TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27536 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/policy-evaluation_en Y1 - 2017/10// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Evaluating drug policy: a seven-step guide to support the commissioning and managing of evaluations. EP - 30 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc28073 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/briefings/older-people-with-problematic-opioid-use TI - Online policy and practice briefings: Older people with problematic opioid use. Y1 - 2017/10// N2 - People over the age of 40 make up an increasing share of those with an opioid problem in Europe. This is reflected in the increasing age of those in drug treatment and those dying of opioid overdoses. In this group of older opioid users, the physical ageing process may be accelerated by the cumulative effects of polydrug use, overdose and infections over many years. Older people with opioid problems have higher rates of degenerative disorders, circulatory and respiratory problems, pneumonia, breathlessness, diabetes, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis than their peers and younger people who use drugs. They may also be more susceptible to infection, overdose and suicide. In addition, their social networks may be reduced because of premature death and stigma, which can further increase social exclusion and isolation from families. The stigma and shame of still using drugs may also act as a barrier to help-seeking. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc28010 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28010/ TI - Drug treatment expenditure: a methodological overview, EMCDDA Insights 24. Y1 - 2017/10// PB - Publications Office of the European Union AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc28040 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/responses-guide Y1 - 2017/10// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide. EP - 188 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27881 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27881/ Y1 - 2017/09// PB - Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA). EP - 15 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27887 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27887/ Y1 - 2017/09// PB - Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide (4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl; 4F-iBF). EP - 14 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27884 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27884/ Y1 - 2017/09// PB - Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide (tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl; THF-F). EP - 13 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27888 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27888/ Y1 - 2017/09// PB - Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PINACA; 5F-ADB). EP - 16 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27514 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27514/ TI - EMCDDA?Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-furan-2-carboxamide (furanylfentanyl). Y1 - 2017/07// PB - Publications Office of the European Union AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27643 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27643/ Y1 - 2017/07// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2016 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. EP - 26 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27404 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27404/ Y1 - 2017/07// N2 - This report presents the top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in Ireland, covering drug supply, use and public health problems as well as drug policy and responses. The statistical data reported relate to 2015 (or most recent year) and are provided to the EMCDDA by the national focal point, unless stated otherwise. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities TI - Ireland, country drug report 2017. AV - public EP - 21 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27401 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27401/ TI - European drug report 2017 trends and developments. Y1 - 2017/06// PB - Publications Office of the European Union AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27398 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27398/ Y1 - 2017/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. EP - 9 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27397 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27397/ Y1 - 2017/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs ? a European multi-city study. EP - 9 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27400 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27400/ Y1 - 2017/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe?s cannabis resin market. EP - 6 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27399 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27399/ TI - Perspectives on drugs: preventing overdose deaths in Europe. Y1 - 2017/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc15311 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice TI - EMCDDA Best practice portal. Y1 - 2017/05// N2 - The Best practice portal is a resource for professionals, policymakers and researchers in the areas of drug-related prevention, treatment, harm reduction and social reintegration. The portal concentrates on illicit drugs and polydrug use and has a clear European focus. It is continuously updated as information and research on interventions emerges. You can find the latest evidence (what works and what doesn't work) - guidelines, standards and tools (instruments and questionnaires). ?Best practice is the best application of available evidence to current activities in the drugs field. ? underlying evidence should be relevant to the problems and issues affecting those involved(professionals, policymakers, drug users, their families); ? methods should be transparent, reliable and transferable and all appropriate evidence should be considered in the classification process; ? experience in implementation, adaptation and training should be systematically collected and made available; ? contextual factors should be studied by modelling different prevalence levels so as to assess the impact of an intervention on the population; and ? evidence of effectiveness and feasibility of implementation should both be considered for the broader decision-making process.' PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27293 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/legal-approaches-to-drugs-and-driving/html#panel12 TI - Legal approaches to drugs and driving. Y1 - 2017/05// N2 - Drug use can reduce the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely on the public road. European countries have developed various legal mechanisms to address this issue, using laws on road traffic or on drug control. This topic overview briefly describes the national laws in EU Member States and Norway, along with EU legislation, on drugs and driving. Here you can find out for each country whether the legal provisions exist in drug control laws or road traffic laws, the substances addressed, the levels of penalties, any blood-drug or impairment levels established, and whether drivers can be stopped and tested at any time or if the police require some form of suspicion beforehand. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc26990 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2017/fs2/euro-den-expands#newsDownloads TI - Monitoring hospital emergencies and acute drug toxicity in Europe: Euro-DEN Plus network expands reach by welcoming eight new centres Y1 - 2017/03/09/ N2 - Data from hospital emergency departments show that every year in Europe thousands of individuals experience drug-related toxicity and other harms, resulting in emergency presentations to hospital (1). Supported by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus) monitors drug-related emergency presentations across Europe to provide unique insight into acute health harms related to drug use (2). In the course of 2017, the network will be expanding its reach by collecting data from new hospital ?sentinel? centres in eight European cities......... AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc26931 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26931/ Y1 - 2017/03// N2 - Community coalitions are a strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behaviour. They can help mobilise communities in prevention and health promotion initiatives. The Communities That Care (CTC) approach sets out to reduce adolescent health and behaviour problems. It does so by identifying strong risk factors and weak protective factors experienced by this group and then selecting tested and effective prevention and early intervention programmes to address them. In this EMCDDA Paper we make an analysis of five studies evaluating the effectiveness of CTC, mainly from outside the EU. The results of our analysis lead us to conclude that further investigation of this prevention model within the European context appears to be merited. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9497-049-7 TI - Communities That Care (CTC): a comprehensive prevention approach for communities. AV - public EP - 28 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27035 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27035/ Y1 - 2017/03// N2 - This publication presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA), carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 22 July 2016. MDMB-CHMICA is the first synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist to be risk-assessed by the EMCDDA. On the basis of the Risk Assessment Report ? and on the initiative of the European Commission ? on 27 February 2017, the Council decided that MDMB-CHMICA should be subject to control measures across the Member States. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs ? EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on MDMB-CHMICA ? a summary ? Risk Assessment Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDMB-CHMICA ? Annex 1: Technical report on MDMB-CHMICA ? Council Decision on subjecting MDMB-CHMICA to control measures ? Participants of the risk assessment meeting PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-944-6 TI - Report on the risk assessment of methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 51 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27071 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27071/ Y1 - 2017/03// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Cannabis legislation in Europe: an overview. EP - 32 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27079 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/technical-reports/european-facility-survey-questionnaire-efsq TI - European Facility Survey Questionnaire (EFSQ) package. Y1 - 2017/03// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc26919 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26919/ Y1 - 2017/02// N2 - The EMCDDA Single Programming Document (SPD) for the period 2017?19, which includes the 2017 work programme, is the first work programme to be implemented under the new EMCDDA Strategy 2025. Priority in 2017 will be given to improving core monitoring tasks and to operating the EU Early Warning System under a new regulation on new psychoactive substances, which is expected to enter into force in the course of the year. Table of contents: ? Foreword by the Director ? Mission statement ? Section I: General context ? Section II: Multiannual programming 2017?19 ? Section III: Work programme 2017 ? Annexes PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction VL - DOI: 10.2810/450240 SN - 978-92-9497-047-3 TI - EMCDDA Programming document 2017?19. AV - public EP - 96 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc26890 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26890/ Y1 - 2017/02// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacrylamide (acryloylfentanyl). EP - 24 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc26725 UR - http://www.hntinfo.eu/ TI - Healthy nightlife toolbox. Y1 - 2017/01// N2 - Hosted by the EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), the Healthy Nightlife Toolbox (HNT) is an international initiative that focuses on the reduction of harm from alcohol and drug use among young people. Alcohol and drug use are linked to health and safety problems. Commonly this substance use takes place in recreational settings, which makes nightlife an important setting for prevention measures. The Healthy Nightlife Toolbox is a website designed for local, regional and national policy makers and prevention workers, to help reduce harm from alcohol and drug use in nightlife settings. The core of the online Toolbox is comprised of three databases: evaluated interventions, literature on these interventions, and other literature within the field of nightlife alcohol and drug prevention. The HNT Info sheet summarises the available knowledge on creating a healthy and safe nightlife. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc26686 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26686/ Y1 - 2017/01// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9497-042-8 TI - Drug supply reduction: an overview of EU policies and measures. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc26668 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26668/ Y1 - 2017/01// N2 - The results of a study on national drug trafficking laws and their application in the Member States of the European Union are presented in this report. It is based on an analysis of the national laws and on the opinions of legal practitioners ? judges, prosecutors and defence lawyers ? from 26 countries. The penalties set out in national laws for trafficking cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and heroin are compared with the sentencing outcomes expected by the legal practitioners, including penalties imposed and the estimated time likely to be spent in prison. Table of contents ? Drug trafficking penalties ? an introduction ? National legislative context ? Expected practice in drug trafficking scenarios ? Discussion ? Conclusion PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Drug trafficking penalties across the European Union: a survey of expert opinion. Technical report. AV - public EP - 132 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27111 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27111/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - EMCDDA strategy 2025. EP - 28 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc27407 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27407/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - ISBN 978-92-9497-118-0 TI - High-risk drug use and new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc27396 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27396/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. EP - 8 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25286 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25286/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - drug markets and crime. EP - 32 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25521 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25521/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - drugs. EP - 26 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25259 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25259/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - harms and harm reduction. EP - 31 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25264 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25264/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - prevention. EP - 26 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25265 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25265/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - prison. EP - 17 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25261 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25261/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 - treatment. EP - 24 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25262 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25262/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 ? drug policy. EP - 19 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc25263 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25263/ Y1 - 2017/// PB - Health Research Board TI - Ireland: national report for 2016 ? legal framework. EP - 18 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc18983 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/drug-related-public-expenditure TI - National drug-related public expenditure online resource. Y1 - 2016/12// N2 - This is the first set of national profiles that the EMCDDA has produced on drug-related public expenditure. The profiles are based on the sections on public expenditure provided by the 27 EU Member States, Croatia, Turkey and Norway in the national reports. Information given in the replies to the 2011 structured questionnaire on ?Drug policy, evaluation and coordination? and the available literature on this topic have also been reviewed and incorporated. These profiles aim to provide information on four main topics for each country. First, whether governments have allocated specific budgets to drug policy documents; second, the latest and most comprehensive estimate of national public spending on drug-related activities as a percentage of GDP; third, the evolution of drug-related public expenditure over time; and fourth, what can be expected from national estimates of drug-related public expenditure in the near future. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc26418 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26418/ Y1 - 2016/11// PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi:10.2810/139972 TI - Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. EP - 24 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc26385 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26385/ Y1 - 2016/11// PB - EMCDDA?Eurojust joint publication, Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi:10.2810/777512 TI - New psychoactive substances in Europe: legislation and prosecution ? current challenges and solutions. EP - 30 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc26213 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26213/ Y1 - 2016/10// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - How can contingency management support treatment for substance use disorders? A systematic review. EP - 46 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25938 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25938/ Y1 - 2016/08// N2 - This rapid communication provides an update on drug related hospital emergency presentations in Europe with a specific focus on the latest results for acute drug toxicity presentations to the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN). This report is primarily based on presentations and discussions at a two-day meeting of the Euro-DEN Plus network in Lisbon on 7 and 8 April 2016. The meeting provided a platform for the presentation of new analyses from the Euro-DEN dataset, and further development and analyses of the Euro-DEN project were also discussed. Data presented here relate to analysis of acute drug toxicity presentations to the 16 original sentinel centres in the Euro-DEN network for the first two years of data collection (October 2013 to September 2015). This review also includes highlights from the new findings discussed during the meeting and consideration of the further development of the work of the Euro-DEN network and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in this field. PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Hospital emergency presentations and acute drug toxicity in Europe ? update from the Euro-DEN Plus research group and the EMCDDA. AV - public EP - 20 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25780 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25780/ Y1 - 2016/07// N2 - This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2015, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2015, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. Table of contents: ?Overview ?Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the European Union Pharmacovigilance system ?Core activities ?Conclusions ?Publications ?Annex 1 ?Annex 2 PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2015 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. AV - public EP - 26 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25896 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25896/ Y1 - 2016/07// N2 - Hepatitis C among drug users in Europe: epidemiology, treatment and prevention provides a timely contribution to raising awareness of the hepatitis C epidemic in Europe and the opportunities now opening up to tackle this problem decisively. A state of the art review of the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Europe and an overview of the way preventive measures are currently implemented in European countries set the scene. International experts address the treatment of HCV infection among people who inject drugs, with an emphasis on how we encourage uptake and deliver effective outcomes. Implementation issues are also explored, as are the complementary roles of treatment and prevention. The new medicines and treatment regimens driving the transformation in the HCV treatment landscape are reviewed in detail. The challenges of scaling up HCV treatment and successfully involving drug using patients is explored from different viewpoints, including that of the drug user. Table of contents ? Foreword ? Executive summary ? Acknowledgements ? Introduction ? Chapter 1: Hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs ? Chapter 2: Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs ? Chapter 3: Strategies to improve hepatitis C care and to enhance treatment uptake and adherence ? Chapter 4: Hepatitis C prevention among people who inject drugs ? Chapter 5: Antiviral medications for hepatitis C virus infection ? Chapter 6: Scaling up hepatitis C treatment ? Chapter 7: A framework for evaluating scale up of hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention for people who inject drugs ? Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-928-6 TI - Hepatitis C among drug users in Europe: epidemiology, treatment and prevention. AV - public EP - 104 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25849 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25849/ Y1 - 2016/07// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-931-6 TI - Report on the risk assessment of 1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (?-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, ?-PVP). AV - public EP - 48 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25763 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25763/ Y1 - 2016/07// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA). EP - 20 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25726 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25726/ Y1 - 2016/06// N2 - While prevalence levels of NPS use remain low in the general European population, there are important concerns with more problematic forms of use and harms. This short report provides an overview of the current situation in terms of NPS use and harms across Europe and reviews the available health- and drug-related interventions in that area. Table of contents ? Executive summary ? Introduction ? School and family settings ? Nightlife settings ? Sexual health settings ? Emergency and clinical services ? Specialised treatment settings ? Low-threshold settings ? Prisons and custodial settings ? Internet and digital devices as platforms for the delivery of health responses and interventions ? Conclusion ? Consultation participants ? Project examples PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 78-92-9168-926-2 TI - Health responses to new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 30 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24050 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/drug-consumption-rooms Y1 - 2016/06// N2 - Supervised drug consumption facilities, where illicit drugs can be used under the supervision of trained staff, have been operating in Europe for the last three decades. These facilities primarily aim to reduce the acute risks of disease transmission through unhygienic injecting, prevent drug-related overdose deaths and connect high-risk drug users with addiction treatment and other health and social services. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. AV - public EP - 8 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc25851 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/health-responses-to-nps TI - Perspectives on drugs: health responses to new psychoactive substances. Y1 - 2016/06// N2 - The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over the last decade has posed a major challenge to drug policy. While the limited available data indicates that prevalence levels of NPS use are relatively low in the general European population, there are concerns around more problematic forms of use and harms in particular drug using populations. A number of public health concerns have arisen as a consequence of their use, although the real extent of these harms across Europe remains unknown. Initial responses to NPS availability in Europe have largely been regulatory, focusing on their supply using legislative tools but, as the phenomenon evolves, it has increasingly become a priority to formulate and implement effective public health responses. This analysis takes a look at some of the key risk groups among which NPS are being used and the health responses currently being employed across various intervention settings. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series and launched to mark the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on June 26 2016, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. This POD is based on an in-depth EMCDDA report on ?Health responses to new psychoactive substances?. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25646 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25646/ Y1 - 2016/06// N2 - Acetylfentanyl belongs to the phenylpiperidine class of synthetic opioids. This class also includes fentanyl which is controlled under the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 (Schedule I). Structurally, acetylfentanyl differs from fentanyl by one methyl group (-CH3). Commonly used names: acetylfentanyl or acetyl fentanyl. In total, 78 seizures (15) have been reported to the EMCDDA by seven Member States and Norway: Belgium (4 seizures), Finland (5), France (2), Germany (1), Poland (2), Sweden (62), the United Kingdom (1), and Norway (1). Case-level data for 40 serious adverse events (19) associated with acetylfentanyl were reported to the EMCDDA by four Member States (Germany, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). These cases comprised 8 acute intoxications and 32 deaths. PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-l]acetamide (acetylfentanyl), AV - public EP - 21 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25669 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25669/ Y1 - 2016/06// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - General report of activities 2015 ? Key achievements and governance: a year in review. EP - 132 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25579 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25579/ Y1 - 2016/05// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - ISBN: 978-92-9168-890-6 M1 - annual_report TI - European drug report 2016: trends and developments. AV - public EP - 84 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc25582 UR - http://emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cannabis-resin-market-europe TI - Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe?s cannabis resin market. Y1 - 2016/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc25583 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25583/ Y1 - 2016/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: cocaine trafficking to Europe. EP - 6 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc25585 UR - http://emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/preventing-diversion-of-opioid-substitution-treatment Y1 - 2016/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: strategies to prevent diversion of opioid substitution treatment medications. EP - 9 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25469 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25469/ Y1 - 2016/05// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-911-8 TI - Recent changes in Europe?s MDMA/ecstasy market. EMCDDA rapid communication. AV - public EP - 20 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc25441 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25441/ TI - Drugnet Europe 94. Y1 - 2016/04// N2 - Contents: ? 2016 EU Drug Markets Report ? Monitoring illicit drugs in wastewater ? UNGASS 2016 ? Strengthening early warning on new synthetic opioids ? New EMCDDA products and services ? Upcoming ESPAD report ? EMCDDA scientific paper award PB - EMCDDA AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25357 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25357/ Y1 - 2016/04// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EU drug markets report: in-depth analysis. EP - 188 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25301 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25301/ Y1 - 2016/03// N2 - Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology reviews a new approach to estimating drug use in populations, based on the detection and quantification of drugs and their metabolic products in community wastewater. Strengths of the wastewater-based approach include avoiding the problems associated with questionnaire-based research, better identification of the drugs being used and being able to provide near-real-time results, with the power to identify trends in drug use patterns, over time and geographically. Novel uses of the approach are explored, such as the early detection of new psychoactive substances on the drug market. The report also looks at the limitations to the approach and how these can be overcome for this new tool to take its place in the drug epidemiologist?s toolkit. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - ISBN 978-92-9168-856-2 TI - Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. AV - public EP - 18 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc25255 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG9_Z_ze-9Q&feature=youtu.be TI - The Internet and drug markets. Y1 - 2016/03// N2 - The last decade has seen the emergence of new internet technologies that have acted as important facilitators of online drug markets. The internet now hosts a range of virtual marketplaces (both on the surface and deep web) for selling and buying illicit substances, as well as representing a new arena for health and law enforcement interventions. This first EMCDDA investigation into the world of online drug markets brings together state-of-the-art input from over 20 experts ? from academia, journalism and frontline practice ? and contributes to the knowledge base on this part of the supply chain. This 2.5 minute video gives a short introduction to the internet and drug markets. The related 'organisation' link below leads to the EMCDDA utube channel, with related videos about drugs and the internet. PB - EMCDDA AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25187 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25187/ Y1 - 2016/02// N2 - The last decade has seen the emergence of new internet technologies that have acted as important facilitators of online drug markets. The internet now hosts a range of virtual marketplaces (both on the surface and deep web) for selling and buying illicit substances, as well as representing a new arena for health and law enforcement interventions. This first EMCDDA investigation into the world of online drug markets brings together state-of-the-art input from over 20 experts ? from academia, journalism and frontline practice ? and contributes to the knowledge base on this part of the supply chain. PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - The internet and drug markets. AV - public EP - 136 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25045 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25045/ Y1 - 2016/01// PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - ISBN 978-92-9168-837-1 TI - Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone. AV - public EP - 104 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25062 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25062/ Y1 - 2016/01// N2 - The EMCDDA strategy and work programme for 2016?18 and the 2016 annual work programme is based on the EMCDDA?s vision to contribute to a more secure and a healthier Europe. A more proactive approach, combined with a greater emphasis to knowledge transfer, strategic analysis and threat assessment will be the main drivers to achieve this goal. Table of contents ? Foreword by the EMCDDA Director ? Mission statement ? General context: setting the scene ? Chapter 1: 2016?18 strategy and work programme ? Chapter 2: 2016 annual work programme ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA Strategy and work programme 2016?18: annual work programme 2016. AV - public EP - 64 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25032 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25032/ Y1 - 2016/01// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Emergency department-based brief interventions for individuals with substance-related problems: a review of effectiveness. EP - 20 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Dublin ID - ndc26690 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/ TI - Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2015. Y1 - 2016/// PB - Health Research Board AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24510 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice#view-answer19 TI - Best practice in drug interventions: prescription medicines. Y1 - 2015/09/15/ PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24553 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24553/ Y1 - 2015/09// N2 - In May 2015, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone, commonly known as ?-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (?-PVP), through a joint assessment. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on ?-PVP as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. ?-PVP is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring substance cathinone, which is internationally controlled (5), and one of the psychoactive principles in khat (Catha edulis Forsk). PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - EMCDDA?Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (?-PVP). AV - public EP - 26 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24540 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24540/ A1 - Buhler, Anneke A1 - Thrul, Johannes Y1 - 2015/09// N2 - This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling. Table of contents: ? Foreword to the English version ? Summary ? Chapter 1: Introduction ? Chapter 2: Methodology ? Chapter 3: Results ? Chapter 4: Discussion ? References / Glossary PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-824-1 TI - Prevention of addictive behaviours. AV - public EP - 104 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24529 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24529/ Y1 - 2015/09// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. EP - 18 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24320 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24320/ Y1 - 2015/07// N2 - Based on the options provided by the international drug control legal framework, this paper considers the rehabilitative measures of treating, educating or reintegrating drug users as alternatives or additions to conviction or punishment that are established in the laws of many countries in Europe today. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Context and definitions ? Overview ? Coverage, implementation and common issues ? Evaluation ? Conclusions ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Alternatives to punishment for drug-using offenders. AV - public EP - 22 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24199 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24199/ Y1 - 2015/07// N2 - This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2014, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2014, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA-Europol 2014 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. AV - public EP - 27 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24173 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24173/ Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - Illicit drug problems and responses and the different forms they can take in the city environment are explored in this paper. It addresses four areas: urban spaces and drug use, responses to city-level drug problems, city-level drugs strategies, and the coordination and funding of city-level policies. Table of contents: ? Summary ? Drug problems at city level: an introduction ? Urban spaces and drug use ? Businesses and recreational drug use ? City-level drugs policies ? Coordinating and funding city-level drugs policy ? Conclusions ? References PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities TI - Drugs policy and the city in Europe. AV - public EP - 25 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24183 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24183/ Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - This short report provides an overview of how European countries are developing innovative legal responses to the challenges presented to public health and drug policy by the rapidly evolving market for new psychoactive substances. Table of contents ? Introduction ? The challenge ? The legal responses ? Innovative legal responses ? Innovative laws: key elements ? Conclusion ? References ? Resources PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - New psychoactive substances in Europe: Innovative legal responses. AV - public EP - 14 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21975 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/controlling-new-psychoactive-substances Y1 - 2015/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Legal approaches to controlling new psychoactive substances. EP - 4 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21982 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/legal-supply-of-cannabis Y1 - 2015/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Models for the legal supply of cannabis: recent developments. EP - 4 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24052 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/benzodiazepines Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - Benzodiazepines are a widely prescribed group of medicines with a range of clinical uses, including the treatment of anxiety and insomnia and the management of alcohol withdrawal. For a number of reasons this group of medicines are often misused by high-risk opioid users and are associated with morbidity and mortality among this group. This analysis considers the significance of this problem and its impact for the health and drug treatment of opioid users. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: The misuse of benzodiazepines among high-risk opioid users in Europe. AV - public EP - 8 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24051 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/psychosocial-interventions Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - Psychosocial interventions are structured psychological or social interventions used to address substance-related problems. They can be used at different stages of drug treatment to identify the problem, treat it and assist with social reintegration. Psychosocial interventions are used to treat many different types of drug problems and behavioural addictions. This analysis explains what the main psychosocial interventions are and to whom they are provided. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: The role of psychosocial interventions in drug treatment. AV - public EP - 7 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21972 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/waste-water-analysis Y1 - 2015/06// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs ? a European multi-city study. EP - 5 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24039 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/opioid-trafficking-routes Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - Imported heroin has historically been available in Europe in two forms, the most common being brown heroin (its chemical base form), originating mainly in Afghanistan and other countries in south-west Asia. Less common is white heroin (a salt form), which historically came from south-east Asia but is now also produced in Afghanistan and probably in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This region, sometimes referred to as the Golden Crescent, dominates production for the European market. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. AV - public EP - 7 p. ER - TY - CONF ID - ndc24258 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/expert-meetings/2014/gps TI - EMCDDA general population survey presentations. Y1 - 2015/06// M2 - Lisbon AV - none T2 - General population surveys annual expert meeting ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24029 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24029/ Y1 - 2015/06// N2 - Table of contents Preface Introductory note and acknowledgements Summary: Drug market dynamics in Europe: global influences and local differences Chapter 1: Drug supply and the market Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems Chapter 3: Health and social responses to drug problems Annex: National data tables PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - annual_report TI - European drug report 2015: trends and developments. AV - public EP - 86 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21979 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/hepatitis-c-treatment Y1 - 2015/05// N2 - Transmitted through the sharing of needles, syringes and other injecting equipment, hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease among injecting drug users in Europe today.In this analysis, the EMCDDA looks at some of the positive advances in treating the disease, including a new generation of medicines. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. New medicines PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. AV - public EP - 7 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21967 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cathinones-injection Y1 - 2015/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Injection of synthetic cathinones. EP - 7 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21976 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/preventing-overdose-deaths Y1 - 2015/05// N2 - It is estimated that over 70 000 lives were lost to drug overdoses in Europe in the first decade of the 21st Century. Reducing drug-related deaths, therefore, remains a major challenge for public health policy. This analysis describes some of the factors that increase the risk of fatal and non-fatal overdoses and a number of interventions developed to prevent these events. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Peer naloxone PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Preventing overdose deaths in Europe. AV - public EP - 6 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21977 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids Y1 - 2015/05// N2 - Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest group of compounds currently monitored in Europe by the EU Early warning system on new psychoactive substances. Current knowledge on these substances, as well as trends in production, availability and use, are presented in this analysis 1. Analysis 2. Interactive 3. Facts and figures 4. Synthetic cannabinoid code names PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. AV - public EP - 5 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21974 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-drug-production Y1 - 2015/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic drug production in Europe. EP - 5 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21980 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/eu-drugs-strategy-2013-20 Y1 - 2015/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: The EU drugs strategy (2013?20). EP - 4 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc24054 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/frequent-cannabis-users#panel4 Y1 - 2015/05// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Characteristics of frequent cannabis users with and without dependence. EP - 5 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23823 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23823/ A1 - Schettino, Jonathan A1 - Leuschner, Fabian A1 - Kasten, Lorenz A1 - Tossmann, Peter A1 - Hoch, Eva A1 - Ferri, Marica A1 - Guarita, Bruno A1 - Simon, Roland Y1 - 2015/04// PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - ISBN: 978-92-9168-760-2 TI - Treatment of cannabis-related disorders in Europe.EMCDDA insights series no 17. AV - public EP - 73 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23567 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23567/ Y1 - 2015/03// N2 - This short report provides an update on new psychoactive substances (NPS) in Europe for 2014. It highlights recent developments, including the growth of the market over the past few years, as illustrated by seizures by law enforcement and other indicators, as well as the growing number of serious harms that are being reported as a result. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? At a glance ? The market in new psychoactive substances ? Synthetic cannabinoids ? Opioids ? Monitoring and responding to serious harms ? Summary PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-764-0 M1 - other TI - New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System March 2015. AV - public EP - 12 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23375 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23375/ Y1 - 2015/02// N2 - This paper examines the overall number of lives lost due to drug use. All-cause mortality among problem drug users is investigated by means of cohort studies, which link data from death registries to drug treatment records. Building on earlier work, the paper presents data from nine European countries not previously studied using the same methodology. The study finds that the risk of death among problem drug users is typically 10 or more times that among their peers in the general population. The analysis shows that the deaths of problem drug users are overwhelmingly premature and preventable. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Methods and data sources ? Key findings from recent mortality cohorts in Europe ? Public health perspectives and implications ? Conclusion ? Glossary ? References PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities TI - Mortality among drug users in Europe: new and old challenges for public health. AV - public EP - 21 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc23434 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23434/ Y1 - 2015/02// N2 - One of the three core principles of the EMCDDA 2013?15 strategy is a commitment to efficiency. This is to be achieved, among others, via an improved quality assurance framework for the statistical procedures employed by the agency. In this light, an EMCDDA Internal statistics code of practice was developed in 2014. The code was drawn up in consultation with the EMCDDA Scientific Committee, the Reitox network and Eurostat, whose European statistics code of practice formed the basis of the work, and adopted by the EMCDDA Management Board. The EMCDDA code establishes a set of principles that provide the agency with guidance and objectives for its own work. It serves as a declaration of the EMCDDA?s intent to pursue a programme of continuous improvement and evaluation of efforts in order to provide ?factual, objective, reliable and comparable information?. The EMCDDA code, in line with Eurostat?s, is based on 15 principles covering: the institutional environment; statistical production processes; and the output of statistics. A set of statements on good practice for each of the principles provides guidance for the implementation of the code. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-762-6 M1 - other TI - Internal statistics code of practice. AV - public EP - 10 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23289 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23289/ Y1 - 2015/01// PB - Publications Office of the European Union TI - Preventing fatal overdoses: a systematic review of the effectiveness of take-home naloxone. EP - 37 p. AV - none ER - TY - CONF ID - ndc24690 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/expert-meetings/2015/key-indicators-20-years#posters TI - Presentations from the Lisbon addictions conference 2015. Y1 - 2015/// M2 - Lisbon AV - none T2 - EMCDDA Conference on 20 years of monitoring and communicating evidence on drugs ER - TY - RPRT ID - ndc24672 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24672/ Y1 - 2015/// N2 - This publication presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1, 2-diphenylethyl)piperazine), carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 16 September 2014. The main part of the publication, the Risk Assessment Report, examines the health and social risks of the drug, information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime, and the potential implications of subjecting the drug to control measures. On the basis of this report the Council decided on 8 October 2015 that MT-45 should be subject to control measures across the Member States. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (MT-45) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. EP - 48 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc24673 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24673/ Y1 - 2015/// PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities TI - Report on the risk assessment of 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4?-dimethylaminorex, 4,4?-DMAR) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. EP - 46 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc23190 UR - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2XoQExPCw&feature=youtu.be TI - Video: Take-home naloxone programmes in Europe ? overdose prevention. Y1 - 2014/12/18/ AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23115 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23115/ Y1 - 2014/12// N2 - The economic crisis that Europe experienced in 2008 and later presented a grave challenge to public finances. Countries responded to this by undertaking fiscal consolidation. By examining public expenditure in the areas where most drug-related activities are provided, this report looks at how austerity affected responses to the drugs problem. While the full effect of austerity on drug policy is not yet clear, one of the tentative conclusions is that the countries hardest hit by the recession are the ones in which drug policy is most heavily impacted. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Methods and analytical approaches ? Impact on public spending ? Impact on overall expenditure covering drug-related activities ? Variation in impact between countries and sectors ? Impact on drug-related public expenditure Conclusion ? Glossary ? Appendix ? References PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-755-8 M1 - other TI - Financing drug policy in Europe in the wake of the economic recession. AV - public EP - 36 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22285 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22285/ Y1 - 2014/07// N2 - This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2013, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2013, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA-Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. AV - public EP - 27 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22327 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22327/ Y1 - 2014/07// N2 - In February 2014, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance, 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (commonly known by the abbreviation 4,4?-DMAR). The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 4,4?-DMAR as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. Table of contents Introduction Information collection process Information required by Article 5.2 of the Council Decision Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Council Decision Conclusion References Annexes PB - Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4,4?-DMAR (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine. AV - public EP - 20 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Brussels ID - ndc22136 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22136/ Y1 - 2014/06// N2 - As part of the response to new psychoactive substances within the European Union (EU), the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (hereafter 'the Council Decision') established a mechanism for the rapid exchange of information on substances that may pose public health and social threats, including the involvement of organised crime. This provides a legal basis for the institutions of the EU and the Member States to monitor all new narcotic and psychotropic substances that appear on the European drug scene. Where necessary, the Council Decision also provides for an assessment of the risks associated with these new substances, so that control measures deriving from Member States' obligations to the United Nations drug control conventions (1) can also be applied to new psychoactive substances. Under Article 4 of the Council Decision, the EMCDDA and Europol, in close collaboration with their respective expert networks, the Reitox National Focal Points and Europol National Units, are assigned a central role in detecting, notifying and monitoring new psychoactive substances. The information exchange element of the Council Decision has been implemented by the EMCDDA and Europol as the European Union Early Warning System on New Psychoactive Substances (hereafter ?Early Warning System'). In addition, where necessary, and in cooperation with the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the EMCDDA and Europol may collect, analyse and present information on a new psychoactive substance in the form of a Joint Report (Article 5). This report provides evidence to the Council of the European Union and the European Commission on the need to request a risk assessment on a new psychoactive substance. Such a risk assessment examines the health and social risks posed by a new substance including: the use of, manufacture of, and, traffic in, a new psychoactive substance; the involvement of organised crime; and, the possible consequences of control measures. In order to conduct the risk assessment, the EMCDDA convenes a special meeting under the auspices of its Scientific Committee, extended with additional experts as necessary (Article 6). To ensure transparency in the implementation of the Council Decision, Article 10 stipulates that: 'The EMCDDA and Europol shall report annually to the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on the implementation of this Decision. The report will take into account all aspects required for an assessment of the efficacy and achievements of the system created by this Decision. The report shall, in particular, include experience relating to coordination between the system set out in this Decision and the Pharmacovigilance system'.? In compliance with Article 10, the EMCDDA and Europol herewith present the eighth such annual report which covers the period 1 January to 31 December 2013. The report outlines the results of the implementation, describes key issues arising from accumulated experiences, and also serves as a monitoring tool. In order to facilitate the reading of the report, the reader is referred to the full text of the Council Decision (2). The report is written as a standalone document. Annex provides the list of new psychoactive substances notified for the first time in 2013. This includes the systematic chemical name, the reporting country, and date of notification for each substance. Further information on these substances is available from the EMCDDA and Europol. PB - EMCDDA; Europol M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. AV - public EP - 27 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21981 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cocaine-related-emergencies Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - Several thousands of cocaine-related emergencies are reported in Europe every year, representing a considerable burden on services. In this analysis, the EMCDDA studies the type of cocaine-related problems reported and the potential of using hospital emergency data for monitoring acute problems associated with this drug. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. A vignette of typical victims PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. AV - public EP - 5 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21968 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/responses-for-methamphetamine-users Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - Methamphetamine is an established stimulant drug in many parts of the world (e.g. South-east Asia, US), where it has long caused major public health problems. While methamphetamine use in Europe has historically been confined to the Czech Republic and Slovakia, new pockets and patterns of use are now emerging elsewhere in the EU, in diverse populations. In this analysis, we look at challenges for the provision of health and social responses related to this drug today. 1. Analysis 2. Interactive 3. Terms and definitions 4. Forms of methamphetamine PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Health and social responses for methamphetamine users in Europe. AV - public EP - 6 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21973 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/internet-based-drug-treatment Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - The Internet is now recognised as a plausible vehicle for delivering drug and alcohol education, prevention and treatment programmes in a range of settings. This 'Perspective on drugs' charts developments in Internet-based drug treatment (IBDT), which has expanded in Europe over the past 10 years, and explores some of the benefits it can offer. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Does it work PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Internet-based drug treatment. AV - public EP - 5 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21971 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cannabis-markets-developments Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - Europe has long been one of the world?s largest consumer markets for cannabis, particularly resin imported mainly from Morocco. In this analysis, we report how Europe?s consumer market for cannabis is increasingly dominated by herbal products, with domestic herbal production supplying national markets. It also describes how imported cannabis resin appears to be getting stronger. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Cannabis resin consumption PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: New developments in Europe's cannabis market. AV - public EP - 6 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21970 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/treatment-for-cocaine-dependence Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - The EMCDDA has carried out a meta-analysis of six reviews examining the effectiveness of medications used in treating cocaine problems. The original reviews, undertaken by the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, involved 92 studies (85 in the US) and over 7 000 participants. This 'Perspective on drugs' shows how some medications can reduce specific symptoms (e.g. cravings), yet no single pharmacological solution has been found for cocaine dependence overall. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Key definitions 4. Psychosocial interventions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Treatment for cocaine dependence ? reviewing current evidence. AV - public EP - 6 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21957 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21957/ Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - How many new drugs were detected in Europe over the last year? Is cannabis getting stronger? How many Europeans have ever used an illicit drug? What are the latest drug policy developments in the region? These are just some of the questions explored in the European Drug Report: Trends and developments. This report provides a top-level overview of the long-term drug-related trends and developments at European level, while homing in on emerging problems in specific countries. Such a perspective is valuable, as it allows differing national experiences to be understood within the broader European context. Table of contents ? Preface ? Introductory note and acknowledgements ? Summary: Charting the public health impact of drugs in a changing European market ? Chapter 1: Drug supply ? Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems ? Chapter 3: Health and social responses to drug problems ? Chapter 4: Drug policies ? Annex: National data tables PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - annual_report TI - European drug report 2014: trends and developments. AV - public EP - 88 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21953 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21953/ Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. MDPV is a ring-substituted synthetic derivative of cathinone chemically related to pyrovalerone, both of which are subject to control under the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. MDPV has potent cocaine-like stimulant properties. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 153 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21952 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21952/ Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this issociative drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. Methoxetamine is an arylcyclohexylamine substance which is chemically similar to ketamine and PCP and in common with these, has dissociative properties. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 78 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21955 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21955/ Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this hallucinogenic drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. 25I-NBOMe may be used on its own or in combination with other substances, including other psychoactive substances. Analysis of various seized and collected products has shown that the composition of the products can differ and the user is unlikely to be aware of the exact dose or compound(s) present. Detections reported by the Member States to the Early Warning System have highlighted that 25I-NBOMe may also be encountered in liquid or powdered form. These physical forms may affect the potential for acute toxicity as well as the clinical profile thereof. For example, due to its 8 high potency, nasal insufflation of powdered 25I-NBOMe may increase the risk of (serious) adverse events. In addition to the manifestation of psychoactive effects commonly observed with serotonergic hallucinogens (e.g. LSD, psilocybin or 2C-B (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine)), clinical case reports also indicate the potential for inducing severe agitation, confusion and a significant stimulant effect which may also be associated with serotonergic toxicity (serotonin syndrome). Reported street names include: ?25I?, ?dots?, ?legal acid?, ?solaris?, ?cimbi-5?, ?NBomb?, ?NEBOME?, ?smiles?, ?INBMeO?, ?BOM-CI?, ?Hoffman? and ?N-boom?. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 58 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21954 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21954/ Y1 - 2014/05// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this synthetic opioid in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. AH-7921 is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a unique chemical structure. AH-7921 has appeared recently on the illicit drug market typically as a white powder. Another name of AH-7921 (7), used by Internet suppliers/retailers selling the substance, user websites and in the popular media, is ?doxylam?. It is important to note that ?doxylam? can easily be confused with ?doxylamine? ? sometimes abbreviated also as ?doxylam? PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 55 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21770 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21770/ A1 - Vanderplasschen, Wouter A1 - Vandevelde, Stijn A1 - Broekaert, Eric Y1 - 2014/04// N2 - Therapeutic communities first developed in the 1960s and have continuing relevance in the world of drug treatment today. This report presents how therapeutic communities have developed over time, with reference to seven European countries, and provides an overview of research into their effectiveness as a treatment option and their impact on wider society. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? Acknowledgements ? Executive summary ? Introduction ? Therapeutic communities: definition, history and key characteristics ? The availability of therapeutic communities in Europe ? Review of the effectiveness of therapeutic communities ? Therapeutic community standards and guidelines ? Therapeutic communities in Europe: recent developments and future challenges ? References ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-683-4 TI - Therapeutic communities for treating addictions in Europe. AV - public EP - 95 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21781 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21781/ A1 - Giraudon, Isabelle A1 - Mena, Guillermo A1 - Matias, Joao A1 - Vicente, Julian Y1 - 2014/04// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. A review of the monitoring of drug-related acute emergencies in 30 European countries. EP - 59 p. AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21734 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21734/ Y1 - 2014/03// N2 - This report presents the findings of a literature review to identify the most frequently occurring patterns of use and their relation to harm in users of opioids, powder and crack cocaine, and meth/amphetamine. The behavioural factors that were studied included: frequency of use, duration of use, routes of administration, drug type, dose, severity of dependence, and (the presence of) polydrug use. Research on stimulants covers a relatively broad spectrum of patterns and severity, and thus provides some indications of the levels of use that are more harmful than others. Similar evidence is relatively scarce for opioids, where the overwhelming majority of studies concentrate only on the most risky injecting and addictive use. For cocaine and amphetamines, it appears that weekly and higher frequency of use and patterns involving heavy periods of continuous use (bingeing) are related to increased prospective risk or actual existence of harms. Similar conclusion cannot be made for opioids, although research provides some indication of controlled use of heroin on a weekly and monthly (or less frequent) basis. Similarly, some evidence exists that crystal forms of stimulants ? crystal methamphetamine and crack cocaine ? are often positively associated with more harmful patterns of use and more severe consequences, whereas very little attention is paid in the literature to the different forms of heroin/opioids. Routes of administration range from injecting, through smoking and inhaling, to snorting and oral consumption when ranked from the riskiest to less risky routes, although the less risky routes of snorting and swallowing are not considered to be risk-free behaviours. Frequency and duration of use are likely moderators of harms associated with routes of administration. Injectors are at higher risk of transmission of drug-related infectious diseases and death, the former being a function of the frequency and patterns of injecting. Polydrug use, although not a primary concern of the present review, proved to be an extremely significant confounding factor of any harm associated with use of these substances. It indicates a particular level of compulsivity and is closely associated with higher levels of dependence and with the risk of overdose. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-737-4 TI - The levels of use of opioids, amphetamines and cocaine and associated levels of harm: summary of scientific evidence. AV - none EP - 53 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21390 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21390/ Y1 - 2014/02// PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA. Work programme 2014. EP - 58 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21426 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21426/ Y1 - 2014/02// N2 - This study estimates how much 22 European countries spent on drug-law offenders in prisons during the last decade. Based on this, an estimate for public expenditure on drug-law offenders at the European level was made. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Available data ? Estimating public expenditure on drug-law offenders in prison ? Results ? Conclusion ? Annexes ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Estimating public expenditure on drug-law offenders in prison in Europe. AV - public EP - 22 p, ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21460 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21460/ A1 - Montanari, Linda A1 - Royuela, Luis A1 - Rosa, Miriam A1 - Vicente, Julian Y1 - 2014/02// N2 - This is a first common questionnaire on drug use among prisoners at European level. The questionnaire is the results of two years of work in the field of drugs and prison, which has included the agreement on a methodological framework or monitoring drug and prison in Europe, the analysis of existing questionnaires and a discussion among high level experts from several European countries and international organizations. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? (A) General information ? (B) Drug use outside and inside prison ? (C) Drug injecting and other health risk behaviours ? (D) Health status ? (E) Use of health and drug services ? (F) Methodological comments ? References ? Annex: Methodological specifications. Principles and guidelines [See related link below for 'Drug use in prison: assessment report'] PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - European questionnaire on drug use among prisoners (EQDP). AV - public EP - 32 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21427 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21427/ A1 - Royuela, Luis A1 - Montanari, Linda A1 - Rosa, Miriam A1 - Vicente, Julian Y1 - 2014/02// PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Drug use in prison: assessment report. EP - 35 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21327 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21327/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - Concerns about the availability and use of methamphetamine in Europe have been growing for some time. Historically, the use of methamphetamine has been confined largely to the Czech Republic and Slovakia; however, recent signs of the spread of methamphetamine linked to different European countries have sparked further investigation of this topic. The methodology used is based on the triangulation of data collected using a number of investigative approaches and from multiple sources. Table of contents: ? Background and methods ? Chemistry and pharmacology ? International context ? History ? Trafficking and availability ? Europe as a transit territory ? Regional patterns ? Methamphetamine-related harms ? Health and social responses ? Information and monitoring gaps ? Conclusion ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Exploring methamphetamine trends in Europe. AV - public EP - 10 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17168 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17168/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - During adolescence, some young people may experiment with both licit and illicit substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs). This can have an impact on their behaviour, their relationships with others and how they function in society. For those who develop substance use disorders, family has a vital role to play in addressing this issue. This EMCDDA Paper focuses on a form of inclusive therapy that involves the young person, their family and their environment. Based on five studies carried out in the United States and the EU, the holistic approach encapsulated by Multidimensional family therapy delivers promising results that are visible both during therapy and after it has ended. However, the approach requires family engagement which cannot always be obtained, and may come at a higher cost than other therapeutic options. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - doi: doi: 10.2810/2259 I ISBN 978-92-9168-677-3 M1 - other TI - Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug users: a systematic review. AV - public EP - 22 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21323 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21323/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 4-methylamphetamine, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over the availability and use of this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance, and, consequently, its control across the EU Member States. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? Introduction ? EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs ? EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on 4-methylamphetamine: a summary ? Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylamphetamine ? Annex 1: Technical report on 4-methylamphetamine ? Annex 2: Computational analysis on the pharmacology of 4-methylamphetamine ? Council Decision 2013/129/EU on subjecting 4-methylamphetamine to control measures ? Abbreviations ? Participants of the risk assessment meeting PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-601-8 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 4-methylamphetamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 59 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21324 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21324/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over the availability and use of this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance, and, consequently, its control across the EU Member States. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? Introduction ? EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs ? EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole: a summary ? Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole ? Annex 1: Technical report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole ? Annex 2: Study examining the inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) by the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT) ? Council Implementing Decision 2013/496/EU on subjecting 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole to control measures ? Abbreviations ? Participants of the risk assessment meeting PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 50 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21299 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21299/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - The EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine, commonly known by the abbreviation ?25I-NBOMe?, submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 25I-NBOMe as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. The following street names have been reported: ?25I?, ?dots?, ?legal acid?, ?NBomb?,?NE-BOME?, ?smiles?, ?INBMeO?, ?BOM-CI?, ?Hoffman? and ?N-boom?. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe. (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine). AV - public EP - 33 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21298 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21298/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - The EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on AH-7921 as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. The following street names have been reported: ?AH-7921? and ?doxylan?. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: AH-7921. (3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide). AV - public EP - 23 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21300 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21300/ Y1 - 2014/01// N2 - The EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on methoxetamine as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Common names or codenames that have also been reported are: 3-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE, MXE, MXE100 and metoksetamiini (Finnish). The following street names have also been reported: ?MXE?, ?Mexxy?, ?M-ket?, ?MEX?, ?Kmax?, ?Special M?, ?MA?, ?legal ketamine?, ?Minx?, ?Jipper? and ?Roflcoptr?. Finally, the following ?legal high? product names have been associated with methoxetamine: ?Kwasqik?, ?Hypnotic?, ?Panoramix?, ?Magic?, ?Lotus?, ?Special K? and ?X?. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone). AV - public EP - 40 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22189 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22189/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - Table of contents Foreword Executive summary Chapter 1: Methodological issues in determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents Chapter 2: Prevalence of drugs among drivers Chapter 3: Effects and risks associated with drugs Overall conclusion Appendix References PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi:10.2810/26821 SN - 978-92-9168-687-2 M1 - other TI - Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. AV - public EP - 149 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc23035 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23035/ TI - Drugnet Europe. Y1 - 2014/// N2 - In this issue: Lisbon Addictions 2015: call for abstracts | Best practice: from guidelines to quality standards | Financing drug policy in Europe in the wake of the economic recession | Preventing opioid deaths ? legal issues around the provision of naloxone | New EMCDDA products and services PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - CONF ID - ndc21728 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21728/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - Monitoring and responding to HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs (PWID) is the focus of two new reports from the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The reports are the result of two expert meetings organised by the agencies last autumn which brought together key stakeholders from the areas of drug monitoring and infectious disease surveillance (1). The meetings had their roots in an ECDC?EMCDDA regional assessment of HIV trends, risks and prevention coverage among PWID conducted in mid-2013. This assessment had identified a low level of prevention coverage in at least one third of European countries, constituting a potential risk of increased HIV transmission among this group (2). The first expert meeting held in Bucharest (18?19 November 2013) ? Detecting and responding to outbreaks of HIV among PWID ? provided an important opportunity for sharing knowledge and best practice among experts from six countries in the south and south-east of the European region (Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Malta, Romania and Slovakia). The participants heard about the Greek response to an HIV outbreak among PWID, which started in 2011, and the subsequent scaling up of prevention interventions. This had been guided by monitoring data and research findings and resulted in significant progress in curbing the epidemic. Participants also discussed the situation in Romania, the second country to report an HIV outbreak since 2011. This outbreak has seen additional challenges associated with: high rates of co-infections; changing patterns of drug use among PWID; and the need to address funding gaps through a coordinated country-level response. The second meeting, a regional Reitox Academy held in Tallinn (21?22 November 2013) ? Monitoring trends in and responses to drug-related infectious diseases among people who inject drugs ? contributed to maximising synergies at national level between institutions and experts in the fields of drug monitoring and infectious disease surveillance in four countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland). The event helped participants from both fields to deepen their knowledge and mutual understanding of the situation; fostered joint initiatives at national level and further strengthened collaboration between neighbouring countries in the Baltic Sea region. Both meetings acknowledged the critical role and added value of collaboration between the EU agencies in assessing risk and providing technical support to countries as well as in informing policies with evidence-based guidance (3). Experts examined progress and defined common priorities regarding actions to be taken forward at national level (e.g. improvements in screening and prevention coverage) and recognised the key role of monitoring and surveillance for evaluating whether prevention efforts to are adequate to avert outbreaks. TI - EMCDDA and ECDC sub-regional exchange of knowledge and best practice in monitoring and preventing drug-related infections. AV - public M2 - Bucharest and Talinn T2 - Meeting reports ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc21350 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/prevention/partygoers TI - EMCDDA best practice portal: prevention interventions for partygoers. Y1 - 2014/// AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22582 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22582/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - In April 2014, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine, commonly known as MT-45. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on MT-45 as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Information collection process ? Information required by Article 5.2 of the Council Decision ? Information from the EMA (Article 5.3 of the Council Decision) ? Conclusion ? References ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-745-9 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (?MT-45?). AV - public EP - 17 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22098 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22098/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - he General Report of Activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Foreword Introduction Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance Part II: Management and internal control systems: annual activity report as per the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA Annex 1: EMCDDA Organisational chart Annex 2. Breakdown of EMCDDA staff as of 31 December 2013 Annex 3: Outputs and products Annex 4: Key external events, conferences and meetings, 2013 Annex 5: Implementation of the 2013 work programme by objectives, activities and expected outputs/results Annex 6: Members of the EMCDDA?s statutory bodies Annex 7: Use of the available resources in 2013 Annex 8: Monitoring the implementation of the follow-up action plan to the third external evaluation of the EMCDDA Annex 9: List of acronyms and abbreviations PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - General report of activities 2013: Key achievements and governance: a year in review. AV - public EP - 112 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc23001 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23001/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - Illicit opioid consumption during pregnancy brings with it the risk of an increase in obstetric complications for the mother and a range of potential dangers for the child, both before and after birth. The primary goal when treating opioid dependence in pregnant women is to stabilise the patient and psychosocially assisted opioid substitution treatment is the preferred first-line therapy for this group. Several combinations of substitution medicines and psychosocial approaches are available. This paper reviews methadone, buprenorphine and slow-release oral morphine, used in a range of combinations with cognitive behavioural approaches and contingency management in order to identify the strengths of each medicine and method. PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Pregnancy and opioid use: strategies for treatment, EMCDDA Papers. AV - public EP - 34 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc22294 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22294/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - In most European countries, residential treatment programmes form an important element of the range of treatment and rehabilitation options for drug users. The aim of this paper is to provide a Europe-wide overview of the history and availability of residential drug treatment within wider national drug treatment systems. Table of contents: ? Summary ? Introduction ? Historical perspective of residential treatment for drug users ? Extent and nature of residential treatment ? Treatment elements in residential programmes ? Residential treatment clients ? Organisational structure of residential treatment ? Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - EMCDDA papers SN - 978-92-9168-742-8 M1 - other TI - Residential treatment for drug use in Europe. AV - public EP - 31 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21301 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21301/ Y1 - 2014/// N2 - The EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on MDPV as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Common names or codenames that have also been reported are: MDPK and metyleenidioksipyrovaleroni (Finnish). The following street names have also been reported: MDPK, Magic, Super coke, Peevee, New Ivory Wave, Kannibaldrogen, Apdamm, Aakkoset (meaning alphabet in Finnish), Bath salt, MP, MP4 and MP3. Finally, the following ?legal high? product names have been associated with MDPV: ?Mojo?, ?Yellow Submarine?, ?Ivory Wave?, ?Vanilla sky?, ?NRG-3?, ?Flower magic?, ?Gumi cucoriedka?, ?Kamikadze?, ?Xtacy?, ?Ivory wave?, ?Extreme star dust?, ?Hurricane Charlie?, ?Dogs bollix?, ?Doves red?, ?Doves ultra?, ?Sextasy?, ?Orange orbits?, ?Stardust?, ?Blow?, ?Recharge?, ?Charge+?, ?Lucky?, ?Generation 2012?, ?EL PADRINO? (translation: the Godfather), ?Coco Jumbo?, ?Cherry Coco Jumbo?, ?SUNRISE?, ?TECHNO?, ?Greenway Speedway?, ?DANA?, ?OLGA?, ?LENA?, ?EVA?, ?CLARA?, ?MARKETA? and ?JANA?. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone). AV - public EP - 54 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21060 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21060/ A1 - Laniel, Laurent A1 - Kasecker, Rainer A1 - Groshkova, Teodora A1 - Carpentier, Chloe Y1 - 2013/12// N2 - Drug law enforcement activity targets the supply of drugs and is responsible for much of the key data that informs our understanding of drugs supply in Europe. This study looks, for the first time, at how drug law enforcement is organised in European countries. Table of contents: ? Key findings ? Introduction ? Background, objectives and methods ? Key figures and institutional affiliations ? Mandates and supervision ? Conclusions ? References ? Annex ? Acknowledgements PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-674-2 M1 - other TI - Drug squads: units specialised in drug law enforcement in Europe. AV - public EP - 38 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21061 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21061/ A1 - Montanari, Linda A1 - Pasinetti, Manuala A1 - Thanki, Danica A1 - Vicente, Julian Y1 - 2013/12// N2 - Identifying the co-occurrence of drug use and mental health disorders in the same individuals is essential for effective treatment of their drug use problems. Reviewing the available information on psychiatric co-morbidity among drug users in European countries, the paper shows that there is a need to establish guidelines to collect comparable information across Europe. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Sources of information ? Prevalence and nature of co-morbidity ? Prisoners: an example of a vulnerable group ? Limitations ? Annex ? References ? Acknowledgements PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-671-1 M1 - other TI - Co-morbid substance use and mental disorders in Europe: a review of the data. AV - public EP - 12 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21063 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21063/ A1 - O?Gorman, Aileen A1 - Quigley, Eoghan A1 - Zobel, Frank A1 - Moore, Kerri Y1 - 2013/12// N2 - This study explores the civil society organisations that engage in drug policy advocacy in Europe. An Internet search in English, French and Spanish combined with information from national sources in 30 countries identified 218 organisations actively seeking to influence drug policy. The paper categorises the organisations, looking at their advocacy objectives and orientations, how they pursue these, and at what political levels they operate. Table of contents: ? Summary ? Introduction ? Advocacy ? Identifying and categorising advocacy organisations ? Overview of advocacy organisations in Europe ? Exploring the forms of advocacy organisations in Europe ? Advocacy organisations operating at the European or international level ? Conclusions ? Annex ? References ? Acknowledgements PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-661-2 M1 - other TI - Drug policy advocacy organisations in Europe. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc21059 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21059/ A1 - Quigley, Eoghan Y1 - 2013/12// N2 - The production and trafficking of illicit drugs poses complex and interlinked problems, which have a negative impact on public health and the security and stability of society. Focusing on actions directed at the EU?s internal security situation, this paper elaborates who is involved in setting policy, what legal and funding basis for action has been established, and what the main priorities are. Table of contents: ? Summary ? Introduction ? Institutional arrangements ? Legislation and financial programmes ? Policy framework ? Conclusions ? Abbreviations ? References ? Acknowledgements PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-675-9 M1 - other TI - Drug supply reduction and internal security policies in the European Union: an overview. AV - public EP - 30 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc20773 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20773/ A1 - Brotherhood, Angelina A1 - Sumnall, Harry Y1 - 2013/10// N2 - The aim of this ?quick guide? is to make practical information on prevention quality standards available outside the European Union. A condensed version of EMCDDA Manual 7, it includes a description of the eight stages involved in the drug prevention cycle, along with a self-reflection checklist that can be used when planning and implementing prevention activities. It has been designed for practitioners and those working in the field. ? The standards and checklists Cross-cutting considerations Project stage 1: Needs assessment Project stage 2: Resource assessment Project stage 3: Programme formulation Project stage 4: Intervention design Project stage 5: Management and mobilisation of resources Project stage 6: Delivery and monitoring Project stage 7: Final evaluations Project stage 8: Dissemination and improvement ? Self-reflection: action plan PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-665-0 TI - European drug prevention quality standards: a quick guide. AV - public EP - 38 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc20551 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2013/11 TI - EMCDDA welcomes European Commission call for stronger EU action on new drugs. Y1 - 2013/09/17/ N2 - The EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) welcomes the European Commission's proposal today to strengthen the EU?s response to new psychoactive substances (?new drugs?)(1). The proposal follows an unprecedented rise in the number of new drugs detected in Europe in recent years and a Commission review of the EU?s current legal mechanism for monitoring and acting on these new substances (2). AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc20077 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ Y1 - 2013/06// N2 - Table of contents Foreword Acknowledgements Executive summary Chapter 1: Background, scope and aims Chapter 2: Defining addiction Chapter 3: Summarising theories and models of addiction ? methods Chapter 4: Modelling in the individual Chapter 5: Modelling populations Chapter 6: Towards a comprehensive theory of addiction Chapter 7: Implications of theory for assessment and measurement of addiction and related constructs Chapter 8: Implications of the comprehensive theory for intervention strategies Chapter 9: Implications for policy and practice References PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Models of addiction. AV - public EP - 166 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc21978 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/mass-media-campaigns Y1 - 2013/05// N2 - The use of mass media campaigns in drug prevention is both relatively common and not without controversy. Both policymakers and practitioners have hotly debated the effectiveness of such campaigns to reduce young people?s drug use or their intention to use. This analysis aims to contribute to the debate via a review of available evidence on the topic. 1. Analysis 2. Interactive map 3. Terms and definitions 4. Background theories PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Perspectives on drugs: Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs? AV - public EP - 5 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19915 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2013 Y1 - 2013/05// N2 - The Trends and developments report presents a top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in Europe, covering drug supply, use and public health problems as well as drug policy and responses. Together with the online Statistical bulletin, Country overviews and Perspectives on drugs, it makes up the 2013 European Drug Report package. Table of contents ? Preface ? Introductory note and acknowledgements ? Summary: Old and new drug problems ? the European landscape in 2013 ? Chapter 1: Drug supply in Europe ? Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems ? Chapter 3: Responding to drugs ? Chapter 4: Drug policies ? Annex: National data tables PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-611-7 M1 - annual_report TI - European drug report 2013: trends and developments. AV - public EP - 80 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19713 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19713/ Y1 - 2013/04// N2 - This Thematic paper contains the results of a study that examined drug prevention interventions for minority ethnic populations in 29 European countries. A total of 33 interventions were reported to the study and the issues they raise are presented and discussed in the paper. The results will inform the EMCDDA?s plans for 2013?15 in terms of monitoring drug prevention interventions particularly in three areas: data collection, design and quality, and the dissemination of knowledge. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Methods ? Responses ? Assessing needs: sources of information ? Meeting needs ? Generic and specialist services ? Cultural competence ? Sustainability ? Monitoring and evaluation ? Establishing and maintaining a database of drug prevention interventions for minority ethnic populations ? Acknowledgements ? References ? Appendix 1 ? Appendix 2 ? Appendix 3 PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-600-1 M1 - other TI - Drug prevention interventions targeting minority ethnic populations: issues raised by 33 case studies. AV - public EP - 115 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc19453 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2013/2 TI - New drug 4-MA to be placed under control across the EU. Y1 - 2013/03/07/ N2 - Europe has responded today to concerns over the use of the stimulant drug 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA) by subjecting it to ?control measures and criminal penalties? throughout the Union. The Decision of the Council of the EU (1) was adopted in the final stage of the three-step legal procedure designed to respond to potentially threatening new psychoactive drugs entering the market (2). The Council Decision is based on the findings of a formal risk-assessment report on 4-MA produced in 2012 by the extended Scientific Committee of the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), with participation of additional experts from the EU Member States, European Commission, Europol and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (3). The report, submitted to the Commission and Council in November 2012, assessed the health and social risks of the drug as well as international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. 4-MA belongs to the group of synthetic phenethylamines and is closely related to amphetamine. It has no established medical value and has no known legitimate purpose, aside from limited use in scientific research.The drug appears to be sold on the illicit market as amphetamine, being frequently mixed with it. Available information suggests that it is produced and distributed by the same organised crime groups involved in the manufacture and trafficking of amphetamine. The Council Decision states that the evidence available provides ?sufficient grounds for subjecting 4-methyl-amphetamine to control measures across the Union?. Reasons for the conclusion include: the drug?s strong similarity to amphetamine and the health risks it poses. The risk-assessment report detailed 21 fatalities (4) in four EU Member States (Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, UK), where 4-MA was detected in post-mortem samples, either alone or in combination with other substances (particularly amphetamine). The adverse effects of 4-MA include: hyperthermia, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, paranoia and anxiety. Eight EU Member States (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, France, Cyprus, Lithuania, Netherlands, UK) already control 4-MA under drug control legislation (four doing so via generic legislation on phenethylamines). In addition, two countries (Hungary and Austria) have introduced new legal frameworks to prohibit the unauthorised supply of individual or groups of substances (4-MA is controlled under the generic definition of phenethylamines). One Member State (Finland) controls the drug under medicines legislation. AV - none ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc19452 UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6XzSzyvSyE&feature=youtu.be TI - Women and drug use in Europe. Y1 - 2013/03// N2 - For most people affected by drug use problem, there are family members who are affected also. The negative consequence can be more serious when it is a mother who is using drugs. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19396 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19396/ Y1 - 2013/02// N2 - The national drug policy of Ireland comes under the spotlight in the second volume in the EMCDDA series of Drug policy profiles. Examining the evolution of Irish drug policy through four periods of historic development, the report explores: the country?s national strategies; the legal context within which they operate; the public funds spent, or committed, to implement them; and the political bodies and mechanisms set up to coordinate the response to the problem. The profile sets this information in context by outlining the size, wealth and economic situation of the country as a whole, as well as the historical development of the current policy. Also described is the manner in which events in Ireland bear similarities with, and differences from, developments in other European countries. Contents: ? Introduction ? Developing Irish drug control, 1921?1979 ? Heroin use and the road towards a new drug policy, 1980?1995 ? Changing policy frames and responses, 1996?2008 ? Extending the policy, 2009?2012 ? Conclusions ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-566-0 M1 - other TI - Drug policy profiles ? Ireland. AV - public EP - 44 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19227 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19227/ Y1 - 2013/01// N2 - The EU drug markets report is the first comprehensive overview of illicit drug markets in the European Union. It covers issues such as production, consumer markets, trafficking, organised crime and policy responses, along with a review of the markets for heroin, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy and new psychoactive substances. It concludes with concrete action points for the areas where the current EU response to the drug market and its consequent harms may be improved. An essential reference tool for law enforcement professionals, policymakers, the academic community and the general public, the report combines Europol?s strategic and operational understanding of trends and developments in organised crime with the EMCDDA?s ongoing monitoring and analysis of the drug phenomenon in Europe and beyond. Table of contents ? Foreword ? Introduction ? Acknowledgements ? At a glance ? Chapter 1: Context ? Chapter 2: Heroin ? Chapter 3: Cocaine ? Chapter 4: Cannabis ? Chapter 5: Amphetamine ? Chapter 6: Methamphetamine ? Chapter 7: Ecstasy ? Chapter 8: New psychoactive substances ? Chapter 9: Issues in focus ? Chapter 10: Conclusions and recommendations ? References ? Abbreviations PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-595-0 M1 - other TI - EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis. AV - public EP - 160 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Bruxelles ID - ndc19098 UR - http://www.consilium.europa.eu/homepage Y1 - 2013/// N2 - The EMCDDA and the European Commission have been asked to prepare a proposal for key indicators for the drug supply area. Two technical conferences supported by expert working groups in three areas (drug markets, drug supply reduction and drug-related crime) recognised that: ˇ we should build on the ongoing work in this area at the national, European and International level, adopting a developmental approach coherent with national realities and needs; ˇ routine reporting needs at EU level should be based upon a restricted set of core data. PB - Council of the European Union M1 - other TI - The second European conference on drug supply indicators: conclusions of the Chairs. AV - public EP - 5 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc20996 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/key-indicators/drid TI - Drug-related infectious diseases. Y1 - 2013/// N2 - This key indicator collects data on the extent of infectious diseases ? primarily HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection ? among people who inject drugs (injecting drug users or IDUs). The data is collected from IDUs each calendar year using two main methods. These are: (a) surveys of IDUs that include serological testing and (b) the monitoring of routine diagnostic testing for HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection among IDUs. These two sources are the most useful as they can provide data on the proportion of those tested who are infected (i.e. prevalence). Repeated collection of data over time allows examination of trends in prevalence, whilst collection of data from young or new users can provide an insight into current levels of transmission (i.e. incidence). In addition to the prevalence data, data on case reports of new diagnosis, such as data from national HIV case reporting and notification systems of hepatitis B and C, also provides useful information. The collection of infectious diseases data is undertaken by the EMCDDA in close collaboration with the EU Member States and the ECDC and WHO. Guidance on how this data should be collected has been produced by the EMCDDA. In addition, the data can be used to generate indirect estimates of the incidence, prevalence and trends in drug injecting (see the EMCDDA key indicator on problem drug use). PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc20093 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2012 Y1 - 2013/// N2 - This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2012 and includes details of all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. Table of contents ? Introduction and background ? Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the EU Pharmacovigilance system ? Formal activities ? Epidemiology and new approaches ? Production and distribution of new psychoactive substances ? Conclusions ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-650-6 M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2012 Annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA (New drugs in Europe, 2012. AV - public EP - 44 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19242 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/5-IT Y1 - 2013/// N2 - At the end of September 2012, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (commonly known by the abbreviation ?5-IT?), through a joint assessment. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Table of contents Introduction Information collection process Information required by Article 5.2 of the Decision Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Decision Summary of findings Conclusions Annexes Annex 1 ? Main information sources Annex 2 ? Details of seizures and collected samples of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT) reported to the EMCDDA Annex 3 ? Deaths associated with 5-(2-aminopropylindole(5-IT) reported to the EMCDDA PB - EMCDDA?Europol SN - 978-92-9168-596-7 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole. AV - public EP - 38 p. ER - TY - CONF ID - ndc19623 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index197136EN.html Y1 - 2013/// N2 - The EMCDDA page provides the minutes and four presentations from a meeting held to discuss brief interventions and motivational interviewing for people using drugs. ?Early intervention? is repeatedly mentioned in EU drugs strategies and is supported by evidence especially for alcohol users, but little is known about how and for which target groups it is actually being used in member states. Little known are also the possibilities of using established techniques for alcohol users like Brief Intervention and Motivational Interviewing in other settings and for users of other substances, even though a recent review found some evidence in reducing substance use if compared with no intervention. Policy makers and professionals might need to know more about how to implement these strategies in larger scale and about the obstacles to be expected when passing scientific findings into practice. The EMCDDA invited experts with experiences related to each of those questions. The objectives of the meeting were to share views and experience on ? implementation barriers and effects, including issues of fidelity; ? transferability to other settings and organisational contexts; ? applicability for substances other than alcohol, above all cannabis and new drugs; ? roll-out within primary health or prevention systems; ? transferability across countries; ? use in street work and outreach work settings. TI - European exchange on Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing for people using drugs. AV - none M2 - Lisbon T2 - European exchange meeting ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc20016 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20016/ Y1 - 2013/// N2 - The General Report of Activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents ? Foreword ? Introduction ? Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance ? Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Annex 1: EMCDDA Organisational chart ? Annex 2: Breakdown of EMCDDA staff as of 31 December 2012 ? Annex 3: Outputs and products ? Annex 4: Key external events, conferences and meetings, 2012 [PDF] ? Annex 5: Implementation of the 2012 work programme [PDF] ? Annex 6: Members of the EMCDDA?s statutory bodies ? Annex 7: Use of the available resources in 2012 ? Annex 8: List of acronyms and abbreviations PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-657-2 M1 - other TI - General report of activities 2012. AV - public EP - 107 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc20061 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ Y1 - 2013/// N2 - Some commentators argue that programmes developed in North America (Canada and the US) are unlikely to work in European countries, due to differing cultural contexts and because most of the evidence for their effectiveness comes from North America. This Thematic paper presents experiences of adapting and implementing four innovative and proven North American drug prevention programmes in Europe, showing the clear potential of transferring such programmes and avoiding the cliché of culture as a barrier to implementation. PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi: 10.2810/41791 SN - 978-92-9168-604-9 M1 - other TI - North American drug prevention programmes: are they feasible in European cultures and contexts? AV - public EP - 52 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19244 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/work-programmes/2013 Y1 - 2013/// N2 - This is the first of the three annual work programmes required to implement the activities and commitments set out in the EMCDDA?s new strategy for the 2013?15 period. The central challenge for the EMCDDA is to continue to deliver high-quality analyses on established topics at the same time as extending its work in less developed but strategically important areas. As the European drug problem evolves, the EMCDDA must also ensure that its tools and approaches keep pace with developments and remain fit for purpose. Table of contents Introduction and summary of key outputs Main areas of work in 2013 Cooperation and collaboration with key partners Supporting the achievement of results Annex I: Potential risk factors Annex II: Estimated allocation/use of the appropriations provided under the EMCDDA 2013 budget for the implementation of the EMCDDA 2013 work programme Annex III: List of the national focal points? beneficiaries of the Reitox grant Annex IV: Template of the 2013 Reitox grant agreement List of abbreviations and acronyms PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-597-4 M1 - other TI - Work programme 2013. AV - public EP - 76 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc19003 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/13 TI - Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines. New EMCDDA report reveals risks of substance use behind the wheel. Y1 - 2012/12/14/ N2 - The use of illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines amongst drivers, particularly when combined with alcohol, is described today in a new report from the EU drugs agency(EMCDDA. The ?state of the art? review presents the results of the largest research project ever carried out in the EU on Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines (the ?DRUID? project), which ran between 2006 and 2011. Around 30 000 people die in traffic accidents in the EU every year, with alcohol still the number one substance endangering lives on Europe?s roads (around one quarter of road deaths). The European Commission funded the DRUID project in order to assess the scale of Europe?s drink- and drug-driving problem and contribute key evidence to road safety policy. It culminated in 50 project reports, running to several thousand pages. The new 50-page EMCDDA review summarises the findings of these reports. For the first time using comparable data, the project drew a map of the drink- and drug-driving problem across 13 European countries (Figure 2). Over 50 000 car and van drivers were tested in random roadside surveys for traces of 25 substances, including illicit drugs, alcohol and medicines. Alcohol was detected in 3.5 % of drivers, illicit drugs in 1.9 % and medicines in 1.4 %. Mixtures of drugs or medicines were found in 0.39 % of those stopped and combinations of alcohol with drugs or medicines in 0.37 %. A series of project recommendations are made to counter driving impaired by substance use. The roadside surveys revealed cannabis (THC) to be the most frequently detected illicit drug in drivers, followed by cocaine and amphetamines. Meanwhile, benzodiazepines were the most frequently found medicine, with medicinal opioids less common. Across Europe, the prevalence of alcohol, cocaine, cannabis and combined substance use was found to be higher in southern and western regions. Medicinal opioids were detected more in northern Europe, while substance use was relatively low in most of the eastern region. Alcohol and drugs were found more often in male drivers, while medicines were identified mainly in middle-aged and older female drivers. Commenting today Wolfgang Götz, EMCDDA Director, said: ?The DRUID project has given policymakers the best available scientific evidence on levels of drug and alcohol use in drivers and the responses available today to improve road safety in Europe. The EMCDDA is proud to be associated with this project, which has set the standard for assessing drug driving in European countries in order to design more effective solutions in future?. Also examined in the study were data from nine countries on drivers seriously injured or killed in traffic accidents. In sharp contrast to the results of the roadside tests, between a quarter and a half of drivers involved in crashes in these countries (28 % to 53 %) tested positive for one or more psychoactive substance (Figure 3). Overall, 24.4 % of the injured driver population and 31.7 % of the killed driver population tested positive for alcohol, around 70 % of these being severely intoxicated (blood alcohol content 1.2 g/l). Among those testing positive for alcohol, the highest percentage of seriously injured drivers was found in Belgium and the highest percentage of drivers killed in accidents found in Portugal. Among those testing positive for cannabis, the highest percentage of seriously injured drivers was again found in Belgium and the highest percentage of drivers killed in accidents in Norway. Cocaine use appeared to be more common in southern Europe. AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16942 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/best-practice/standards TI - Standards and guidelines for practices. Web resource. Y1 - 2012/12// N2 - This page contains a listing of national drug prevention guidelines and standards in Europe. The title, the methodological basis and the types of treatment covered by each guideline are provided, along with a download link where available. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon N1 - EMCDDA standard protocol to collect data and report figures for the mortality component of the Key indicator ?Drug-Related Deaths (DRD) and mortality among drug users? by the Standard Table 18. ID - ndc18976 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18976/ A1 - Buster, Marcel A1 - Giraudon, Isabelle A1 - Matias, Joao A1 - Vicente, Julian Y1 - 2012/11// N2 - Drug-related mortality is a complex phenomenon, which accounts for a considerable percentage of deaths among young people in many European countries. The EMCDDA, in collaboration with national experts, has defined an epidemiological indicator with two components at present: deaths directly caused by illegal drugs (drug-induced deaths) and mortality rates among problem drug users. These two components can fulfil several public health and methodological objectives, notably as an indicator of the overall health impact of drug use and the components of this impact. This standard protocol focuses on the second component (mortality). It provides national focal points and experts with a guide for carrying out,analysing and reporting to the EMCDDA the key figures on mortality among drug users. It describes the features of the Fonte web-based interface which allow the Member States to report their mortality data to the EMCDDA. Each centre must adopt specific and effective procedures to ensure the absolute confidentiality of the information gathered and that the appropriate legislation on data protection, ethical approval and consent are respected. Table of contents: ? Introduction/objectives ? Carrying out mortality studies among drug users ? Data analysis: rates, confidence intervals and adjustment for differences in age distribution ? Strengths and limitations ? References PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction VL - EMCDDA project CT.10:EPI.003 M1 - other TI - Mortality among drug users: guidelines for carrying out, analysing and reporting key figures 2011?12. AV - public EP - 31 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18784 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18784/ Y1 - 2012/11// N2 - This Selected issue starts off by reviewing the available data on drug use among prison populations in Europe, focusing on injecting drug use and other health risk behaviours. Major health risks for drug-using prisoners, including blood-borne infections and infections that can affect all prisoners equally, such as tuberculosis, are discussed. Also mentioned is the role of prison environments, where overcrowding and unsanitary conditions are not uncommon, and the higher-than-average occurrence of psychiatric problems among prisoners. The first section concludes by describing the increased risk of death among prisoners, both in custody and after release. The second part of the report focuses on responses to the health needs of drug-using prisoners in European countries. The study looks at how the internationally recognised rights of prisoners and the European and international rules that set standards for the care of prisoners apply to those with drug problems. The administration of prison healthcare in European countries is examined, and national policies are reviewed. This is followed by an overview of the available information on drug-related service provision in Europe, from prison entry to prison release, addressing counselling, treatment of drug dependence and the prevention of infectious diseases and drug overdose. Table of contents ? The context: prisoners in Europe ? Drug use among the prison population ? Health of drug-using prisoners ? Mortality among prisoners using drugs ? The European context ? Responsibility for prison health in the European countries ? Drug-related prison health policies ? Provision of drug-related health services in prison ? Release preparation and throughcare ? Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-561-5 TI - Prisons and drugs in Europe: the problem and responses. AV - none EP - 36 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18783 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2012 Y1 - 2012/11// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Commentary ? Policies and laws ? Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview ? Cannabis ? Amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens, GHB and ketamine ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Opioid use and drug injection ? Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths ? New drugs and emerging trends PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 1609-6150 M1 - other TI - 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 104 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18787 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18787/ Y1 - 2012/11// N2 - This report brings together, for the first time in Europe, an integrated overview of the prevalence of intensive cannabis use, defined as daily or almost daily cannabis use (use on 20 or more days in the month preceding survey). Self-reported data regarding frequency of cannabis use from large, probabilistic, nationally representative samples of general population surveys from 20 countries, representing more than 83 % of the population of EU and Norway, were collected through two rounds of ad hoc data collection in 2004 and 2007 and through a routine, standard data collection instrument since 2010. Table of contents Introductory note Executive summary ? Introduction ? Methodology and data collection ? Results ? Discussion: strengths and limitations of the data on daily cannabis use in Europe ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978929168562 M1 - other TI - Prevalence of daily cannabis use in the European Union and Norway. AV - public EP - 24 p, ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18596 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18596/ A1 - Sumnall, Harry A1 - Brotherhood, Angelina Y1 - 2012/10// N2 - In order to help drug users become full members of society following treatment, measures are needed that address the issues of housing, education, vocational training and employment as part of their recovery. This report considers existing interventions targeting this vulnerable social group. It also provides a set of conclusions targeted at policymakers and drug practitioners, in order to help them develop coherent and comprehensive social integration strategies. Examples of ?what works? in practice are a vital first step in developing evidence-based guidelines for future interventions. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? Acknowledgements ? Executive summary ? Part I: The need for social reintegration ? Part II: Approaches to promote social reintegration ? Part III: Conclusions ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-557-8 TI - Social reintegration and employment: evidence and interventions for drug users in treatment. AV - public EP - 208 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18705 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18705/ Y1 - 2012/10// N2 - This Selected issue gives a broad overview on the extent of, and available responses to, the problems of pregnant drug users and families that are affected by drug use. In the first part of the report, a description of the available data on the extent of drug use during pregnancy and associated risks is followed by a review of responses to drug use among pregnant women across Europe. The second part of the publication focuses on children living in the care of drug users. Here, a review of the risks related to drug use in the family sets the scene for European overviews of responses targeting drug-using parents and responses aimed at the children of drug users. The policy and legal frameworks concerning the two situations are described, both for pregnant drug users and drug-using parents and their children. Table of contents: ? Introductory note and acknowledgements ? Introduction ? Pregnant drug users ? Drug users living with children ? Conclusions ? References PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Pregnancy, childcare and the family: key issues for Europe?s response to drugs. AV - public EP - 32 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18417 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18417/ Y1 - 2012/09// N2 - The 2013?15 strategy and work programme is the third one since the EMCDDA?s recast Regulation in 2006. It is built around three top-level commitments: (a) providing a relevant, timely and responsive analysis of the drug situation; (b) efficiency: deriving maximum value from activities and investments; (c) communication and a customer-orientated approach. The bedrock on which this three-year strategy and work plan rests is the recognition that the achievements the agency has made since its inception have been delivered by maintaining clarity of purpose, technical rigour and a long-term vision. Table of contents: ? Foreword by the EMCDDA Director ? Context ? Information and analysis for policy and action: the EMCDDA's strategy and vision for 2013?15 ? From strategic vision to getting results: the EMCDDA's work programme for 2013?15 ? Risk assessment PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi: 10.2810/72936 SN - 978-92-9168-560-8 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2013?15 strategy and work programme. AV - public EP - 68 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc18338 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18338/ Y1 - 2012/09// N2 - Little is known about the issue of drug use by travellers. This Thematic paper seeks to increase the interest in this topic both in terms of research and of developing adequate responses to problems related to drugs and travel. The paper aims to shed some light on this topic by investigating the following five questions: What is the profile of those who travel and use drugs? Which destinations have been associated with drug use among travellers? What is the prevalence of drug use among travellers? What are the risks associated with using drugs while travelling? What is the potential for prevention interventions? Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Travelling and using drugs ? Examples of drug-related destinations ? Prevalence of drug use among young travellers ? Risks associated with drug use while travelling ? Potential for prevention interventions ? Conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction VL - Thematic Papers SN - 978-92-9168-558-5 M1 - other TI - Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review. AV - public EP - 25 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18436 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18436/ Y1 - 2012/09// N2 - This Manual is a revised edition of the Treatment demand indicator (TDI) protocol version 2.0 and presents updated guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in Europe. The TDI is one of five key epidemiological indicators which provide a common European methodology for collecting and reporting core data on the number and profiles of those entering specialised drug treatment each year. TDI data are routinely used in EMCDDA analysis of the drug situation in Europe, helping to identify trends and patterns in problem drug use and to assess the use and uptake of treatment facilities. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Guidelines ? Methodological and ethical issues ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-507-3 M1 - other TI - Treatment demand indicator (TDI) standard protocol 3.0: Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries. AV - public EP - 80 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc18187 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18187/ Y1 - 2012/07// N2 - he EMCDDA first published the Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention in 1998 to respond to a need expressed by professionals and policymakers to have a tool and stimulus to evaluate prevention interventions in Europe. These guidelines aimed to facilitate and encourage project leaders to evaluate their own interventions and to design them accordingly. This second edition is an updated version of the original EMCDDA guidelines, which contains new methods, concepts and examples of currently available drug prevention interventions and which provides a framework for carrying out an evaluation. The content has also been updated with developments in online EMCDDA drug prevention and evaluation resources. Table of contents: ? Acknowledgements ? Preface ? Introduction ? Chapter 1: Assessing intervention planning ? Chapter 2: Designing and carrying out a theory-driven evaluation ? Chapter 3: Process evaluation and monitoring system ? Chapter 4: Outcome evaluation ? Chapter 5: Communicating the results ? Chapter 6: Assessing intervention planning ? Chapter 7: Designing and carrying out a theory-driven evaluation ? Chapter 8: Process evaluation and monitoring system ? Chapter 9: Outcome evaluation ? Chapter 10: Communicating the results PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-499-1 TI - Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. AV - public EP - 140 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc17957 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17957/ Y1 - 2012/07// N2 - This policy briefing considers the development of evidence-based drug demand reduction interventions. Following a definition of key terms used in the evidence-based drug demand reduction arena, the briefing then presents the main challenges involved in transferring scientific knowledge into practical applications, with a particular emphasis on 'best practice'. Table of contents: ? Key issues at a glance ? Definitions ? Understanding best practice ? Guidelines and standards: popular instruments to promote best practice ? Accessing and using scientific evidence ? Learning from each other ? minimum quality standards for Europe ? Implementing evidence through guidelines, standards and other tools ? Next steps: identifying gaps and considering new issues ? Conclusions and policy considerations ? Key sources ? Web information PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 1681-5157 M1 - other TI - Drug demand reduction: global evidence for local actions. Drugs in Focus 23. AV - public EP - 4 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc18153 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18153/ Y1 - 2012/07// N2 - Drug and alcohol use in recreational settings are linked to a range of health and social problems. These include acute health problems, such as unconsciousness and unintentional injury, aggressive behaviour and violence, unsafe and unwanted sex, and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. In the 2009?12 EU drugs action plan and, more recently, through the adoption in 2010 of Council conclusions in this area, the EU has addressed drug and alcohol use in places where young people gather to socialise and dance. Reflecting these conclusions, this paper summarises some of the approaches used today to prevent and reduce the health and social risks associated with the use of illicit drugs and alcohol in recreational settings. Table of contents: Introduction The need for a balanced and evidence-based approach Prevention at the user level Environmental strategies Training of staff Interventions involving stakeholders Policing and law enforcement measures Conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-556-1 M1 - other TI - Responding to drug use and related problems in recreational settings. AV - public EP - 11 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc17681 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/4 TI - Leading experts to review global developments in new drugs and ?legal highs?. Y1 - 2012/06/07/ N2 - The United States National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) bring together leading US, European and international experts this week to take stock of the global ?new drugs? phenomenon. In the framework of the 2012 NIDA International Forum, taking place in Palm Springs (CA) from 8?11 June (1), the organisations will co-host the Second interdisciplinary forum on new and emerging psychoactive substances gathering over 300 participants from 72 countries. Building on the First international multidisciplinary forum on new drugs (2), organised by the EMCDDA in Lisbon in May 2011, this year?s forum will focus on new and emerging synthetic and natural drugs, such as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (e.g. ?Spice?) and stimulants (e.g. cathinones). EMCDDA Scientific Director Paul Griffiths, who will receive on 9 June the 2012 NIDA International Program Award for Excellence in International Leadership (3), will deliver a keynote speech on ?New psychoactive substances ? a growing challenge for drug policy and practice?. Other speakers include Volker Auwaerter of the University Medical Centre, Freiburg, who, in 2008, first identified the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 found in ?Spice? (4). AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17754 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17754/ Y1 - 2012/06// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents: ? Foreword ? Introduction ? Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance ? Part II: Management and internal control systems: annual activity report as per the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA (adopted by the EMCDDA?s Management Board on 9 January 2009) PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-504-2 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2011. AV - public EP - 100 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc17642 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/3 TI - New ESPAD study shows overall stable drug use among school students and a reduction in ?heavy episodic drinking?, but no decrease in cigarette smoking. Y1 - 2012/05/31/ N2 - Overall, the use of illicit drugs among 15?16-year-old school students appears to have stabilised, according to the latest European study of this group published today by the European school survey project on alcohol and other drugs (ESPAD). The report, based on a 2011 survey in 36 European countries, also reveals a reduction in ?heavy episodic drinking? (five drinks or more per occasion). But the survey highlights country differences and the need for vigilance where cannabis, inhalant and tobacco use has been seen to rise. This is the fifth data-collection wave conducted by the ESPAD project, with multi-national surveys carried out every four years since 1995 (1). Over 100,000 school students took part in the latest survey. Of the countries participating, 23 were EU Member States. The 2011 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 36 European countries, available in English, will be complemented by a multilingual summary produced with the support of the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) (2). The EMCDDA includes ESPAD data in its annual reporting on the drug situation and the two bodies work closely together under a cooperation agreement signed in 2007 (3). This cooperation was scaled up in 2011, with the partners vowing to boost joint work and technical cooperation to enhance understanding of long-term drug use trends among this population in Europe. The new survey results show that the increase seen in the use of illicŹit drugs among this age group in ESPAD countries between 1995 and 2003 has since stalled, with the average prevalence remaining unchanged at 18 % between 2007 and 2011 (11 % in 1995; 20 % in 2003). The vast majority of the students surveyed in 2011 who had ever tried an illicit drug, had used cannabis. Average lifetime cannabis use was reported by 17 % of the students (4), use in the last 12 months was reported by 13 % and use in the last 30 days by 7 % (all unchanged overall). But despite this overall stable picture, the proportion of stuŹdents who had ever tried cannabis increased significantly between 2007 and 2011 in 11 of the 36 ESPAD countries (and fell in five). The 2011 ESPAD data show that over three-quarters of school students (79 %) had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months and over half (57 %) in the last 30 days, continuing the small decreases witnessed since 2003. In total, 11 countries reported a fall in alcohol use over the past 30 days and in ?heavy episodic drinking? over the same period (the latter had increased by 8 perŹcentage points between 1995 and 2007). Also reported is the small decrease to 38 % in this drinking pattern among girls, in contrast to the striking increase seen in the last round of the survey (29 % in 2003, rising to 41 % in 2007). Among boys, the figure was also slightly lower in 2011 (43 % compared with 45 % in 2007). Across 22 countries, more boys than girls still report ?heavy episodic drinking? in the past 30 days, although the gender gap shrank from 12 percentage points in 1995 to five in 2011. AV - none ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc17629 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17626/ TI - Early warning system - national profile. Y1 - 2012/05/25/ N2 - This publication presents 30 profiles, including Ireland's, of the national early warning systems on new psychoactive substances in operation in Europe in 2011. In Ireland an emerging trends sub-committee was originally set up in September 1997 by the Department of Health as the ad-hoc early warning Committee on New Synthetic Drugs to consider national issues arising from the 1997 Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs by the Council of the European Union concerning information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs where each Member State had to set up a system of early warning to monitor the emergence of this phenomenon. In 2001, the committee was placed on a formal basis within the National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) and its remit extended to include the monitoring of emerging trends. The functions of the early warning system for Ireland are to: identify new drugs; describe new trends in drug use, and report the serious and unusual consequences of drug use. 1. National drug trend monitoring system pilot (2007). The NACD developed and tested three new indicators for use in a Drug Trend Monitoring System (DTMS). The three indicators piloted were: ? a media monitoring system to monitor current drug seizures, drug-related court cases, and local drug issues around the country; ? a network of trend monitors consisting of frontline workers from around the country to complete a twice-yearly trend questionnaire on the drug situation in their area, and notify the DTMS when new trends arise; ? a series of focus groups with drug users to assess latest drug trends. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17614 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17614/ Y1 - 2012/05// N2 - Scientific findings and up-to-date evidence are needed for sound policymaking at local, national and EU level. Research can help answer many policy questions by investigating which interventions or combination of interventions may be more appropriate to help reduce drug problems. Research can also assess the cost-effectiveness of various alternative interventions and suggest innovative ways to increase effectiveness. Both the European Commission and the Member States have been investing in drug-related research and promoting the development of a wider knowledge base to underpin drug policy. However, there has been no consistent approach at European level to identifying and prioritising research topics. The EMCDDA has been monitoring drug-related research since 2007, as part of its mandate to provide ?the Community and its Member States with factual, objective, reliable and comparable information at European level concerning drugs and drug addiction and their consequences? (1). The agency has developed a methodology to analyse research activity on the basis of the studies cited by Reitox national focal points in their Reitox national reports. This Thematic paper therefore draws from a variety of sources, which include analysis of the yearly national reports submitted to the EMCDDA by the Reitox national focal points over the period 2008?10, projects funded through different European Commission research and drug-related programmes, and Council and Commission documents focusing on this topic. It aims to update the EMCDDA Selected issue on national drug-related research in Europe (EMCDDA, 2008), by reporting on recent developments and current challenges, and by suggesting future opportunities in this field. ( PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 78-92-9168-503-5 M1 - other TI - Drug-related research in Europe: recent developments and future perspectives. AV - public EP - 23 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17626 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17626/ A1 - Gallegos, Ana A1 - Sedefov, Roumen Y1 - 2012/05// N2 - This publication presents 30 profiles of the national early warning systems on new psychoactive substances in operation in Europe in 2011. The early warning system on new psychoactive substances is a multidisciplinary network consisting of 30 European countries which collect, appraise and rapidly disseminate information on new drugs and products that contain them. The publication aims to promote best practices and to enhance the exchange of experiences between different national early warning systems. Irish national profile - page 74 PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi: 10.2810/51894 SN - 978-92-9168-500-4 M1 - other TI - Early warning system: national profiles. AV - public EP - 167 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc14065 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/country-data/prevention/2011/ireland TI - EMCDDA: Prevention profile: Ireland Y1 - 2012/03// N2 - What are countries in Europe doing to prevent illicit drug use? The prevention profiles section of the website tries to answer this question by providing information on the level of provision of different prevention measures in Europe (EU Member States, Croatia, Turkey and Norway). For more information, including methodology, definitions, data sources and technical information, please read the 'About prevention profiles' page. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16781 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5036EN.html TI - Overviews of legal topics. Y1 - 2012/03// N2 - The European Legal Database on Drugs (ELDD) is the EMCDDA's online database of information on European drugs-related legislation for the Member States and Norway. Topic Overviews cover the following areas: ? Classification of controlled drugs ? Illegal consumption ? Illegal possession of drugs ? Illegal drug trafficking ? Possession of cannabis for personal use ? Medical purposes ? Needle and Syringe Programmes ? Treatment alternatives ? Workplace drug testing ? Hallucinogenic mushrooms ? Driving ? Substitution treatment ? Controlled deliveries ? Precursor penalties ? Threshold quantities Classification of controlled drugs ? How are drugs classified at international level and why? ? Does the EU have a standardised classification system? ? Do different types of drugs elicit different legal responses? Personal possession of cannabis ? Is cannabis equal to other substances or not? ? When are cannabis-related offences prosecuted? Illegal consumption of drugs and the law ? Is drug consumption per se illegal? ? Is it prosecuted? Legal status of drug testing in the workplace ? In which conditions is testing permitted? ? What are the rights and responsibilities of the employer and employee? ? Are there privacy or data protection issues involved? Drugs and driving ? What drugs are prohibited for drivers? ? Can police stop drivers randomly, or do they need suspicion? ? Should a driver be under influence, or does any trace of drugs lead to an offence? Illegal possession of drugs ? Is possession of drugs 'for personal use' viewed differently from other forms of possession? ? Do the quantities and nature of the drug(s) involved affect the legal response? Hallucinogenic mushrooms ? Are these controlled in Member States? ? What happens if they grow in the wild? Legal status of opioid substitution treatment ? What drugs are permitted for substitution treatment in the countries? ? Who can prescribe them? Who can dispense them? ? How are the drugs and the patients monitored? Can they be taken home? ? What happens if the patient fails a urine test? Illegal drug trafficking ? Is there a difference between trafficking in drugs for personal use and trafficking for commercial purposes? Treatment alternatives to prosecution or prison ? Are alternative measures to prosecution for drug offences available? ? Does the offender have to be an addict? ? Can they be used for theft offences? ? Are they compulsory? Penalties for precursor offences ? Are the penalties the same as for drug trafficking offences? ? What happens if there is just a breach of labelling requirements? Supplying illicit drugs for medical purposes ? Is substitution treatment in breach of the international Conventions against drugs? ? What are the legal bases for methadone prescription? ? Is prescribing heroin for medical purposes against international law? Legal Framework of Needle and Syringe Programmes ? Are these programmes legal? ? Can they be considered as facilitating drug use? ? How do the police react? Controlled deliveries ? If law enforcement officers want to watch a controlled delivery of drugs through the territory, who can authorise it? ? What are the necessary requirements for authorisation? ? Do the same laws apply to other illicit goods? Threshold quantities for possession and supply offences ? Who defines a threshold quantity? ? How much is a small, or large, quantity of a drug? ? How do quantities vary between different drugs? PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16951 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16951/ Y1 - 2012/02// N2 - The 2012 EMCDDA work programme takes forward activities begun in 2010 to implement the EMCDDA's three-year strategy (2010?12). This strategy seeks to: consolidate and deepen the analysis of core datasets held at the EMCDDA; invest in more complex and policy-relevant analysis; and develop a small number of new areas of strategic importance. It also reflects on the obligations of the agency?s mission statement and is sensitive to the needs of the EU drugs strategy and action plan (2009?12). The 2012 work programme presents specific objectives accompanied by their related activities and expected outcomes. This new structure is the result of the ongoing rationalisation of planning processes and procedures taking place within the EMCDDA. Table of contents ? Introduction and summary of outputs ? Monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem in Europe ? Cooperation and collaboration with key external partners ? Supporting the achievement of results ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-497-7 M1 - other TI - Work programme 2012. AV - public EP - 78 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16780 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index146601EN.html TI - Legal topic overviews: classification of controlled drugs. Y1 - 2012/01// N2 - EU Member States classify drugs and precursors according to the three UN Conventions of 1961, 1971 and 1988 (abbreviated below to UN61, UN71 and UN88), controlling and supervising their legitimate scientific or medical use while taking into account the particular risks to public or individual health. This Topic Overview looks at the UN system, the EU?s system of pan-European control, and finally gives a table outlining the similarities and differences of the national systems in the EU and Norway. ? How are drugs classified at international level and why? ? Does the EU have a standardised classification system? ? Do different types of drugs elicit different legal responses? PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16790 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index146646EN.html#intro TI - Legal topic overviews: penalties for illegal drug trafficking. Y1 - 2012/01// N2 - What we have here called 'trafficking' offences may include production or cultivation, import and export, transporting, offering, selling and/or possession, with intent to distribute or supply, or the concept of acting 'for gain' or 'on a commercial basis'. Therefore, we have not included production or cultivation for personal use. Various aggravating factors in the offence may include the involvement of large quantities, drugs considered very dangerous to health, the aim to make substantial profit, involvement of (organised) groups or gangs, abuse of position by a professional person, or recidivism. Selling drugs to acquire money to finance a drug habit is a recognised behaviour among drug users and is considered an offence in all EU Member States. In some, these 'user-dealers' or 'addict-pushers' occupy a middle ground between the serious offence of drug distribution and the more medical problem of drug addiction. As such, they may be specifically identified in national laws ? if not, it is usual for the judge to take this situation into account when sentencing. Addiction is seen as a mitigating circumstance, but on the other hand the type and quantity of the drug sold or distributed, and recidivism, may be seen as aggravating factors. In general, selling drugs is always prosecuted, but wide ranges are prescribed for sentencing. At European level, following the conclusions of the 1999 Tampere European Council that called on the Member States to adopt additional legal provisions to combat trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the Council adopted in October 2004 a Framework-Decision laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking. This overview contains penalties by country and a table: EU Framework-Decision laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18786 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18786/ Y1 - 2012/// N2 - The EMCDDA Trendspotter case study on Fentanyl in Europe was undertaken during September and October 2012. It culminated in an expert meeting in Lisbon on 9?10 October 2012. The aim of the study was to increase understanding of the availability and illicit use of fentanyl in Europe, with a specific focus on: the extent and patterns of use; illicit production and diversion; harms and deaths; and, responses to the problem. Twelve experts from 10 EU Member States (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, Sweden, Finland, United Kingdom) attended the meeting, presenting their experiences and contributing to an analysis of the topic, providing insights from law enforcement, forensics, treatment, research and monitoring, and drug user perspectives. Table of contents ? Rationale and methods ? Multiple sources of supply ? Divergent situations regarding use ? Why more fentanyl use? ? High levels of harm ? Responding to fentanyl problems ? Discussion ? Conclusion PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-565-3 TI - EMCDDA Trendspotter study on fentanyl in Europe. AV - public EP - 14 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc18785 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18785/ Y1 - 2012/// N2 - At the end of 2011 and in 2012, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance, 4-methylamphetamine. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 4-methylamphetamine as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Information collection process ? Information required by Article 5.2 of the Decision ? Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Decision ? Summary of findings ? Conclusions ? Annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978929168563 TI - EMCDDA-Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylamphetamine. AV - public EP - 40 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16757 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/legal-topic-overviews/cannabis-possession-for-personal-use TI - Legal topic overviews: possession of cannabis for personal use. Y1 - 2012/// N2 - The legal status of cannabis for personal use is one of the most controversial policy issues in the European Union. Although cannabis is a classified narcotic drug placed under control by the United Nations and by all EU Member States, the measures adopted to control it at national level vary considerably, as shown in the table below. Cannabis extracts ? marijuana, hashish and cannabis oil ? are classified as narcotic drugs under both Schedules I and IV of the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Art. 36 requests State Parties to ?adopt such measures as will ensure that ?possession? of drugs contrary to the provisions of this Convention? shall be punishable offences when committed intentionally...?. The active principles of cannabis, the cannabinoids THC and specifically dronabinol (delta-9-THC), are classified as psychotropic substances under Schedules I and II respectively of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Art 22 of this echoes the terms of the 1961 Convention above, stating that ?each Party shall treat as a punishable offence, when committed intentionally, any action contrary to a law or regulation adopted in pursuance of its obligations under this Convention? ?. Finally, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic of 1988, Art. 3 requests establishment of a criminal offence for possession of drugs for the purposes of trafficking (Art. 3.1(a)(iii)), and for the possession for personal consumption (Art.3.2). This latter has been the subject of a wide range of interpretations and analyses; see ELDD?s Legal Reports for example the EMCDDA thematic paper ?Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches?, section 1, and Chapter 7 of A Cannabis Reader, EMCDDA Monograph 8; Cannabis Control in Europe. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17830 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/insights/cannabis-market Y1 - 2012/// N2 - This study brings together available evidence to provide a comprehensive analysis of cannabis production and markets across the EU. It combines information from EMCDDA routine reporting ? data on patterns of prevalence and use, seizures, police reports, drug-law offences, cannabis potency and retail market prices ? with literature on cannabis markets to create an in-depth analysis of the issue in a European context. PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi:10.2810/52425 SN - 978-92-9168-502-8 M1 - other TI - Cannabis production and markets in Europe. AV - public EP - 274 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc17072 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/77 TI - Drugnet Europe. Y1 - 2012/// N2 - Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: 2012 EMCDDA work programme; ECDC-EMCDDA HIV rapid risk assessment; Romania passes law to curb distribution of new psychoactive substances; European summer school on illicit drugs; multicity project on wastewater analysis; upcoming events on new psychoactive substances; and new EMCDDA products and services. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc18073 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18073/ Y1 - 2012/// N2 - n accordance with Article 76 of the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA, the accounts of the EMCDDA shall comprise: 'The financial statements of the EMCDDA and the reports on implementation of the budget of the EMCDDA. The accounts of the EMCDDA shall be accompanied by a report on budgetary and financial management during the year.' Table of contents Financial statements of the EMCDDA Balance sheet Economic outturn account Cash-flow table Annexes to the balance sheet Report on the implementation of the EMCDDA budget Budget outturn account for the financial year 2011 Appendix to the EMCDDA 2011 accounts Report on budgetary and financial management for the financial year 2011 PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - annual_report TI - EMCDDA final annual accounts 2011. AV - public EP - 35 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc17382 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index154967EN.html Y1 - 2012/// N2 - This report has been compiled by the EMCDDA in the first half of 2011 as a supporting document for the external evaluation of the 2005?12 EU drugs strategy and its two 2005?08 and 2009?12 action plans. It reviews the main trends and changes in the European drug situation and in the responses developed by the EU Member States. Four main areas are covered by the report: drug use and drug-related problems; drug supply; drug policies; and demand reduction interventions. In this summary, at the beginning of each of these sections, the reader is reminded of the relevant priorities and objectives set out in the EU drugs strategy, in order to facilitate analysis and assessment of progress and achievements. The timeframe for analysis is from 2004 (the year before the strategy) until the most recent data available, usually 2009 or 2010. Most of the data have been collected through the EMCDDA?s network of Reitox national focal points but additional data sources have been used in some areas. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - EMCDDA trend report for the evaluation of the 2005?12 EU drugs strategy. AV - public EP - 64 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc17452 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2011 Y1 - 2012/// N2 - This report presents the results and outlines the key achievements for 2011 on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. New drugs were detected in the European Union in 2011 at the rate of around one per week, with a total of 49 new psychoactive substances officially notified for the first time via the EU early-warning system (EWS). This represents the largest number of substances ever reported in a single year, up from 41 substances reported in 2010 and 24 in 2009. In 2011, the list of substances registered was dominated by two groups: synthetic cannabinoids (23 substances) and synthetic cathinones (8 substances). These now represent the two largest drug groups monitored by the EWS and, together, make up around two-thirds of the new drugs reported last year. All of the new compounds reported in 2011 were synthetic. Also described in the report is the EMCDDA's monitoring of the online ?legal high? market. The number of online shops offering at least one psychoactive substance or product rose from 314 in January 2011 to 690 in January 2012. Table of contents 1. Introduction and background 2. Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the EU pharmacovigilance system 3. Results achieved in 2011 4. Epidemiology and new approaches 5. Production and distribution of new psychoactive substances 6. The way forward Annexes PB - EMCDDA; Europol M1 - other TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2011 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA AV - public EP - 29 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16745 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ Y1 - 2012/// N2 - In response to a notified increase in HIV cases among injecting drug users (IDU) in Greece and Romania, the European Commission asked the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in November 2011 to conduct a rapid inquiry among their network of HIV surveillance- and drug focal points to investigate whether such increases had occurred in other countries. The assessment showed that while most European countries reported no changes in the rate of newly diagnosed cases of HIV or HIV prevalence in IDU in 2011, increases were documented in six countries. Indicators of injecting risk and prevention coverage show a potential risk for increased HIV transmission and future outbreaks in several countries. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control M1 - other TI - Joint EMCDDA and ECDC rapid risk assessment. HIV in injecting drug users in the EU/EEA, following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania. AV - public EP - 13 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc17005 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ Y1 - 2012/// N2 - Table of contents 1.What is Reitox? 2.Who are members of the Reitox network? 3.What is the Reitox network?s main mission? 4.Is there a difference between a national focal point and a national drugs observatory? 5.What are the functions of Reitox national focal points at European level? 6.What are the functions of Reitox national focal points at national level? 7.How is Reitox managed? 8.How should a national focal point be structured? 9.What types of information should Reitox members provide to the EMCDDA and when? 10.How many staff members should work in a national focal point and what qualifications do they need? 11.How are Reitox national focal points financed? 12.What is the ?Reitox Academy?? 13.Who can benefit from Reitox national focal points? expertise at national level and how? 14.What is the added value in joining the Reitox network for non?EU countries? 15.How can my country join the Reitox network? 16.Where canI find the contact details for Reitox members? PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - The Reitox network: frequently asked questions. AV - public EP - 12 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc17147 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_150421_EN_EMCDDA_ThematicPapers_DrugMules.pdf Y1 - 2012/// N2 - The trafficking of drugs and, in particular, the use of human carriers (often called ?drug mules?) remains a relatively hidden phenomenon, on which limited information is available. This latest EMCDDA Thematic paper explores whether a common definition of ?drug mules? can be developed in the European context and assesses the implications of this for data gathering and future research. The paper has its roots in a questionnaire launched by the EMCDDA in 2010 to test a proposed conceptual framework of drug couriers. Taking part in the survey were experienced professionals, academics and practitioners from a variety of countries, legal traditions and law-enforcement practices. Drug mules are reported to be transporting all of the major illicit drug types through Europe and making full use of all European transport routes. This paper draws a number of conclusions and recommendations for further investigation into drug markets and related responses. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-498-4 M1 - other TI - A definition of ?drug mules? for use in a European context. AV - public EP - 46 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc19002 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19002/ A1 - Schulze, Horst A1 - Urmeew, Raschid A1 - Auerbach, Kerstin A1 - Alvarez, Javier A1 - Bernhoft, Inger Marie A1 - de Gier, Han A1 - Hagenzieker, Marjan A1 - Houwing, Sjoerd A1 - Knoche, Anja A1 - Pilgerstorfer, Monika A1 - Zlender, Bojan Y1 - 2012/// N2 - The ?state of the art? review presents the results of the largest research project ever carried out in the EU on Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines (the ?DRUID? project), which ran between 2006 and 2011 PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi: 10.2810/74023 SN - ISBN 978-92-9168-564-6 M1 - other TI - Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines in Europe ? findings from the DRUID project. AV - public EP - 57 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc16503 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/11 TI - EMCDDA launches first European quality standards to improve drug prevention in the EU. Y1 - 2011/12/09/ N2 - ?Prevention? is one of the first issues to be mentioned in the public debate on drugs, but evidence of what works in practice to prevent drug use is often overlooked. Today the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) launches the first European ?how to? guide on conducting high-quality drug prevention. Entitled European drug prevention quality standards: a manual for prevention professionals, it will be presented at an international conference hosted by the agency in Lisbon this week (1). Developing and implementing best practice in drug prevention in Europe are goals set by the current EU drug strategy and action plan (2). In line with these goals, today?s manual is the culmination of a two-year project to assess existing guidance in this area and to meet the need for a commonly agreed European framework to improve drug prevention in the EU. With support from the European Commission, the project is the fruit of collaboration between the seven organisations of the ?Prevention Standards Partnership?, working closely with the EMCDDA (3). Bridging science, policy and practice, over 400 international, European and national experts and stakeholders contributed to developing the standards via a dynamic process involving focus groups, consultations and studies. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16565 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16565/ Y1 - 2011/12// N2 - This joint publication with the European Police Agency, Europol, is an in-depth study on the illicit market in amphetamine. Bringing together data on law enforcement measures such as drug seizures and clandestine laboratory detections with data on drug use prevalence, the report shows that Europe is the world?s number one producer of amphetamine and a major consumer market. As a synthetic drug that can be manufactured close to its market, measures aimed at disrupting amphetamine supply include restricting access to the chemicals used in its production. The illicit market, however, has developed sophisticated responses to these and other control measures. Highlighting the role of cooperation between law enforcement agencies in different countries, the study points to the need for a better understanding of illicit amphetamine markets to underpin a more effective and informed policy response. Table of contents ? Introduction ? The global context ? Amphetamine production and precursors issues ? The European user markets for amphetamine ? Amphetamine production and trafficking in Europe ? European and international initiatives ? Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-491-5 M1 - other TI - Amphetamine: a European Union perspective in the global context. AV - public EP - 50 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16551 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16551/ Y1 - 2011/12// N2 - This briefing paper describes some of the practical and legal obstacles facing Member States when responding to such new substances. It underlines the importance of national early-warning systems in detecting and identifying new substances as the first step towards assessing the risks of, and ultimately controlling, potentially dangerous new drugs. Table of contents: ? Definitions ? Key issues at a glance ? Early-warning systems ? Proactive control ? Assessing the risks ? Faster processes ? but supervised ? Unintended consequences of control ? Are other laws effective? ? Conclusions and policy considerations ? Key sources ? Web information PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 1681-5157 M1 - other TI - Responding to new psychoactive substances. Drugs in Focus 22. AV - public EP - 4 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc15586 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15586/ TI - Drugnet Europe 75 Y1 - 2011/07// N2 - Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: Drugnet Europe reader survey; monitoring wholesale drug prices in Europe; Eurobarometer survey on young people?s attitudes to drugs; call for input in the development of indicators of drug supply in Europe; forum on new drugs ? reflections and conclusions; new EMCDDA products and services. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc15074 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index127481EN.html TI - Developing a set of indicators on drug markets, crime and supply reduction in Europe: your input is welcome Y1 - 2011/05/13/ N2 - The need to scale up the monitoring of illicit drug supply in Europe is an important component of the current EU action plan and EMCDDA work programme 2010?12. In October 2010, the first European conference on drug supply indicators, organised by the European Commission and the EMCDDA, with the active involvement of Europol, (1) initiated work on the conceptualisation of technically sound and sustainable indicators in this area of key importance for European drug policy. According to the strategy adopted, the overall conceptual framework to monitor illicit drug supply will integrate three components: drug markets, drug-related crime and drug supply reduction. Special attention will be given to the possible standardisation, extension and improvement of existing data-collection systems and targeted research will be used to improve understanding of the topic. Three working groups, supported by the EMCDDA, will produce a roadmap in 2011 comprising short, medium and long-term monitoring objectives for the three areas. AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc15072 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15072/ TI - Drugnet Europe 74. Y1 - 2011/05// N2 - Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: Over 40 new drugs reported in 2010, HIV in the European region: unity and diversity, Mapping ?drug squads? in Europe, Feature: Khat use in Europe implications for European policy. PB - EMCDDA AV - public ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc14787 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/fs-1 TI - EMCDDA to acknowledge excellence in scientific writing Y1 - 2011/03/04/ N2 - Europe?s top scientific papers on drug-related topics will be acknowledged this year in a new award launched by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA). The prize giving, to take place annually in Lisbon, will celebrate excellence in scientific writing in this area of critical concern to EU citizens. The inaugural event will take place in the margins of the EMCDDA Scientific Committee meeting, being held in the Portuguese capital from 14?15 November. This EMCDDA advisory body is composed of 16 renowned scientists appointed on the basis of merit and independence. Articles eligible for nomination for the award will focus on illicit drugs, although findings on licit substances may also be included. The articles will have been published in 2010 in peer-reviewed scientific journals, with the primary author based in an EU Member State or Norway. AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc14817 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14817/ TI - Drugnet Europe 73. Y1 - 2011/03// N2 - Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: mephedrone ban across the EU; Poland passes new law to control ?head shops? and ?legal highs?; a new European Society for Prevention Research; 2011 EMCDDA work programme; a new prize for top scientific papers; new EMCDDA products and services. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - public ER - TY - GEN CY - Stockholm ID - ndc23443 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23443/ Y1 - 2011/// PB - ECDC SN - 978-92-9193-313-6 TI - ECDC and EMCDDA guidance. Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. AV - public EP - 55 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16292 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16292/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - At least 1.1 million Europeans are estimated to have received treatment for drug dependence during 2009, mostly through opioid substitution, detoxification and psychosocial interventions, delivered in a variety of settings. While more than half of the clients received opioid substitution treatment, a substantial number received other forms of treatment for problems related to opioids, stimulants, cannabis and other illicit drugs. The quality of interventions is underpinned by treatment guidelines. This Selected issue focuses on the topic of improving treatment quality by the development of guidelines, and provides an overview of existing national guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence in Europe. Table of contents: * Introduction * Setting the scene: national treatment guidelines * Evolution of national treatment guidelines in Europe * A bookshelf of European drug dependence treatment guidelines * Developing national guidelines: lessons from experience * National and WHO guidelines for the treatment of opioid dependence: differences and similarities * Conclusions PB - Publications Offi ce of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-490-8 TI - Guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence: a European perspective. AV - public EP - 30 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc14727 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/hepatitis TI - Hepatitis and drug use. Y1 - 2011/// N2 - EMCDDA thematic page on hepatitis and drug use. In Europe, injecting drug use is a major transmission route for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Estimates suggest that around 1 million people who have injected drugs may be living with HCV in the EU today. Typically between 40 % and 90 % of injecting drug users are infected, and many contract the disease soon after their first injection. This is due to unsafe injecting practices which include sharing of needles/syringes and other injection materials. The high prevalence of HCV infection among drug injectors represents a serious public health problem for the EU, made worse by the fact that many of those who have contracted the virus are unaware of their infection status. HCV infection may lead to severe chronic liver disease and premature death. This can occur after many years of asymptomatic infection. AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Stockholm ID - ndc16075 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/5 Y1 - 2011/// N2 - Seven interventions, one aim: no infections among people who inject drugs. In a new guidance document out today, EU agencies ECDC and the EMCDDA have joined forces to identify seven interventions to reduce and prevent infectious diseases in this vulnerable population. Many European countries have achieved substantial progress in recent years in preventing drug-related infections. Drug injecting, however, remains a major cause of infectious diseases across Europe. The interventions proposed range from the supply of injection equipment, testing and vaccination to the treatment of infections and drug dependence. These are best applied in combination and ideally in the same venue for maximum effect. PB - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control SN - ISBN 978-92-9193-313-6 TI - Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. AV - public EP - 55 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16288 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/events/2011/annual-report Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents: * Commentary * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and hallucinogenic substances * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - annual_report TI - Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 112 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16291 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16291/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - This Selected issue provides an exploratory European overview of costs associated with treatment for drug dependence. The cost of drug treatment in Europe is looked at from two main angles in this report. First, an overview is presented of the main sources of funding for drug treatment and the financing mechanisms that are employed in a number of European countries. This is followed by a focused analysis of the unit costs of the four main drug treatment modalities (detoxification, psychosocial inpatient, psychosocial outpatient and opioid substitution treatment). Table of contents: * Introductory note and acknowledgements * Exploring the cost and fi nancing of drug treatment services in Europe * Financing drug treatment * Estimating expenditure on drug treatment in Europe * Unit costs of drug treatment * Conclusions PB - Publications Offi ce of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-464-9 M1 - other TI - Cost and financing of drug treatment services in Europe. AV - public EP - 28 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16505 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16505/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The common view of drug prevention, particularly in lay audiences, is that it consists of informing (generally warning) young people about the effects (most commonly the dangers) of drug use. Prevention is then often equated with (mass media)campaigns. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that the sole provision of information on drug effects has an impact on drug use behaviour, or that mass media campaigns are cost-effective. In reality, the challenge of prevention lies in helping young people to adjust their behaviour, capacities, and wellbeing in fields of multiple influences such as social norms, interaction with peers, living conditions, and their own personality traits. This view is also reflected in current prevention approaches. To provide a simplified overview, environmental prevention strategies target social norms, universal prevention targets skills development and interaction with peers and social life, selective prevention focuses on living and social conditions, and indicated prevention facilitates dealing and coping with individual personality traits and psychopathology. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - ISBN: 978-92-9168-487-8 TI - EMCDDA manuals no 7. European drug prevention quality standards. A manual for prevention professionals. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc14622 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index121903EN.html Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The 2011 work programme takes forward activities begun in 2010 to implement the EMCDDA?s three-year strategy (2010?12). Key themes of this strategy are the consolidation of core data, investment in more complex and policy-relevant analysis, and the development of a small number of new areas of strategic importance. Progress was made in all these areas in 2010, and this document details the next steps to be taken. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - EMCDDA: Work programme 2011 AV - public EP - 75 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc15319 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15319/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents: Part I: Report of activities ? Overview ? Core business: monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem ? Supporting drug policy dialogue and technical cooperation ? Supporting the achievement of results Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-461-8 M1 - annual_report TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2010. AV - public EP - 102 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc15427 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugs-in-focus/khat Y1 - 2011/// N2 - Khat refers to the young and tender leaves and shoots of the khat tree (Catha edulis). Khat has many names including ?qat? (Yemen), ?jad? or ?chad? (Ethiopia, Somalia), ?miraa? (Kenya) or ?marungi? (Uganda, Rwanda). The soft leaves and tender stems are chewed and kept in a tight wad in the cheek pocket. PB - Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Khat use in Europe: implications for European policy AV - public EP - 4 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc16290 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16290/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - This Selected issue focuses on mortality among drug users due to all causes, of which drug-induced deaths (overdoses) is only a component, albeit the one most well-documented. The publication begins with an introduction to mortality cohort studies and then reviews the findings on overall mortality rates in Europe. The available sources of data are examined to explore the main causes of deaths among drug users and the latest information on risk and protective factors. The Selected issue finishes with a discussion of the public health implications of drug-related mortality and the options available for prevention and intervention. Table of contents: * Introduction * Key findings from recent mortality cohorts in Europe * What are the major causes of death among problem drug users? * Public health perspectives and implications * Towards a better understanding of drug-related mortality for more effective action PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-492-2 M1 - other TI - Mortality related to drug use in Europe. AV - public EP - 40 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16289 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16289/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The EMCDDA monitors unregulated psychoactive products ? the so-called ?legal highs? ? sold via the Internet and advertised with aggressive and sophisticated marketing strategies, and in some cases intentionally mislabelled with declared ingredients differing from the actual composition. The ?legal highs? market is distinguished by the speed at which suppliers circumvent drug controls by offering new alternatives. The EMCDDA has been monitoring the marketing of these new psychoactive substances since 2006 through multilingual Internet ?snapshots?, which function as rapid assessments of the online availability of substances, undertaken during a limited time window. Changes in the methods used have increased the quality and coverage of these surveys, but mean that data for different snapshots may not be directly comparable. This paper presents findings from the two most recent snapshots, performed in January and July 2011. Table of contents: * Background * EMCDDA snapshot methodology * Results * Restrictions on deliveries and ?disclaimers? * Products and prices * Conclusions * References PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Online sales of new psychoactive substances/'legal highs': summary of results from the 2011 multilingual snapshots. AV - public EP - 8 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16188 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16188/ Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The European Union Drug Strategy for the period 2009?12 sets the goal to yield concrete and identifiable improvements concerning the knowledge of drugs trafficking. In addition, the EU Drugs Action Plan for 2009?12 defines among others the objectives to develop key-indicators of policy-relevant data on drug markets, as well as a strategy to collect them. This Pilot study on wholesale drug markets aims to contribute to this process, starting by discussing the utility of collecting wholesale drug prices in Europe. In order to assess the feasibility of this collection process, this study provides an overview of the procedures implemented nationally and of the information available in European countries on wholesale drug prices. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Defining wholesale drug prices ? ?Need to know approach?: Why collect wholesale drug prices? ? Enhancing the utility of collecting wholesale drug prices ? Data availability in Europe, at national level ? The Questionnaire on wholesale drug prices ? Results from two rounds of data collection (2008 and 2009 data) ? National overviews of collection procedures ? Conclusions ? Online annexes o European drug wholesale prices 2008 o European drug wholesale prices 2009 o European drug wholesale prices (sample submission), examples PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction VL - doi: 10.2810/49443 SN - 978-92-9168-489-2 M1 - other TI - Pilot study on wholesale drug prices in Europe. AV - public EP - 85 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc16185 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/country-data/prevention/2011 TI - Prevention profiles 2011. Y1 - 2011/// N2 - What are countries in Europe doing to prevent illicit drug use? 'Prevention profiles' try to answer this question by providing information based on expert appraisal of the level of provision of different prevention measures in Europe. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc15525 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats11 TI - Statistical bulletin 2011. Y1 - 2011/// N2 - The Statistical bulletin is published yearly by the EMCDDA and provides access to the most recent statistical data relating to the drugs situation in Europe. Statistics are organised by category. In addition to the statistical tables and graphs, an overview of the data is provided for each category. Overviews for Europe and 'country overviews', including Ireland are availabe. Contents: ? Drug use among the general population and young people ? Prevention ? Problem drug use ? Treatment demand ? Drug-related infectious diseases ? Drug-related deaths ? Treatment responses ? Harm reduction responses ? Drug markets and drug-related offences ? National drug laws ? National drug strategy ? Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs ? Drug-related research PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc15017 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15017/ A1 - Sedefov, Roumen A1 - Gallegos, Ana Y1 - 2011/// N2 - This publication presents the summary findings and the conclusions of the risk assessment on mephedrone, carried out by the EMCDDA?s extended Scientific Committee, with participation of additional experts from the European Commission, Europol and the EMA. The risk assessment report, which was submitted to the European Commission and the Council of the European Union 26 May 2010, examines the health and social risks of the drug, as well as information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. Furthermore, the report considers the potential implications for placing the drug under control in the EU. On the basis of this report ? and on the initiative of the European Commission ? on 2 December 2010, the Council decided that mephedrone is to be subject to control measures. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Physical and chemical description of mephedrone and its mechanisms of action, including its medical value ? Chemical precursors that are used for the manufacture of mephedrone ? Health risks associated with mephedrone ? Social risks associated with mephedrone ? Information on the level of involvement of organised crime and information on seizures and/or detections by the authorities, and the manufacture of mephedrone ? Information on any assessment of mephedrone in the United Nations system ? Description of the control measures that are applicable to mephedrone in the Member States ? Options for control and the possible consequences of the control measures ? Conclusion ? List of annexes PB - Publications Office of the European Union VL - doi: 10.2810/40800 SN - 978-92-9168-457-1 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of mephedrone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 200 p. ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc14185 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2010/11 TI - Europe faces new challenges posed by changes in drug supply and use. Y1 - 2010/11/10/ AV - none ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc14184 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2010/12 TI - Over 1 million drug users a year in treatment, but considerable challenges remain. Y1 - 2010/11/10/ AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc13415 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats10 TI - EMCDDA statistical bulletin 2010. Y1 - 2010/07/15/ N2 - The Statistical bulletin is published yearly by the EMCDDA and provides access to the most recent statistical data relating to the drugs situation in Europe. Statistics are organised by category. In addition to the statistical tables and graphs, an overview of the data is provided for each category. Overviews for Europe and 'country overviews', including Ireland are availabe. Contents: ? Drug use among the general population and young people ? Prevention ? Problem drug use ? Treatment demand ? Drug-related infectious diseases ? Drug-related deaths ? Treatment responses ? Harm reduction responses ? Drug markets and drug-related offences ? National drug laws ? National drug strategy ? Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs ? Drug-related research PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc13283 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/online/2010/70/article6 TI - Drug use and pregnancy: challenges for public health Y1 - 2010/07/01/ N2 - Every year, some 30 000 pregnant women are estimated to be using opioids in Europe. In an article published in Eurosurveillance, EMCDDA authors explore the public health challenges related to problem drug use and pregnancy in Europe today as well as the intervention strategies likely to alleviate them. The article reviews four challenges in particular: treatment of drug dependence; infectious disease transmission; dual diagnosis (co-morbidity of substance use and mental illness); and poor social and personal welfare (e.g. homelessness, intimate partner violence). AV - none ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc13414 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index112640EN.html TI - Drugnet Europe 71. Y1 - 2010/07// N2 - In this issue: injecting drug use stable or declining; early-warning system annual meeting; EU scientific experts to assess risks of mephedrone; harm reduction moves to the mainstream; EMCDDA and EMA step up cooperation; European technical conference on drug supply indicators coming up; EMCDDA-CICAD cooperation; new products and services. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13266 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13266/ Y1 - 2010/06/24/ N2 - Trends in injecting drug use in Europe is the title of the latest EMCDDA Selected issue publication. This volume brings together data from a wide variety of sources as it describes Europe?s current drug injecting problem and plots its trends in recent years. Responses to drug injecting and measures to reduce the harm caused by this form of drug use are also reviewed. The report finds that the available data point to a stable or declining trend of injecting in most European countries, with effective treatment and harm-reduction measures now reaching many users. Despite this, there is still a large population of drug injectors in Europe, and there continue to be signs of recent recruitment in some countries. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-412-0 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2010 selected issue: trends in injecting drug use in Europe. AV - public EP - 22 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13200 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13200/ Y1 - 2010/06/14/ N2 - This manual compiles basic but evidence-based prevention principles, planning rules and evaluation tips. Additionally, it provides related documentation or references for download; it is hoped that this additional material will be particularly useful for readers who have difficulty accessing the scientific prevention literature. To illustrate the theoretical discussion, an intervention example, partly based on a real-life situation, gives a practical perspective. Table of contents Introduction Step 1 ? Needs assessment Step 2a ? Clarify goals and a working hypothesis Step 2b ? Define contents and objectives Step 3 ? Select strategies and delivery Step 4 ? Feasibility check Step 5 ? Implementation and process evaluation Step 6 ? Outcome evaluation Step 7 ? Wrap-up and conclusion Additional online resources Definitions in prevention and scope of PERK Logic model Step 1: Resources Step 2a: Resources | Models and theories Steb 2b: Resources | Theory Step 3: Resources | Theory Step 4: Resources Step 5: Resources Step 6: Resources Step 7: Resources PB - The Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-415-1 TI - EMCDDA manuals no 4. Prevention and evaluation resources kit (PERK). AV - public EP - 100 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13243 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13243/ Y1 - 2010/06// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities Overview ? Core business: monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem ? Support activities ? improving efficiency and effectiveness Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-421-2 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2009. AV - public EP - 84 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg: ID - ndc13131 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13131/ A1 - Olszewski, Deborah A1 - Burkhart, Gregor A1 - Bo, Alessandra Y1 - 2010/05/28/ N2 - The purpose of this paper is to give meaning and insight into some of the key drug and alcohol issues that affect children from the perspectives of the children themselves. It is not to estimate the relative magnitude of a specific drug or alcohol problem or the numbers of children affected by it. Each section of this paper is preceded by one or two key statistics and whilst the quotations that follow may highlight a need to develop more robust and detailed statistics on a key issue, the overriding objective is to give the children a voice. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Living with parents with drug or alcohol problems ? Children looked after by relatives, foster carers and institutions ? Children?s experiences and perceptions of alcohol and drug consumption ? Children?s perceptions about alcohol and drug interventions ? Conclusions ? Acknowledgements ? References ? Quotation sources PB - The Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-420-5 M1 - other TI - Thematic paper. Children's voices. Experiences and perceptions of European children on drug and alcohol issues. AV - public EP - 38 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc13130 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/ Y1 - 2010/05/27/ N2 - Europe has responded to rising concern over the use of the synthetic drug mephedrone by formally requesting a scientific investigation into the health and social risks of the substance. The decision was communicated to the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) by the Council of the EU , in line with a legal procedure designed to respond to potentially threatening new psychoactive drugs in the EU. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL M1 - other TI - Europol?EMCDDA joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). AV - public EP - 22 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc13053 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13053/ Y1 - 2010/04/23/ PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - EMCDDA?Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA M1 - other AV - public ER - TY - GEN ID - ndc13051 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/about/press/news-releases TI - Harm reduction moves to the mainstream: EU drugs agency publishes major work on harm reduction: past, present and future Y1 - 2010/04/23/ N2 - (21.4.2010, LISBON) Harm reduction is now an integral part of contemporary drug policies and plays an important role in responding to drug use in Europe. But this has not always been the case, say the experts. In a major new scientific work on the subject published today by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), leading European and international specialists chart how harm reduction shifted from controversy to mainstream. In this latest EMCDDA monograph ? Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges ? over 50 authors examine two decades of harm reduction research and practice in Europe and beyond (1). They also wrestle with how the concept may broaden and evolve as patterns of drug use change. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13050 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13050/ Y1 - 2010/04/23/ PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-419-9 M1 - other TI - Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges AV - public EP - 462 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13245 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13245/ Y1 - 2010/04// N2 - Prices are an essential element of the illicit drug market, from both a supply and demand perspective. They are an indicator of drug availability and are an important tool for understanding the workings of drug supply mechanisms. They may also be used to help target law enforcement resources and assist criminal justice agencies with decisions related to prosecution and sentencing (e.g. assets recovery). The EMCDDA has been collecting information on retail drug prices via its Reitox focal points for the last 15 years. Although considerable progress has been made in this area, there is still variation in data collection in Europe. To address this issue, the EMCDDA has released these Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges in its Manuals series. The Manual raises awareness on specific issues related to collecting data on retail drug prices and offers practical suggestions. It addresses difficulties in obtaining a definition of 'retail' prices, and discusses the challenge of obtaining a representative sample of illicit, and therefore hidden, transactions. Suggestions are made for a minimum set of variables to be recorded for each observation. Targeted at all those involved in data collection on drug prices in Europe, the Manual reviews the main data-collection methods, current national practices and data-management issues. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: General data collection issues Chapter 3: Principal methods of data collection in Europe Chapter 4: General data management, reporting and analysis issues PB - The Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-413-7 TI - EMCDDA manuals no 5. Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges. AV - public EP - 136 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13247 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13247/ Y1 - 2010/03// N2 - The principal aim of these guidelines is to put in place a sound methodological and procedural basis for carrying out each risk assessment, by using a semi-quantitative assessment procedure. This publication is a revision of the Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs (published in the same series, in 1999). Table of contents ? Introduction ? Chapter 1: Legal basis and scope ? Chapter 2: General considerations for risk assessment ? Chapter 3: A conceptual framework for risk assessment ? Chapter 4: Headings for the Risk Assessment Report ? Chapter 5: Assessing the risk relative to other substances ? Chapter 1: Conclusion ? References ? Annex I: Technical report ? Annex II: Semi-quantitative assessment procedure ? Annex III: Expert's scoring form ? Appendix: Council Decision 2005/387/JHA PB - The Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-402-1 M1 - other TI - Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances ? operating guidelines. AV - public EP - 92 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13982 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13982/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - Infectious diseases are among the most serious health consequences of injecting drug use and can lead to significant healthcare costs. Injecting drug users are vulnerable to a range of infectious and communicable diseases through a variety of risk behaviours, and because of underlying conditions such as poor hygiene, homelessness and poverty. There is a recognised need for guidance on providing IDUs with a medical examination and testing for HIV, viral hepatitis and several other infections on a regular basis. In addition, improving testing uptake in this group would benefit epidemiological surveillance and monitoring as carried out at the national and international level. These guidelines are accompanied by a recommended package of prevention and primary care in relation to injecting drug users and infections. Treatment and other specialist care are not discussed in detail but are dealt with by indicating referral to appropriate services. Table of contents ? Summary ? Methodology and scope ? Part 1: Guidelines for voluntary medical examination, testing and counselling ? Chapter 1: Introduction ? Chapter 2: Providing medical examination, testing and counselling to IDUs ? Part 2: Background and implementation of the guidelines ? Chapter 3: Background ? Chapter 4: Implementation PB - The Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-414-4 TI - EMCDDA manuals no 6. Guidelines for testing HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections in injecting drug users. A manual for provider-initiated voluntary medical examination, testing and counselling. AV - public EP - 75 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc14182 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14182/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents: * Commentary * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and hallucinogenic substances * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-432-8 M1 - annual_report TI - Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 99 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - EMCDDA?Europol joint publications No 2 ID - ndc13070 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13070/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - This report provides an overview of what is known about how cocaine is produced and trafficked into the European Union. It aims to provide a better understanding of the actors involved, the routes taken, and the scale of the problem in Europe. It also reviews some of the supply reduction responses already developed at European level. Its findings are based on the latest data and analysis available from specialised European and international organisations, NGOs and scholars. This publication is structured in a way that provides a condensed review of key issues relevant to understanding how cocaine reaches European markets. Background information on the chemistry and legal status of cocaine and crack cocaine, as well as key European figures, are also provided. Table of contents * Introduction * Coca and cocaine production in the Andean-Amazonian region * Suppressing coca in Colombia * Production of cocaine base and cocaine hydrochloride * Main trafficking routes to Europe * Importation to Europe and distribution * Supply reduction initiatives at EU level * Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-378-9 M1 - other TI - Cocaine: A European Union perspective in the global context. AV - public EP - 41 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon ID - ndc14627 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/72 TI - Drugnet Europe 72. Y1 - 2010/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc14008 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14008/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - Respect for fundamental rights, protection of public health, well-being, social cohesion and security are the objectives that guide the actions taken by the European Union in the field of illicit drugs. The EU drugs strategy 2005?12 provides the framework for enhanced coordination between action taken at national, EU and international level and commits the members of the EU to tackle illicit drugs by striking a balance between reducing supply and demand. This joint publication between the EMCDDA and the European Commission brings together some of the key frequently asked questions on the EU?s drugs policy and how it functions. Further details can be found via the websites and other links provided at the end of each answer. Table of contents: 1. What are the competences of the EU in the fi eld of drugs under the Lisbon Treaty? 2. Who are the main actors of EU drugs policy? 3. What are the main features of the ?European approach on drugs?? 4. What is meant by drug demand reduction? 5. What is meant by drug supply reduction? 6. Why are the EU drugs action plans important? 7. Are the EU drugs action plans evaluated? How? 8. How does the EU deal with precursors? 9. How does the EU act at international level on drugs issues? 10. What assistance does the EU provide for candidate and potential candidate countries? 11. What assistance does the EU provide for European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) partners? 12. What does the EU do regarding new psychoactive substances? 13. What is the Early warning system? 14. Where can I fi nd information on national and EU drugs legislation? 15. What about civil society? 16. What is Reitox and what is a national drugs observatory? PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-449-6 M1 - other TI - The European Union and the drug phenomenon: frequently asked questions. AV - public EP - 12 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Lisbon N1 - First European conference on drug supply indicators, 20-22 October 2010, Brussels. ID - ndc14377 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14377/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - The main goal of the First European conference on drug supply indicators was to launch the work needed to establish a set of technically sound and sustainable indicators for monitoring drug markets, crime and supply reduction for Europe. The event brought together for the first time a wide range of European and international experts to assess the current state of the art in this domain and develop a realistic strategy for moving forward in an area of importance for European drug policies. The conference was a joint venture between the European Commission (EC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) with the active involvement of Europol. The key conclusions from the event are presented in this document. Table of contents: ? Objectives ? Key conclusions and the way forward ? Where do we go next? PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - First European conference on drug supply indicators ? key conclusions. AV - public EP - 14 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc14181 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14181/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - Focusing on European countries where amphetamine or methamphetamine is an important part of the drug problem, this Selected issue looks at the current situation in the light of the historical development of amphetamines use since the introduction of these substances as medicines in the 1930s. The history of amphetamines use is the result of an interplay of global forces, such as the spread of recreational drug use in the 1960s and the arrival of heroin on the European drug scene in the 1970s, and local events such as the rise of small-scale pervitin (methamphetamine) production in what was then Czechoslovakia. The outcome of this is that, in the present day, problem amphetamines use across Europe is marked by strong national characteristics, possibly more so than any other of the major illicit drugs. Table of contents: * Introduction * Part 1: Overview of amphetamines use in Europe * Part 2: Problem amphetamines use in Europe * Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-450-2 M1 - other TI - Problem amphetamine and methamphetamine use in Europe. AV - public EP - 40 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc13862 UR - chrome://updatescan/content/diffPage.xul?id=349&title=EMCDDA%20%7C%20European%20Monitoring%20Centre%20for%20Drugs%20and%20Drug%20Addiction%20%u2014%20information%20on%20drugs%20and%20drug%20addiction%20in%20Europe&url=http%3A//www.emcdda.europa.eu/&oldDat Y1 - 2010/// N2 - On 15 July 2010, the EMCDDA extended Scientific Committee, with the participation of additional experts from the EU Member States, European Commission, Europol and the European Medicines Agency, undertook a formal risk assessment on the synthetic drug mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). This constituted the second phase in the three-step legal procedure established to monitor and respond to new psychoactive substances in Europe (information exchange/early-warning; risk assessment; decision-making). The risk-assessment report is now submitted to the Commission and Council of the EU in the final stage of the process. On the basis of the report, the Council, upon an initiative of the Commission, may decide to subject mephedrone to control measures throughout the EU. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Risk assessment report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). AV - public EP - 16 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc14180 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14180/ Y1 - 2010/// N2 - 'Drug problems have no age limits' -- This special review published alongside the 2010 Annual report, reveals why drug use is no longer simply a ?youth phenomenon?. Europe is experiencing a pronounced ageing of its population, around a quarter of which will be aged 65 or over by 2050. Statistics published today show that Europe?s drug-using population is also ageing and that meeting the needs of older drug users is a growing issue for treatment services. This is particularly the case in western countries which saw the EU?s first heroin epidemics in the 1980s and 1990s. Table of contents: ? Introduction ? Setting the scene: ageing and drug use in Europe ? Ageing and problem drug use ? Drug use, health and social characteristics of older problem drug users in Europe ? Responses to older problem drug users: policies, treatment and care ? Overall findings PB - Publications Office of the European Union M1 - other TI - Treatment and care for older drug users. AV - public EP - 36 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc14047 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14047/ A1 - Goosdeel, Alexis Y1 - 2010/// N2 - National drugs observatories have flourished and developed rapidly over the last two decades as a direct consequence of the decisions taken to establish regional drug monitoring systems, both in the European Union and in the Americas. Initially, there was no reference framework available ? observatories were set-up using trial and error, taking into account different national contexts and resources. This explains why today there are as many models of observatories as there are countries establishing them. Looking back at this long process, there seemed to be a need to formalise the experiences in the field, and to identify some key concepts and principles that remain valid irrespective of country or region. This handbook, a joint production by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organization of American States (CICAD?OAS), presents and describes in a clear and informative way the core operational processes and the key strategic factors that are common to all national drugs observatories. Table of contents ? Why do we need a national drugs observatory? ? What is a national drugs observatory? ? Running a national drugs observatory ? data collectionand monitoring ? Running a national drugs observatory ? analysis and interpretation ? Running a national drugs observatory ? reporting and dissemination ? Ensuring a national drugs observatory is successful ? Challenging questions ? Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-425-0 M1 - other TI - Building a national drugs observatory: a joint handbook. AV - public EP - 114 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12761 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12761/ Y1 - 2009/12// N2 - The conference Identifying Europe?s information needs for effective drug policy marked the 15th anniversary of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), and our activity of monitoring drugs and drug addiction in the European Union. It had several objectives: to better understand the current needs of policymakers, practitioners and researchers, to identify new developments in the drugs field and new results of drug-related research, and to provide input on the future work of the EMCDDA and its partners. This publication summarises the presentations and discussions from the plenary and parallel sessions. It reflects the dynamism and commitment of those who study and respond to the drugs problem, and who made the conference such a productive, stimulating and successful event. The content of this publication will therefore be a vital tool for guiding the further development of our activities here in Lisbon. PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-4090 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA conference proceedings: identifying Europe's information needs for effective drug policy. AV - public EP - 60 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12593 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12593/ Y1 - 2009/11/05/ N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-384-0 M1 - other TI - Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 99 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12595 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/sentencing-statistics Y1 - 2009/11/05/ N2 - The sentences that offenders receive for drug law violations across the European Union are examined for the first time in this ?Selected issue?. By analysing the most recent year?s statistics, this report attempts to answer the question: What is the most likely outcome for an offender after being stopped by police for a drug law offence of use or personal possession, or supply or trafficking? Table of contents * Sketching out the European picture * Information on drug law offences and outcomes * Sentencing users and traffickers: problems of separation * Discontinuance of legal action: a common outcome? * Penalties received by drug law offenders * Directing users to treatment * Online annex: results by country PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-408-3 M1 - other TI - Drug offences: sentencing and other outcomes. AV - public EP - 23 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12597 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/thematic-papers/spice Y1 - 2009/11/05/ N2 - Smokable herbal mixtures under the brand name 'Spice' are known to have been sold on the Internet and in various specialised shops since at least 2006 and anecdotal reports suggest that those products may have been available as early as 2004. Although advertised as an 'exotic incense blend which releases a rich aroma' and 'not for human consumption', when smoked, Spice products have been reported by some users to have effects similar to those of cannabis. Table of contents * Introduction and background * Herbal components of Spice products * Cannabinoid receptor agonists: a brief chemical overview * Forensic identification, pharmacology and toxicology of JWH-018, CP 47,497 and their alkyl homologs * EMCDDA survey * Internet information * Control measures * Conclusions PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-411-3 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2009 Thematic paper: Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon. AV - public EP - 34 p.. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12596 UR - http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/polydrug-use Y1 - 2009/11/05/ N2 - This 'Selected issue' looks at the concomitant or consecutive use of different licit and illicit drugs (polydrug use) among adolescents, young adults and problem drug users. Data from school and general population surveys, and on drug treatment entrants and drug-related deaths are analysed to describe the many forms and consequences of this widespread pattern of drug use. The responses to polydrug use in Europe are reviewed in the light of the scientific literature, with the aim of identifying the most effective interventions. Table of contents * Polydrug use among adolescents * Polydrug use among young adults * Responses to polydrug use among adolescents and young adults * Polydrug use and its health consequences among problem drug users * Responding to polydrug use among problem drug users * Online annex PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-9168-410-6 M1 - other TI - Polydrug use: patterns and responses. AV - public EP - 29 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Lisbon N1 - No 6/2009 ID - ndc12420 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12420/ Y1 - 2009/09/18/ PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction TI - Factsheet from the EU drugs agency in Lisbon: responding to the drugs driving in Europe. EP - 2 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11886 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11886/ A1 - Decorte, Tom A1 - Mortelmans, Dimitri A1 - Tieberghien, Julie A1 - De Moor, Sabine Y1 - 2009/05// PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-375-8 M1 - other TI - Drug use: an overview of general population surveys in Europe. AV - public EP - 101 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11729 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11729/ Y1 - 2009/03// N2 - Use of illicit drugs among 15?16-year-old school students, appears to have stabilised or slightly fallen, according to the latest European study of this group published today by ESPAD. The report, which follows a 2007 survey conducted in 35 European countries, also reveals a decrease in last-month rates of cigarette smoking among school students. However, it sounds the alarm over clear rises in the group?s ?heavy episodic drinking?, and the narrowing gender gap in this behaviour. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-357 M1 - other TI - Summary: The 2007 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in 35 countries. AV - public EP - 18 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11541 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11541/ Y1 - 2009/03// N2 - Epidemiological studies routinely collect quantitative data on gender differences in drug use (e.g. prevalence, mortality), but far less is published on the qualitative aspects of female drug problems. This review presents quotations gleaned from interviews with women in eight countries. Through these testimonies, the report illustrates how qualitative research can provide glimpses into the experiences and perceptions of women facing drug issues that statistics alone cannot provide. Table of contents: * Confusion for women as parents of drug users * Neglect and physical and sexual abuse * Childcare and being a ?good? mother * Women in prison * Stigma, policies and practices that make it difficult for women to access services * Discussion and conclusions PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-350-5 M1 - other TI - Thematic paper: Women?s voices: experiences and perceptions of women facing drug problems. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12312 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12312/ Y1 - 2009/// N2 - This report reviews developments in the neuroscience of addiction, explores how they might affect the way we view and treat drug problems, and considers the issues that they raise for drug policy in Europe. In language that is easily accessible, the report presents the complex brain processes involved in addition and the ethical implications inherent to current addiction research. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 9 TI - Addiction neurobiology: ethical and social implications. AV - public EP - 188 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc13244 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13244/ Y1 - 2009/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities ? Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2008 work programme ? Overview of core business activities ? Cooperation and collaboration with partners ? Support activities ? Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92?9168?376?5 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2008. AV - public EP - 101 p. ER - TY - JOUR ID - ndc12311 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12311/ Y1 - 2009/// N2 - Table of contents ? Definitions ? Key issues at a glance ? Conclusions and policy considerations ? Key sources ? Web information PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction JF - Drugs in Focus VL - 19 TI - Neurobiological research on drugs: ethical and policy implications. SP - 1 AV - public EP - 4 ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc12310 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12310/ Y1 - 2009/// N2 - This review on indicated prevention adds to the current knowledge and understanding of risk factors in the development of later drug problems and dependence, focusing on the mental health and behavioural problems that develop during childhood. Indicated prevention is a relatively new branch of drug prevention and can be seen as the third part of the ?prevention chain?, after universal and selective prevention. Its aim is not necessarily to prevent drug use or initiation to it, but rather to prevent the development of dependence, diminish frequency of use and avert ?dangerous? patterns of substance use (e.g. moderate instead of binge-drinking). Table of contents: * Principles of indicated prevention * Risk and protective factors in the development of substance use and substance use disorder * Guidelines and standards for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric risk conditions for adolescent substance abuse * Strategies and programmes in indicated prevention * Ethical issues * Conclusions and recommendations PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1725-5767 M1 - other TI - Preventing later substance use disorders in at-risk children and adolescents. AV - public EP - 88 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11644 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11644/ Y1 - 2009/// N2 - This publication presents the findings of the formal risk assessment on BZP, produced in 2007 by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA, with participation of additional experts from the European Commission, Europol and the EMEA. The risk assessment report, which was submitted to the European Commission and the Council of the European Union on 31 May 2007, examines the health and social risks of the drug, as well as information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. Furthermore, the report considers the potential implications for placing the drug under control in the EU. On the basis of this report ? and on the initiative of the European Commission ? on 3 March 2008, the Council decided that BZP is to be subject to control measures. Table of contents ? Risk assessment report of a new psychoactive substance: 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) ? Europol?EMCDDA joint report on BZP ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) ? Criminological and sociological evidence and public health risks PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-345-1 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of BZP in the framework of the Council decision on new psychoactive substances. AV - public EP - 91 p. ER - TY - JOUR ID - ndc12419 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12419/ IS - 20 Y1 - 2009/// N2 - Many of the accidents and deaths that occur on European roads are caused by drivers whose performance is impaired by a psychoactive substance. Alcohol alone is estimated to account for up to 10 000 road deaths a year in the European Union, one quarter of all road deaths. No comparable figures are available for road accidents related to illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines, though these have been receiving increasing attention over the past decade. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction JF - Drugs in Focus SN - 1681-5157 TI - Responding to drug driving in Europe. AV - public ER - TY - BOOK CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11974 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11974/ A1 - Tossmann, Dr Hans-Peter A1 - Leuschner, Fabian Y1 - 2009/// N2 - This report provides a comprehensive review of the relatively new phenomenon of Internet-based drug treatment interventions (DTI). It presents a sample of Internet-based DTI programmes across Europe and outlines their methodologies, providing a series of screenshots to further demonstrate the websites? content and to provide an overall impression of the types of online treatment available. This publication is a useful resource for researchers, policymakers and the general public, to gain an insight into the potential for the Internet to become a new channel for drug treatment intervention Table of contents ? Executive summary ? Background ? Methods ? Findings ? Outline of European Internet-based DTIs ? Discussion ? Future of Internet-based DTIs in the European Union PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 10 SN - 978-92-9168-348-2 TI - Internet-based drug treatment interventions: best practice and applications in EU Member States. AV - public EP - 89 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11627 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11627/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - This report presents a number of contributions that relate to analysing communal wastewaters for drugs and their metabolic products in order to estimate their consumption in the community. This area of work is developing in a multidisciplinary fashion, involving scientists working in different research areas. For this reason, the contributions to this publication come from a variety of different perspectives including: analytical chemistry, physiology and biochemistry, sewage engineering, spatial epidemiology and statistics, and conventional drug epidemiology. Table of contents ? Introduction to sewage epidemiology ? Estimating community drug use ? Drug metabolism ? On the occurrence and fate of illicit substances in sewer systems ? Georeferenced wastewater sampling and applied spatial statistics ? Integrating wastewater analysis with conventional approaches to measuring drug use ? Overall conclusions PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 9. SN - 978-92-9168-317-8 TI - Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater. AV - public EP - 100 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11626 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11626/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - This literature review provides a comprehensive report on the relationship between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. It covers methodological issues, presents results of prevalence surveys among drivers and provides an overview of findings from major international epidemiological surveys published since 1999. The report also gathers evidence from experimental and field studies of the relationship between drug use, driving impairment and traffic accidents Table of contents ? Methodological issues in determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents ? Prevalence of drugs in drivers ? Effects and risks associated with drugs ? Overall conclusion PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 8. SN - 978-92-9168-318-5 TI - Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. AV - public EP - 196 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11594 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11594/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - With up to 2 million problem drug users in the EU, it's high time to raise awareness of vulnerable groups, especially youth, on the risks of drug taking.? European Commission Vice-President Jacques Barrot, September 2008. Social policy in Europe has long identified disadvantaged populations who manifest potential for social exclusion. These ?vulnerable groups? are specific groups among the wider population that may be more prone to a range of problems, from ill health, substance use and poor diet, to lower educational achievement. Groups of young people identified as vulnerable ? examples include children in care institutions or homeless young people ? might be prone to earlier, more frequent, or more problematic drug use. They might also experience faster progression to problem drug use Table of contents ? Identifying groups most at risk of developing drug problems ? Monitoring vulnerability in Europe ? Building resilience to drug problems ? Identifying and responding to the needs of vulnerable groups ? Vulnerable young people with ties to institutions ? Vulnerable families ? Homeless young people ? Vulnerable populations in the community ? Overall findings and common trends PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-343-7 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Drugs and vulnerable groups of young people. AV - public EP - 34 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11596 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11596/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - Drug-related research is crucial to understanding Europe?s drug problems. Research enables Europe to learn lessons from the past, by identifying historical patterns of drug use, and studying the cycles and variations in the use of substances. Research sharpens Europe?s awareness and monitoring of the present. It provides surveys and data on the scope and scale of drug problems, and looks into emerging trends and new patterns in drug use. Research helps Europe to prepare for the future, by looking at practical issues such as resource allocation, best practices, the piloting of innovative approaches to managing problem drug use. Table of contents ? Introduction ? National frameworks for drug-related research ? Drug-related research dissemination ? Conclusions ? References PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-342-0 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - National drug-related research in Europe. AV - public EP - 29 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11595 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11595/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - A confirmed political will to address the drugs problem in Europe lies not only in the development of appropriate policies, but in the amount of public funds assigned to implement such policies. One of the aims of the EU drugs action plan (2005?08) is to produce estimates of public expenditure on drug-related issues. Doing so is a challenge, due to the range of political structures and government accounting systems present in Europe. Table of contents ? Drug-related economic evaluation: key issues ? Drug-related public expenditure in Europe ? Conclusions and recommendations PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1830-7957 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Towards a better understanding of drug-related public expenditure in Europe. AV - public EP - 28 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11593 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11593/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Policies and laws ? Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview ? Cannabis ? Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Opioid use and drug injection ? Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths ? New drugs and emerging trends PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 978-92-9168-324-6 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 98 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11621 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11621/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA?s activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre?s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities ? Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2006 work programme ? Overview of activities by programme ? Administrative support ? Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of authorising officer PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1725-4558 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2007. AV - public EP - 130 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11657 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11657/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - Concerns are increasing in the EU about the use of chemicals employed in the manufacture of the recreational drug GHB. The report GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study is published as part of the EMCDDA's E-POD project to track new patterns of drug use in Europe. Table of contents ? About the E-POD project ? Introduction ? Description ? Prevalence and use patterns ? Markets and availability ? Dose and effects ? Negative health consequences ? Conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 978-92-9168-314-7 M1 - other TI - GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study. AV - public EP - 32 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11653 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11653/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - Growing cocaine use in several EU countries, and increased seizures of cocaine on air, sea and land routes, have become subjects of increasing concern to policymakers. This datasheet provides a short review of key issues relating to how cocaine is manufactured in Latin America and transported to European consumers via the Atlantic, Caribbean and west Africa. It also looks at the destabilising effect of the cocaine trade on producer and transshipment countries. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Coca and cocaine production in the Andean-Amazonian region ? Estimating coca cultivation ? Estimating cocaine production ? Suppressing coca in Colombia ? Drug production and the land issue in Colombia ? Drug production and armed groups in Colombia ? Main trafficking routes to Europe ? Importation to Europe and distribution ? Potassium permanganate ? International supply reduction initiatives at the EU level ? Conclusions ? References PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Monitoring the supply of cocaine to Europe. AV - public EP - 29 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11652 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11652/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - In recent years, anxiety in Europe has increased about the impact of record opium harvests in Afghanistan, and a decrease in heroin retail prices. This datasheet provides a condensed review of the key issues about how heroin manufactured from Afghan opium reaches European consumers via the Balkan and northern routes. Table of contents ? Foreword ? Introduction ? Afghanistan: main producer of illicit poppy ? Heroin entering Europe: the different routes ? The Balkan route ? The ?northern route? ? European routes ? Alternative routes and new markets ? Traffic of acetic anhydride ? European and international initiatives ? Conclusion ? References PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Monitoring the supply of heroin to Europe. AV - public EP - 20 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11625 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11625/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - This publication provides information on best practice in drug prevention at European, national, regional and municipal level. It is a translation of a German study commissioned by the Federal Centre for Health Education, Cologne. While, in some sections, reference is made particularly to Germany, the publication?s conclusions are international, providing added value for a pan-European or global readership. It is hoped that the publication will help accelerate the development in Member States of quality standards for prevention projects and training requirements for prevention workers. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 7 SN - 978-92-9168-313-0 TI - Prevention of substance abuse. AV - public EP - 171 P. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11651 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11651/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - Over the past 10 years, there has been a rise in the number of reports of drugs and alcohol being used to immobilise victims for the purpose of sexual assault. Population surveys carried out in six EU countries suggest that up to 20% of women experience some form of sexual assault in their adult lifetime. A lack of appropriate monitoring systems means that the full scale of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) remains unknown. Better monitoring of the phenomenon is an essential first step in addressing the problem. Table of contents ? Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) ? Drugs that facilitate sexual assault ? Evidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault ? Responses ? Conclusions for change in Europe PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. AV - public EP - 19 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11658 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11658/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - This review on indicated prevention adds to the current knowledge and understanding of risk factors in the development of later drug problems and dependence, focusing on the mental health and behavioural problems that develop during childhood. Indicated prevention is a relatively new branch of drug prevention and can be seen as the third part of the ?prevention chain?, after universal and selective prevention. Its aim is not necessarily to prevent drug use or initiation to it, but rather to prevent the development of dependence, diminish frequency of use and avert ?dangerous? patterns of substance use (e.g. moderate instead of binge-drinking). Table of contents ? Principles of indicated prevention ? Risk and protective factors in the development of substance use and substance use disorder ? Guidelines and standards for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric risk conditions for adolescent substance abuse ? Strategies and programmes in indicated prevention ? Ethical issues ? Conclusions and recommendations PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1725-5767 M1 - other TI - Thematic paper on indicated prevention. AV - public EP - 88 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11634 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11634/ Y1 - 2008/// N2 - The EMCDDA?s cannabis monograph addresses one basic question. How can I find quality information on cannabis, amid all the bias and opinion? The monograph is divided into two volumes. The first volume centres on political, legislative, commercial and social developments relating to cannabis. Its core audience thus comprises policymakers, sociologists, historians, journalists and those involved in enforcement. The second volume is targeted at drugs professionals working in the fields of treatment, prevention and healthcare. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 8 SN - 978-92-9168-311-6 TI - A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences. AV - public EP - 352 p. ER - TY - GEN CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11630 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11630/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - The main objective of the guidelines is to provide a European audience with basic information on the options, elements and procedures of drug-related treatment evaluation. The target readership includes professionals working in treatment services for substance use and dependence, administrators and officials in social and health authorities, researchers dealing with treatment of substance dependence, and those who professionally or politically may have an interest in evidence from treatment evaluation. Table of contents Part 1: Approaching evaluation ? Why evaluate treatment? ? Preparing for treatment evaluation Part 2: Implementing evaluation ? Quantitative evaluation ? Qualitative evaluation ? Implementing and assuring the evaluation process ? Communicating and presenting your results Part 3: Evaluation networks ? Evaluation and research networkks Part 4: Glossary PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-279-9 TI - Guidelines for the evaluation of treatment in the field of problem drug use; a manual for researchers and professionals. AV - public EP - 76 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references. ID - ndc6369 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6369/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - Table of contents ? Prevalence and patterns of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use ? Drug-related consequences among very young people: under-15s entering treatment for drug use and other problems ? High-risk groups and correlates ? Responses ? Legislation and regulations ? Conclusions PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD use KW - Europe KW - young AOD user SN - 978-92-9168-308-6 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drug use and related problems among very young people (under 15 years old). AV - public EP - 20 p,. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references. ID - ