effective. However, there is little evidence that interventions with multiple components are more effective than interventions with single components.
%V 9
%D 2011
%C London
%R DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009307
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc15933

%A David Foxcroft
%A Alexander Tsertsvadze
%T Universal school-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people.
%X Background
Alcohol misuse in young people is cause of concern for health services, policy makers, prevention workers, criminal justice system, youth workers, teachers, parents. This is one of three reviews examining the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based, and (3) multi-component prevention programs.

Objectives
To review evidence on the effectiveness of universal school-based prevention programs in preventing alcohol misuse in school-aged children up to 18 years of age.

Search strategy
Relevant evidence (up to 2002) was selected from the previous Cochrane review. Later studies, to July 2010, were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Project CORK, and PsycINFO.

Selection criteria
Randomized trials evaluating universal school-based prevention programs and reporting outcomes for alcohol use in students 18 years of age or younger were included. Two reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full text of identified records.

Data collection and analysis
Two reviewers extracted relevant data independently using an a priori defined extraction form. Risk of bias was assessed.

Main results
53 trials were included, most of which were cluster-randomised. The reporting quality of trials was poor, only 3.8% of them reporting adequate method of randomisation and program allocation concealment. Incomplete data was adequately addressed in 23% of the trials. Due to extensive heterogeneity across interventions, populations, and outcomes, the results were summarized only qualitatively.

Six of the 11 trials evaluating alcohol-specific interventions showed some evidence of effectiveness compared to a standard curriculum. In 14 of the 39 trials evaluating generic interventions, the program interventions demonstrated significantly greater reductions in alcohol use either through a main or subgroup effect. Gender, baseline alcohol use, and ethnicity modified the effects of interventions. Results from the remaining 3 trials with interventions targeting cannabis, alcohol, and/or tobacco were inconsistent.

Authors' conclusions
This review identified studies that showed no effects of preventive interventions, as well as studies that demonstrated statistically significant effects. There was no easily discernible pattern in characteristics that would distinguish trials with positive results from those with no effects. Most commonly observed positive effects across programs were for drunkenness and binge drinking. Current evidence suggests that certain generic psychosocial and developmental prevention programs can be effective and could be considered as policy and practice options. These include the Life Skills Training Program, the Unplugged program, and the Good Behaviour Game. A stronger focus of future research on intervention program content and delivery context is warranted.
%N 5
%D 2011
%C London
%R Art. No.: CD009113. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009113
%I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
%L ndc15098

%O Flash Eurobarometer 330
%T Youth attitudes on drugs.Flash Eurobarometer 330  Analytical report.
%X The current Flash Eurobarometer on ?Youth attitudes on drugs? (No 330), requested by Directorate-General Justice, builds on these earlier surveys in order to measure the trend in attitudes of this target group towards drugs. In response to recent developments in the EU drug market, in the current survey, young people were also asked about their experiences with and attitudes towards new substances that imitate the effects of illicit drugs, so-called new psychoactive substances or ?legal highs?.
%C Luxembourg
%D 2011
%I European Commission
%R Flash EB No. 330
%L ndc15497

%T Changing the future: experiencing adolescence in contemporary Ireland: alcohol and drugs.
%X More of the respondents reported that they took drugs than reported that they smoked cigarettes? finds the first report which addresses the issues of drugs and alcohol. Key findings in the report included:
 

While 77% of the total respondents report that they drink alcohol, 15% reported that they got drunk for the first time before they were fourteen years old;

The great majority (89%) of respondents report that their parents are aware of their drinking;

1 in 5 sixteen year old respondents report that they purchase the alcohol they consume themselves;

More than one third of respondents reported that they had taken drugs;

The reported prevalence of mental health difficulties such as depression, self-harm, eating disorders or feeling suicidal was noticeably higher amongst those respondents who also reported the use of drugs
 

The UNICEF Ireland report concludes that ?What is absolutely clear from the responses to this survey is that drugs and alcohol are both widely available and widely used amongst many young people living in Ireland. It is imperative that we address this prevalence openly and bring it into the crucial discussions that will shape the future experiences of young people in Ireland.?
%C Dublin
%D 2011
%I UNICEF Ireland
%L ndc16346

%A Marie Claire Van Hout
%A Rebecca Ryan
%J Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education
%T Gateway transitions in rural Irish youth: implications for culturally appropriate and targeted drug prevention.
%X In recent times rural areas in Ireland are indicating comparable drug availability and prevalence of use to urban settings, with the recognition of development of unique rural drug subcultures (NACD, 2008). Additionally, there is a dearth of research on drug-use initiation and transitions among Irish youth, and most particularly outside of the urban context. This letter presents snapshot quantitative findings from a large scale concurrent mixed method study on rural youth substance use in the South East of Ireland. It aims to discuss the observed quantitative findings with reference to potential implications for the design of culturally appropriate and drug specific drug education initiatives in rural Ireland.
%N 1
%P 7-14
%V 55
%D 2011
%I American Alcohol & Drug Information Foundation
%L ndc15182

%T Young people: health risks and solutions.
%X Key facts
    * More than 2.6 million young people aged 10 to 24 die each year, mostly due to preventable causes.
    * About 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 give birth every year.
    * Young people, 15 to 24 years old, accounted for 40% of all new HIV infections among adults in 2009.
    * In any given year, about 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression or anxiety.
    * An estimated 150 million young people use tobacco.
    * Approximately 430 young people aged 10 to 24 die every day through interpersonal violence.
    * Road traffic injuries cause an estimated 700 young people to die every day.

Extract:
Mental health
In any given year, about 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression or anxiety. The risk is increased by experiences of violence, humiliation, devaluation and poverty, and suicide is one of the leading causes of death in young people. Building life skills in children and adolescents, and providing them with psychosocial support in schools and other community settings can help promote mental health. If problems arise, they should be detected and managed by competent and caring health workers.

Tobacco use
The vast majority of tobacco users worldwide began when they were adolescents. Today an estimated 150 million young people use tobacco. This number is increasing globally, particularly among young women. Half of those users will die prematurely as a result of tobacco use. Banning tobacco advertising, raising the prices of tobacco products and laws prohibiting smoking in public places reduce the number of people who start using tobacco products. They also lower the amount of tobacco consumed by smokers and increase the numbers of young people who quit smoking.

Harmful use of alcohol
Harmful drinking among young people is an increasing concern in many countries. Alcohol use starts at a young age: 14% of adolescent girls and 18% of boys aged 13?15 years in low- and middle-income countries are reported to use alcohol. It reduces self-control and increases risky behaviours. It is a primary cause of injuries (including those due to road traffic accidents), violence (especially domestic violence) and premature deaths. Banning alcohol advertising and regulating access to it are effective strategies to reduce alcohol use by young people. Brief interventions of advice and counselling when alcohol use is detected can contribute to reducing harmful use.

Violence
Violence is one of the leading causes of death among young people, particularly males: an estimated 430 young people aged 10 to 24 years die every day through interpersonal violence. For each death, an estimated 20 to 40 youths require hospital treatment for a violence-related injury.

Promoting nurturing relationships between parents and children early in life, providing training in life skills, and reducing access to alcohol and lethal means such as firearms help prevent violence. Effective and empathetic care for adolescent victims of violence and ongoing support can help deal with both the physical and the psychological consequences of violence.

Injuries
Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among young people. Road traffic injuries take the lives of a staggering 700 young people every day. Advising young people on driving safely, strictly enforcing laws that prohibit driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs and increasing access to reliable and safe public transportation can reduce road traffic accidents in young people. If road traffic crashes occur, prompt access to effective trauma care can be life saving.
%C Geneva
%D 2011
%I World Health Organization
%R Fact sheet N?345
%L ndc15734

%T Evidence for gender responsive actions to prevent and manage injuries and substance abuse.
%X The publication summarizes current knowledge on what works in preventing and managing injuries and substance abuse. It is part of a series that includes social and emotional well-being, chronic conditions and disabilities, adolescent pregnancy, HIV/STIs, overweight and obesity, violence, injuries and substance abuse.

The publication assumes the position that young people?s health is the responsibility of the whole society, and that interventions need to be gender responsive in order to be successful. It therefore looks at actions at various levels, such as cross-sector policies, families and communities actions,and interventions by health systems and health services.

The publication does not prescribe nor recommend any particular course of action, which needs to be informed by
the country specific context. It rather provides a basis to stimulate countries to further refine national policies so that they contribute effectively to the health and well-being of young people.
%C Copenhagen
%D 2011
%I World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
%L ndc17117

%A Marc Suhrcke
%A Carmen de Paz Nieves
%T The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence.
%X While the importance of education is widely appreciated as a public policy priority in industrialized countries and cross-country comparative rankings of educational performance typically provoke major national debates, comparably little attention, outside of health, is paid to the impact of child and adolescent health on education. Part of the reason could be the perception that child health is but a by-product of education rather than a factor that could determine educational outcomes. This report casts doubt on this perception by critically examining the evidence on the effect of health on education in industrialized countries.

Based on seemingly under-recognized evidence, our overall finding is that there is reason to believe health does have an impact on education. This finding should serve as a basis for raising the profile of child health in the public policy debate, and by illustrating the potential for mutual gains, it should help stimulate cross-sectoral collaboration between the health and education sectors.

Education and health are known to be highly correlated ? that is, more education indicates better health and vice versa ? but the actual mechanisms driving this correlation are unknown. The effect of health on education has been well researched in developing countries, as has the effect of education on health in both developing and industrialized countries. Such imbalance could signal lack of attention not only in research but also in the public policy debate. 

While children in developing countries face more serious health challenges than those in industrialized ones, the potentially relevant effect of health on their educations (and perhaps on labour force participation) cannot be ruled out.

The analytical framework we used to guide our research posits a path leading from health behaviours (e.g. smoking) and health conditions (e.g. asthma) to educational attainment (level of education) and educational performance (e.g. grades). We searched literature in the fields of health, socioeconomic research, and education and ultimately narrowed our selected publications to 53, all of them based in countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Based on the evidence reviewed, some of our more important findings are the following.
? Overall child health status positively affects educational performance and attainment. For example, one study found that very good or better health in childhood was linked to a third of a year more in school; another concluded that the probability of sickness significantly affected academic success: sickness before age 21 decreased education on average by 1.4 years.
? The evidence indicates that the negative effect on educational outcomes of smoking or poor nutrition is greater than that of alcohol consumption or drug use.
? Initial research has found a significant positive impact of physical exercise on academic performance.
? Obesity and overweight are associated negatively with educational outcomes.
? Sleeping disorders can hinder academic performance.
? Particularly under-researched, especially considering their growing significance, is the effect of anxiety and depression on educational outcomes.
? Asthma on average has not been shown to affect school performance.
? The preponderance of research was based in the United States of America, but overall this field has grown markedly since 2001, including in Europe.
? From a methodological perspective it is important to note that several papers undertake serious efforts to tackle the challenge of proving causality in the relationship.
%C Copenhagen,
%D 2011
%I World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
%L ndc16564

%A Rachel Lillis
%J Irish Probation Journal
%T Ballyrunners.
%X This paper describes the author?s experience of the development of an initiative in the Ballymun area1 that began as a simple idea of engaging young people in structured activities over the summer months and grew into a 10-week accredited health and fitness programme called ?Ballyrunners?. The programme was facilitated by existing interagency networks.
%P 162-167
%V 7
%D 2010
%I The Probation Service & Probation Board for Northern Ireland
%L ndc16536

%T National quality standards framework (NQSF) for youth work.
%X The NQSF is intended to be both practical and developmental, in that it will enable youth work  organisations to assess service provision and to identify areas for development. As engagement in the NQSF is a continuous process, it is not expected that all organisations will be able to immediately and fully achieve all the standards as set out in this document. Neither is it the intention that the NQSF would require uniformity of provision. Rather, it aims to ensure that youth work providers continue to offer a rich and varied service, and commit to a process of continuous development through
engagement in the NQSF.

The NQSF is primarily a support and development tool for youth work organisations. Self-assessment is fundamental to the process. In addition, there is also an external assessment function, which serves to validate the self-assessment process and which is performed by VEC (Youth/Liaison) Officers for local youth work services or by the NQSF Standards Officer for national youth work organisations.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc13490

%A Alan Carr
%A Barbara Dooley
%A Mark Fitzpatrick
%A Edel Flanagan
%A Roisin Flanagan-Howard
%A Kevin Tierney
%A Megan White
%A Margaret Daly
%A Jonathan Egan
%J Child Abuse & Neglect
%T Adult adjustment of survivors of institutional child abuse in Ireland.
%X OBJECTIVE
To document the adult adjustment of survivors of childhood institutional abuse.

METHOD
Two hundred and forty-seven adult survivors of institutional abuse with a mean age of 60 were interviewed with a protocol that included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, modules from the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders of DSM IV and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Personality Disorders, the Trauma Symptom Inventory, and the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory.

RESULTS
The prevalence of psychological disorders among adult survivors of institutional abuse was over 80% and far higher than in the normal population, with anxiety, mood and substance use disorders being the most prevalent diagnoses. Survivors also had high rates of trauma symptoms and insecure adult attachment styles, and these were higher for those who had experienced both institutional and intrafamilial abuse.

CONCLUSIONS
There was an association between the experience of institutional abuse in childhood and the prevalence of adult mental health problems, particularly anxiety, mood and substance use disorders.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Policies, practices and procedures should be regularly reviewed and revised to maximize protection of young people in institutional care. Evidence-based psychological treatment should be made available to adult survivors of institutional abuse.
%N 7
%P 477-89
%V 34
%D 2010
%I Elsevier
%L ndc23448

%A Mark Brierley
%T Tracing and tracking of children subject to a special care application.
%X This report, for the first time, endeavours to improve our understanding of what happens to children who have been referred to special care. In setting out the parameters of the study we were particularly keen to consider the outcomes not only for those who entered special care but also to explore what happened to those children who were not considered to have met the admission criteria.

This study is not an end in itself, but rather contributes significantly to the debate which needs to be held about the future shape of child care services in Ireland. We cannot assume that the current system is ?good enough?. It is over ten years since an alternative approach to special care and high support was recommended by the group who established Rath na n?g. It is only now that this approach is about to be advanced. But even this may not be the right way. Alongside the development of services it is critical that an ongoing process of evaluation of effectiveness is introduced. The system needs to be clear about what it expects from its different services and to establish processes to ensure that those expectations are being met consistently.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Children's Act Advisory Board
%R CAAB research report: no. 8
%L ndc13329

%A Jean Long
%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Alcohol and drug use among young people in Ireland.
%D 2010
%I Health Research Board
%P 3-7
%L ndc13018
%V Issue 33, Spring 2010

%A Deirdre Mongan
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Alcohol use in Ireland: results from SL?N 2007.
%D 2010
%I Health Research Board
%P 7-8
%L ndc13020
%V Issue 33, Spring 2010

%A Kareena McAloney
%A Patrick McCrystal
%A Andrew Percy
%J Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy
%T Sex, drugs and STDs: Preliminary findings from the Belfast Youth Development Study
%N 4
%D 2010
%P 443-453
%L ndc13061
%V 17

%A Cormac Forkan
%A John Canavan
%A Carmel Devaney
%A Pat Dolan
%T Youth caf? toolkit: how to set up and run a youth caf? in Ireland.
%X This toolkit is designed for anybody involved in a youth caf? ? you might just be starting out on the road to setting one up, you might be in the early stages of working on one and have some things already happening, or you might be involved in a well-established youth caf?. 

This toolkit offers advice on 11 areas that are core to youth caf?s, namely:
?	involving young people in a youth caf?;
?	partnership between adults and young people in a youth caf?;
?	mission and activities/programmes for a youth caf?;
?	role of staff and volunteers in a youth caf?;
?	training for staff, volunteers and young people;
?	design and location of the youth caf? building;
?	management of a youth caf?;
?	funding and sustainability of a youth caf?;
?	promotion of a youth caf?;
?	evaluation and monitoring of a youth caf?;
?	policies for a youth caf?.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc13317

%A Cormac Forkan
%A John Canavan
%A Pat Dolan
%A Ciara Bradley
%A Bernadine Brady
%A Catherine Carty
%A Liam Coen
%A Carmel Devaney
%A Noreen Kearns
%A Anne Kenny
%A Brian Merriman
%A Connie O'Regan
%T Youth caf?s in Ireland: a best practice guide.
%X Conceptual model and framework for youth caf?s
By grounding the ?youth caf?? idea in a conceptual base, it is possible to set out what is unique to the model of youth care provided by such caf?s and how it differs to the ?youth club? model. Considering this, a youth caf? can be conceptualised as: offering support, ranging from practical to advisory, for young people in a non-stigmatising way; being based on well-established youth work principles; providing a forum for young people to develop their social networks and thus their social support; playing an important role in offering a secure base for young people; being central in its potential to enable a young person to become or stay resilient; helping connect resilience to civic engagement.

One of the most attractive features of a youth caf? is that it can work with young people across all levels of need, including universal populations through to those ?at risk?. The 2007 Youth Caf? Survey commissioned by the OMCYA estimates that there are more than 20 youth caf?s in operation around Ireland, with the highest density in Co. Wexford (Donnelly et al, 2009).

In the Request for Tender for this research, the OMCYA described the main types of youth caf?s found in Ireland as:
Type 1 ? A place or space to simply ?hang out? with friends, to chat, drink coffee or a soft drink, watch TV or movies, surf the Internet, etc.
Type 2 ? All the above but also with the inclusion of entertainment or leisure services chosen by the young people themselves, together with information on State and local services of interest and relevance to young people.
Type 3 ? This is perhaps the ideal model and the one that should be aimed for in the medium to long term, where all the above activities and facilities are augmented by the actual provision of services targeted directly at young people. This can include education and training, healthcare (both physical and emotional) and direct targeted assistance.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc13315

%A Heike Felzmann
%A Jane Sixsmith
%A Siobhan O?Higgins
%A Sorcha Ni Chonnachtaigh
%A Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
%T Ethical review and children?s research in Ireland.
%X A substantial increase in research into the lives of children has been experienced over the last 20 years in many countries, including Ireland. This increase is not only in the amount of research undertaken, but also in the multidisciplinary range of such research. Research with children involves working with potentially vulnerable participants, who not only require specific protection but also have the capacity for independent agency that necessitates respect from researchers. With the increase in research, there has been a related increase in awareness by the research community of the need to ensure that all research with children is carried out to the highest ethical standards. Until recently, ethical review of research was left to the discretion of the researchers, who were generally considered sufficiently trustworthy to safeguard their participants? rights and well-being by virtue of their education and professional standing. Over the last two decades, however, it has become more common to convene Research Ethics Committees to review research proposals with the goal of ensuring that ethical requirements are fulfilled and to provide ethical oversight to researchers. This has resulted in an increase in the number of Research Ethics Committees operating worldwide, including in Ireland.

In relation to children?s research, ethical review attempts to ensure that research projects have provisions in place that will enable researchers to do justice to the duties of both protection and respect of child participants. However, a variety of problematic issues have been highlighted. Research with children into the ethics of children?s research has identified tensions between balancing risk and benefit, on the one hand, and autonomy, competence and parental authority, on the other. The reliability and validity of review by Research Ethics Committee has also been brought into question: not only are requirements vastly different between countries (Hearnshaw, 2004), but there is ample evidence to show that decision-making by different Research Ethics Committees In the same country can differ significantly (Garfield, 1995), even when they are governed by the same authority (Angell et al, 2006). In order to counter this variability, it has been argued that increased regulation needs to be put in place and this has happened in some countries.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc13318

%A Marcus Roberts
%T Young people?s drug and alcohol treatment at the crossroads: what it?s for, where it?s at and how to make it even better.
%X This report considers the state of current provision for young people and young adults who need help for substance misuse problems in the United Kingdom. The report draws on feedback from over 150 professionals and young drug and alcohol service users. Key issues highlighted by our consultations included the growing range of drugs younger people are using (such as cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, ketamine and mephedrone) and services? readiness to tackle a polydrug culture that includes substances that may be new to the scene. Transitions between under-18s and adult services were of significant concern, with many young adults of 18 or over unwilling or unable to get the help they need from adult services.
%C London
%D 2010
%I Drugscope
%L ndc12906

%A Martin Keane
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Mental health and young people: a review of CBT-based interventions.
%D 2010
%I Health Research Board
%P 22
%L ndc12809
%V Issue 32, Winter 2009

%A Jean Long
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Adolescent substance use in south-east Ireland.
%D 2010
%I Health Research Board
%P 20-21
%L ndc12807
%V Issue 32, Winter 2009

%A Jean Long
%J Drugnet Ireland
%T Physical activity as part of adolescent addiction treatment.
%D 2010
%I Health Research Board
%P 23
%L ndc12811
%V Issue 32, Winter 2009

%T Annual report of the Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2008
%D 2010
%I Garda Siochana
%L ndc12821

%T Buprenorphine treatment for young adults.
%X The materials listed here were developed by blending the resources and talent of researchers and community treatment providers from US-based NIDA's Clinical Trials Network and staff from SAMHSA/CSAT's ATTC Network. These materials promote the understanding and adoption of evidence based treatment interventions by professionals in the treatment field.

Primary Goal: 

Recent concern has focused on opioid use among youth, particularly non?medical use of pain relievers. 

This Blending product highlights the findings of the NIDA CTN study that compared longer term versus short-term buprenorphine/ naloxone treatment in an outpatient set?ting. Primary results indicated that young adults in the longer term buprenor?phine treatment were less likely to inject drugs or abuse opioids, cocaine, and marijuana, and were more likely to remain in treatment than those young adults who received short-term detoxification.

Blending Team products include: 
Three-hour classroom training 
PowerPoint presentation
%C Bethesda, MD
%D 2010
%I NIDA-SAMHSA Blending Initiative
%L ndc15589

%T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol, fourth annual report 2009.
%X Our task, as a Monitoring Body, is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising.

As this Fourth Annual Report shows, there was overall compliance in 2009 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes.

In that context, I would like to thank the television stations, the radio stations, the cinema contractors, the Outdoor Media Association and the print media for their cooperation with the monitoring process and their prompt response to our requests for information. 

There were, however, a number of breaches of the Codes during the year. Where breaches were identified, the Monitoring Body requested that immediate remedial action be taken to rectify the position. We also asked that procedures be put in place to prevent further breaches occurring.

Arising from questions about the interpretation of certain obligations under the Codes, we drew the attention of media players, in a number of cases, to the need to adhere to the ?spirit of the Codes?. The aim of the Codes is to limit the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising. This overall obligation should take precedence when doubts arise about the meaning of certain sections of the Codes.

The Codes run for a two-year period up to the end of June 2010. The Monitoring Group is aware that there will be an overall review of the Codes by the parties at that stage. In light of that, we have highlighted in this Report a number of areas where we believe the Codes could be strengthened and/or clarified.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Department of Health and Children
%L ndc14515

%T More than the sum of its parts : an evaluation of Ballymun Network for assisting Children and young people (2005-2010). An interagency initiative for the coordination of children?s services in Ireland. Summary report.
%X The rationale for this evaluation, as of any evaluation of public services, is simple. The provision of public services involves a tripartite relationship between the Government which commissions and funds services, the agencies paid to deliver them, and the people who use them. The quality of public services depends on the quality of these relationships, and on the existence of systems and processes to ensure that these relationships are transparently accountable, responsive to need, and effective in their outcomes. In an area like Ballymun where the level of need is extremely high, and where each agency is usually the sole provider of its service, it is even more important to establish that services are effective and properly coordinated.

The report shows that Ballymun Network has achieved its objectives and has been a success in terms of helping to put in place robust systems for inter-agency cooperation. Ballymun now has good systems to facilitate inter-agency cooperation in responding to the needs of vulnerable young people. The report also shows that the Network has been a success in promoting other aspects of inter-agency cooperation including the joint delivery by agencies of programmes such as the Strengthening Families Programme, and the provision of joint training for front-line staff in both the therapeutic and legal aspects of caring. Beyond that, it has created considerable social capital in terms of creating constructive and friendly working relationships between managers and front-line workers across all agencies in the area.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Ballymun Network
%L ndc17336

%A Sally E Bonnar
%T Report for the Mental Health Commission on admission of young people to adult mental health wards in the Republic of Ireland.
%X This report was commissioned by the Mental Health Commission to: 
1) examine the factors contributing to the admission of children under 16 in 2010 to Adult Psychiatric Units and Paediatric wards 
2) examine the challenges for providers in meeting the mental health needs of the under 18s in the context of the addendum to the Mental Health Commission Code of Practice for the admission of children 
3) present a report of the findings and recommendation to the Mental Health Commission.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Mental Health Commission
%L ndc14501

%A Mark Brierley
%J Homeless in Europe
%T Tracing and tracking special care in Ireland.
%X Children?s social care services in Ireland are the responsibility of the national Health Services Executive(HSE), having until 2005 been the responsibility of 10 regional Health Boards. In 2001, Ireland developed a Youth Homeless Strategy and responsibility for the implementation of the Strategy resides with the HSE.
%P 7-8
%V Autumn/Winter
%D 2010
%I Feantsa
%L ndc18638

%T Building on our strengths: Canadian standards for school-based youth substance abuse prevention.
%X The Standards aim to support these workers by providing them with:
? a benchmark of optimal performance for school teams;
? support and guidance to pursue continuous improvements; and
? practical resources and examples to support change.

These are standards of excellence that strive towards optimal substance abuse prevention programs in schools. This is a destination that may seem difficult to reach, but it is attainable by building upon a school?s existing strengths and current prevention programming. To begin this journey, the Standards serve as a roadmap to help schools reflect on where they are now, where they wish to go and what areas of program development will prove beneficial in their prevention efforts.
%C Ottawa
%D 2010
%I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
%L ndc19992

%T Stronger together: Canadian standards for community-based youth substance abuse prevention.
%X These Standards have been prepared to support the prevention efforts of all those considering or currently engaged in community-based prevention work. Communities play a key role in preventing substance abuse and promoting the health of community members. How various members of the community go about their business can affect youth health?either promoting or hindering it. Youth substance abuse prevention is a long-term process, but the potential rewards are great: fewer substance use problems occur among local youth, more youth experience positive development and quality of life in the community improves.

The Standards aim to support community prevention workers by providing them with:
? a benchmark of optimal performance for school teams;
? support and guidance to pursue continuous improvements; and
? practical resources and examples to support change.

These are standards of excellence that strive towards optimal substance abuse prevention initiatives in communities. This destination may be reached by building upon existing strengths within the community and current prevention initiatives. To begin this journey, the Standards serve as a roadmap to help communities reflect on where they are now, where they wish to go and what areas of program development will prove beneficial in their prevention efforts.

The Standards are divided into four sections. The first section provides an introduction to the Standards initiative and highlights the importance of addressing youth substance abuse in the community. The second section outlines the guiding concepts that form the foundation of the Standards and details each of the 18 Standards. The third section provides a workbook with options for a 20-minute self-assessment, an in-depth self-assessment or an external review by a National Review Panel to further strengthen an initiative. Additionally, the third section provides further information regarding how to build a logic model and further elaborates on monitoring and evaluation. Lastly, the fourth section includes appendices that contain further information on risk and protective factors, the theoretical framework for the Standards and the methods used in the development of the Standards. The Standards are based on the principle of continuous improvement and will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis, based on evidence and feedback from those who have implemented them.

The Standards address the life cycle of an initiative, which is divided across five phases:
? Assess the situation.
? Organize the team and build capacity.
? Plan a logical and sustainable initiative.
? Coordinate and implement evidence-based activities.
? Evaluate and revise the initiative accordingly.
%C Ottawa
%D 2010
%I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
%L ndc19993

%T Annual report of the Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2009.
%X Summary:
? The total number of incidents referred to the Diversion Programme during 2009 was 23,952.
? The total number of individual children referred to the programme was 18,519.
? 14,047 (76%) children were admitted to the Diversion Programme.
? 10,059 (54%) children had their cases dealt with by way of informal caution.
? 3,988 (22%) children had their cases dealt with by formal caution.
? 482 (3%) children had a decision in their case pending.
? 1,024 (6%) children required no further action.
? 2,966 (16%) children were considered not suitable for inclusion in the programme.
? The types of offences for which children were referred to the programme were similar to those of 2008.
? Alcohol related offences (17.6%), theft (16.6%) and road traffic offences (13%) constitute the three main categories of offence for which children were referred.
? There were 1,401 (5.8%) referrals from the Fixed Charge Penalty System.
? The Garda programme of restorative justice continues to evolve with Juvenile Liaison Officers facilitating 416 restorative events.
? There were 7 new Juvenile Liaison Officer posts created and filled in 2009.
? There are 108 Garda Juvenile Liaison Officers and 8 Juvenile Liaison Officer Sergeants working on the programme.
%D 2010
%I Garda Siochana
%L ndc14023

%A Paul Corcoran
%A U Reulbach
%A HS Keeley
%A Ivan J Perry
%A K Hawton
%A Ella Arensman
%J BMC Clinical Pharmacology
%T Use of analgesics in intentional drug overdose presentations to hospital before and after the withdrawal of distalgesic from the Irish market.
%X BACKGROUND: Distalgesic, the prescription-only analgesic compound of paracetamol (325 mg) and dextropropoxyphene (32.5 mg) known as co-proxamol in the UK, was withdrawn from the Irish market as of January 2006. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the withdrawal of distalgesic in terms of intentional drug overdose (IDO) presentations to hospital emergency departments (EDs) nationally.

METHODS: A total of 42,849 IDO presentations to 37 of the 40 hospitals EDs operating in Ireland in 2003-2008 were recorded according to standardised procedures. Data on sales of paracetamol-containing drugs to retail pharmacies for the period 1998-2008 were obtained from IMS Health.
%N 10
%P 6
%V 18
%D 2010
%I BioMed Central
%L ndc14420

%T Crosscare Teen Counselling annual report 2009.
%X Teen Counselling aims to provide a professional counselling service for adolescents and their families who are struggling with behavioural and emotional problems and to inform, support and complement the role of the State sector and other voluntary organisations.

Services are: 
?no cost
?community based
?generalist counselling service
?for teenagers (12-18 years) and their parents/carers
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Crosscare Teen Counselling
%L ndc13802

%A Osamede Edokpolo
%A Philip James
%A Caitriona Kearns
%A Ann Campbell
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
%T Gender differences in psychiatric symptomatology in adolescents attending a community drug and alcohol treatment program.
%X This study examines mental health symptoms in a cohort of adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD), and attempts to determine if mental health symptoms differed by gender. We retrospectively looked at the Beck's Youth Inventory Second Edition (BYI-II) scores of 88 clients attending a community drug and alcohol treatment service in Dublin, Ireland that were completed at intake as part of their assessment. The raw and T-scores of the male patients were compared against their female counterparts and both against their age- and gender-matched normative population. Participants were 65 boys and 23 girls with a mean age of 16.2 years. Polysubstance use was the norm. As a group, the girls had higher T scores than the boys in all the domains of the BYI-II, and these were statistically significant. Sixty (68%) of the participants had a psychological problem which was moderate or severe in at least one of the five domains. This study found that SUD girls differ from their male counterparts in having both more internalizing and externalizing psychiatric problems. We also note that comorbid psychological problems are not universal. Thus we should avoid a "one size fits all" approach to treatment such as delivering universal self-esteem enhancement interventions to all adolescents with SUD.
%N 1
%P 31-6
%V 42
%D 2010
%L ndc13188

%A Osamede Edokpolo
%A Nnamdi Nkire
%A Bobby P Smyth
%J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
%T Irish adults with ADHD and comorbid substance use disorder.
%X Objectives: To examine the literature for drug treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD), the challenges posed by this, and make recommendations taking into account current trends in ireland.
%N 3
%P 148-151
%V 27
%D 2010
%I Medmedia Group
%L ndc13937

%A Cormac Forkan
%T Brief guide to recent youth caf? publications.
%C Galway
%D 2010
%I Child and Family Research Centre
%L ndc18226

%T Tobacco, alcohol and drugs. For?ige policy and guidelines.
%X This document provides guidelines for For?ige leaders regarding tobacco, alcohol and drug use. It outlines practices for education and prevention and the management of situations where suspected substance misuse is taking place, procedures for medical emergencies and guidelines for meeting with parents or guardians. This booklet also outlines some basic facts about drug use, street names and effects of the substance.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I For?ige
%L ndc15244

%A Robbie Gilligan
%A Philip Curry
%A Judy McGrath
%A Derek Murphy
%A Muireann N? Raghallaigh
%A Margaret Rogers
%A Jennifer Jean Scholtz,
%A Aoife Gilligan Quinn
%O Published by the Children?s Research Centre, Trinity College in association with the Trinity Immigration Initiative Children, Youth and Community Relations Project.
%T In the front line of integration: young people managing migration to Ireland.
%X Executive Summary
??This research aimed to find out what life is like for young people aged 15 to 18 who have migrated to Ireland.
??169 migrant young people from sites purposefully selected across the county took part in open-ended focus group discussions. Although not formally representative, the results give us a flavour of the views that may be found among migrant youth living in Ireland today. It is the first national study of its kind.
??The young people we spoke to faced many challenges dealing with differences between life in Ireland and the life they had known prior to migration. These differences existed in many areas such as how older and younger generations are expected to relate, rules and expectations for students in school and how people interact with one another socially. Each young person had to find their own way, day in day out, of adjusting to these challenges.

Friendships
??Friendships with local Irish young people were valued. These were also a useful means of acquiring language and accent. However experiences were mixed with some finding it easy to make friends locally, others finding it difficult, and others not particularly wanting it.
??Barriers to friendships with local Irish young people included perceived differences in cultural background, language and accent, differences in educational and life experience, racism and differences in attitude towards education, authority, religion and alcohol.
??Many migrant young people are unfamiliar with the ?slagging? (mostly friendly trading in insults) which is common currency among local Irish young people and some struggle to understand and adjust to it. ?Slagging? is often harmless, but at times it can be a vehicle for more genuine hostility.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Children's Research Centre
%L ndc16072

%A Trutz Haase
%A Jonathan Pratschke
%T Risk and protection factors for substance use among young  people: a comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students.
%X This report presents the results of a study of substance use among young people in Ireland based on information collected in 2008 during face-to-face interviews with 991 people, aged between 15 and 18. The target population comprised school-attending students and young people who, having left school, were attending either a Youthreach centre for education or F?S Community Training Centre. This latter population is described in this study as ?early school-leavers? and represents approximately 12% of the full annual cohort of early school-leavers.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Stationery Office
%L ndc14100

%A M Harley
%A I Kelleher
%A Mary Clarke
%A F Lynch
%A L Arseneault
%A D Connor
%A C Fitzpatrick
%A M Cannon
%J Psychological Medicine
%T Cannabis use and childhood trauma interact additively to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence.
%X RESULTS: In separate analyses both cannabis use and childhood trauma were significantly associated with risk of experiencing psychotic symptoms. However, the presence of both childhood trauma and early cannabis use significantly increased the risk for psychotic symptoms beyond the risk posed by either risk factor alone, indicating that there was a greater than additive interaction between childhood trauma and cannabis use.
%N 10
%P 1627-1634
%V 40
%D 2010
%I British Medical Association
%L ndc14418

%T Jigsaw annual report 2009
%X 2009 was significant in the life of Jigsaw with another two projects being awarded project grants in Counties Kerry and Meath to implement their community business plans over the next three years.

County Roscommon developed their business plan during the course of the year and will seek Headstrong Board approval in 2010.

Jigsaw youngballymun has been implementing its Jigsaw wraparound facilitator programme and has developed its universal strand of work to encompass a youth caf? and peer mentoring support programs. 

Jigsaw Galway had its first full year of operation which saw over 500 young people supported through both the Jigsaw
hub in Mary Street and outreach.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Headstrong ? The National Centre for Youth Mental Health
%L ndc15080

%T Health Information and Quality Authority?s report on special care.
%X This report provides a national overview of the Health Service Executive (HSE) special care services in Ireland. This follows coordinated and simultaneous inspections by the Health Information and Quality Authority (the Authority) of all three Special Care Units in Ireland which form the national special care service. The Authority has identified common themes from the inspections, which were undertaken in 2010, and makes national recommendations to the HSE about the provision of these services.
%C Cork
%D 2010
%I Health Information and Quality Authority
%R Report ID number: 592
%L ndc14455

%T Second annual child & adolescent mental health service report, 2009-2010.
%X *  55 multi-disciplinary community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services teams in place providing care and treatment plans to children and adolescents
    * 7,651 new cases were seen by community CAMHS teams in the period October 1st 2009 to September 30th 2010
    * Of 7,651 new cases, 47% were seen within 1 month of referral and 69% within 3 months of referral
    * In the first 9 months of 2010, the majority (63%) of young people under 18 years of age, were admitted to Child and Adolescent Mental Health units

This report provides a comprehensive update of the current stage of development of HSE?s CAMHS services, as outlined in the ?Vision for Change? policy. The annual report provides vital data on: the number of new cases seen; waiting time to be seen; and mental health problems presented by age and gender. In addition, the report provides data on the admission of young people under the age of 18 years for inpatient treatment.

Most children and adolescents enjoy good mental health, but studies have shown that 1 in 10 children and adolescents suffer from mental health disorders severe enough to cause impairment. Mental health disorders in childhood are also the most powerful predictor of mental health disorders in adulthood.The publication of the second annual report means that the HSE has the comprehensive information from which to monitor the mental health of our young people and which will inform the development of services which respond to their needs. 

The expansion of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) teams was one of the key recommendations of the 2006 strategy ?A Vision for Change?. CAMHS provide specialist mental health assessment and treatment to young people by way of a multidisciplinary approach.  A characteristic of CAMHS teams is that they can draw on their multidisciplinary makeup to undertake comprehensive and complex assessment and treatment approaches. In addition, they can provide packages of care where more than one professional or intervention is required in order to meet the needs of young person and their family or carers.
%D 2010
%I Health Service Executive
%L ndc14281

%T Shifting focus:from criminal justice to social justice.
Building better and safer communities.
%X Crime cannot be viewed as a social problem in isolation from deeper social and economic issues. Understanding and responding to offending behaviour is a complex issue. There is no one ?cause? and no single solution; consequently one dimensional approaches are unlikely to produce results.

Currently, the Irish criminal justice system is spending increasing and wasteful amounts of scarce resources with poor results in reducing crime, when modest investments in under-resourced communities would have greater positive effects in reducing offending, as well as producing wider social benefifits.

In this policy document, IPRT, Barnardos and IAYPIC present the case for making the shift in resources from criminal justice to social justice, thereby creating better communities and a safer society for all.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Irish Penal Reform Trust; Barnardos; IAYPC
%L ndc15376

%T If they're getting loaded, why can't I?
%X The ISPCC consulted with just under 10,000 12-18 year olds in Ireland, the focus of which was attitudes towards alcohol use.  

The report shows that 1 in 10 Irish children feel that their life is significantly affected by their parents alcohol use, and that 45% of 12-18 year olds are regularly drinking to excess.  In their own words, Irish children relay the stark reality of alcohol mis-use in the home.
%D 2010
%I Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
%L ndc14344

%T Irish Youth Justice Service: annual report 2009
%X The Irish Youth Justice Service is an executive office of the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform with responsibility for leading and driving reform in the area of youth justice. Working with the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, the IYJS is guided by the principles of the Children Act 2001, as amended. The IYJS funds organisations and projects providing services, including Garda and Probation Projects, to young people aged under 18 years who find themselves in trouble with the law. These children may be involved with An Garda S?och?na, the Probation Service and the Courts Service.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Irish Youth Justice Service
%L ndc15092

%A Philip James
%J The Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapist
%T Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy with substance abusing adolescents.
%X Substance abuse among adolescents is a growing concern in both the UK and Ireland. Both countries consistently report high rates of substance misuse among their teenagers when compared to their European neighbours. As a result many adolescents presenting for therapy may have substance abuse problems making it vital that REBT therapists working with this age group are able to provide appropriate interventions. This article examines adolescent substance misuse and covers many areas including rates of substance abuse, the REBT perspective and research on substance abuse as well as many practical considerations. Finally it makes some suggestions for the development of REBT in this area.
%N 1
%P 5-11
%V 13
%D 2010
%I Association for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
%L ndc19990

%T Combating underage alcohol abuse through sport.
%X This Report does not adopt a puritanical prohibitionist attitude to drinking alcohol.  The members of the Committee recognise that many people sensibly enjoy alcohol and its use as a social stimulant and means of relaxation. 

But what this report does do is recognise that many Irish people under the age of 18 regularly consume alcohol, even though this is illegal.  It also recognises that many young people, both under and over the age of 18, consume alcohol to excess and that the word ?sensibly? could not possibly be used to accurately describe the ?binge drinking? that many engage in.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Joint Committee on Arts, Sport, Tourism, Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.
%L ndc14054

%A Karol Kumpfer
%T Blanchardstown Local Drugs Task Force strengthening families program for teens and parents.
%X The Blanchardstown Local Drugs Task Force in Blanchardstown, Ireland has implemented an evidence-based model family program initiative towards the aim of enacting a region-wide strategy for the prevention of substance abuse and juvenile delinquency in high risk youth and in order to improve the parenting skills of parents of high risk adolescents. Based on assessed community needs and risk factors for substance abuse, the evidence-based program chosen to be implemented was the Strengthening Families Program (SFP) for families with high-risk adolescents ages 12 to 17 years old. The Blanchardstown Local Drugs Task Force is funded under the Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht Affairs.

Retention and Major Outcome Results. 

Overall the family changes were most impressive for this first Strengthening Families Program (SFP 12 ?16 Years) group with adolescents in Blanchardstown, Ireland. The retention of the families was impressive at 80% (eight of ten families) which is much higher than generally expected in a first pilot group when retention can be as low as 40%(Aktan, et al., 1992; Kumpfer, 1997; Kumpfer, Alvarado, Smith, & Bellamy, 2002).This high retention rate is a reflection of the skill and dedication to all those involved in delivering SFP.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Blanchardstown Local Drug Task Force
%L ndc15253

%A Paula Mayock
%A Eoin O'Sullivan
%A Mary Louise Corr
%J Homeless in Europe
%T Young people?s pathways through homelessness.
%X Over the past decade in particular, research has drawn on the notion of a homeless or housing pathway to explore the dynamics of the homeless experience, with specific attention to transition, change and exits from homelessness. The episodic nature of many homeless experiences has been highlighted by Anderson and Tulloch (2000: 11), who define a homeless pathway as ?the route of an individual or household into homelessness, their experience of homelessness and their route out of homelessness to secure housing?. Thus, as it has become clear that homelessness is far more likely to be a temporary than a prolonged or chronic state, with exits likely, homelessness is increasingly understood as a complex, multi-causal phenomenon and as a consequence of the interaction between individual and structural factors.
%D 2010
%I Feansta
%P 4-7
%L ndc18637

%A Elaine M McMahon
%A U Reulbach
%A Helen Keeley
%A Ivan J Perry
%A Ella Arensman
%J Social Science & Medicine
%T Bullying victimisation, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys.
%X School bullying victimisation is associated with poor mental health and self harm. However, little is known about the lifestyle factors and negative life events associated with victimisation, or the factors associated with self harm among boys who experience bullying. The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence of bullying in Irish adolescent boys, the association between bullying and a broad range of risk factors among boys, and factors associated with self harm among bullied boys and their non-bullied peers. 

Analyses were based on the data of the Irish centre of the Child and Adolescent Self Harm in Europe (CASE) study (boys n = 1870). Information was obtained on demographic factors, school bullying, deliberate self harm and psychological and lifestyle factors including negative life events. In total 363 boys (19.4%) reported having been a victim of school bullying at some point in their lives. The odds ratio of lifetime self harm was four times higher for boys who had been bullied than those without this experience. The factors that remained in the multivariate logistic regression model for lifetime history of bullying victimisation among boys were serious physical abuse and self esteem. 

Factors associated with self harm among bullied boys included psychological factors, problems with schoolwork, worries about sexual orientation and physical abuse, while family support was protective against self harm. Our findings highlight the mental health problems associated with victimisation, underlining the importance of anti-bullying policies in schools. Factors associated with self harm among boys who have been bullied should be taken into account in the identification of boys at risk of self harm.
%N 7
%P 1300-1307
%V 71
%D 2010
%L ndc17921

%A Brendan Murphy
%T GAA club manual for dealing with drug and alcohol related issues.
%X Since the release of the 3rd edition of the GAA Club Manual for Dealing with Drug and Alcohol Related Issues, the ASAP Programme has become embedded in the daily life of clubs all across the country. 

With our range of resources including information leaflets, pitchside signage, posters, DVD, website on www.gaa.ie/asap and now this new edition of our Manual, clubs are finding that they have significant guidance when it comes to the area of responding to issues relating to alcohol and other drugs.
%C Ireland
%D 2010
%I GAA./Cumann Luthchleas Gael
%L ndc13879

%A Candy Murphy
%T From Justice to Welfare: the case for investment in prevention and early intervention.
%X This report is based on a literature review, commissioned by IPRT, Barnardos and IAYPIC and carried out in late 2009 and early 2010 by Candy Murphy, CMAdvice Ltd. The three commissioning organisations are responsible for the content of the report.

The commissioning of this literature review was the first stage in a joint programme of work for our three organisations which seeks to illustrate the potential for the policies and practices of prevention and early intervention identified in this report. The literature review provided a platform for our three organisations to develop a joint Position Paper, Shifting Focus: From Criminal Justice to Social Justice (published September 2010) and for a joint conference hosted by the three organisations on September 23rd 2010 in Dublin.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Irish Prison Reform Trust; Barnardos; IAYPIC
%L ndc15375

%T Promoting the quality of life of looked-after children and young people.
%X The guidance is for all those who have a role in promoting the quality of life (that is, the physical health, and social, educational and emotional wellbeing) of looked-after children and young people. This includes directors of children?s services, directors of public health, people who commission and provide health and social care services, social workers, carers (including foster carers), healthcare workers, staff in independent and voluntary agencies, schools, colleges and universities, and organisations that train professionals and inspect services.
The guidance may also be of interest to looked-after children and young people, their families, prospective adopters and other members of the public.

The focus of the guidance is on how organisations, professionals and carers can work together to help looked-after children and young people reach their full potential and enjoy the same opportunities in life as their peers.

The recommendations cover local strategy and commissioning, multi-agency working, care planning and placements, and timely access to appropriate health and mental health services. In particular, they aim to:
?	promote stable placements and nurturing relationships
?	support the full range of placements, including with family and friends
?	encourage educational achievement
?	support the transition to independent living
?	meet the particular needs of looked-after children and young people, including those from black and minority ethnic backgrounds, unaccompanied asylum seekers, and those who have disabilities
?	places looked-after children and young people at the heart of decision making.
%C London
%D 2010
%I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
%R NICE public health guidance 28
%L ndc14051

%T Office of the Minister for children and youth affairs annual report 2009.
%X The year 2009 was a challenging one for the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs (OMCYA) as two major reports on the systematic past abuse of children were published in the course of the year. The Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (known as the Ryan Report) was published in May. The Report by Commission of Investigation into Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin (known as the Murphy Report) was published in November. Both reports highlighted a litany of past abuses perpetrated against children. Following publication of the Ryan Report, the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, Barry Andrews, TD, was tasked with producing an Implementation Plan to address each of the recommendations made in the Ryan Report. This plan was accepted by Government and published in July (OMCYA, 2009a) and in addition includes proposals considered essential to improve services to children in care, in detention and at risk. This Implementation Plan has became a major focus of the work of the OMCYA, with the Minister and his Office accepting the challenges highlighted in the Ryan and Murphy Reports as an opportunity to ensure that the lives of our most vulnerable children are protected.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs
%L ndc17179

%T State of the Nation's children 2010.
%X This is Ireland's third biennial State of the Nation's Children report. These reports, which provide the most up-to-date data on all indicators in the National Set of Child Well-Being Indicators, aim to: chart the well-being of children in Ireland; track changes over time; benchmark progress in Ireland relative to other countries; highlight policy issues arising.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Government Publications
%L ndc14487

%A Marie Claire Van Hout
%O Posted online on September 7, 2010
%J Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy
%T Differentiated normalization and drug transitions among rural youth in Ireland.
%X Prevalence surveys in Ireland indicate an increased trend of youth drug use with rural areas reporting comparable drug availability and prevalence of use in urban settings (Currie, C., Nic Gabhainn, S., Godeau, E., Roberts, C., Smith, R., & Currie, D. (Eds.). (2008). Inequalities in young people's health: HBSC international report from the 2005/2006 survey. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe). Few studies have explored the contexts and meaning of drug use on rural youth transitions in terms of increased drug prevalence, recent influx of rural drug activity, normative tolerance of recreational drug consumption and fragmentation of traditional rural communities. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 220 young people (15?17 years), and 78 service providers in a rural area of Ireland, in order to yield contextualized narratives of their experiences of drug use and achieve a wider exploration of processes, drug transitions and realities of rural youth. 

The thematic analysis of the research described varied pathways, attitudes and typologies of rural youth drug use, ranging from abstinent, recreational and moderated to maturing out. The research suggests support for a ?differentiated? normalization theory (Shildrick, T. (2002). Young people, illicit drug use and the question of normalisation theory. Journal of Youth Studies, 5, 35?48) in terms of consumerist and normative rural youth drug use transitions in their negotiation of risk within integrating rural and urban dichotomies. In conclusion, it is recommended that drug education programmes need to situate localized rural drug taking behaviours within a wider understanding of rural community life.
%N 2
%P 124-131
%V 18
%D 2010
%I Informa healthcare
%L ndc12953

%A Marie Claire Van Hout
%J Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education
%T Traveller drug use and the school setting: friend or foe?
%N 2
%P 7-16
%V 54
%D 2010
%I American Alcohol & Drug Information Foundation
%L ndc12956

%O Drafted & edited by Fran Bissett
%T Dealing with drugs, alcohol and tobacco in youth work settings: guidelines for youth workers.
%C Dublin
%D 2010
%I Irish Youth Work Press
%L ndc12999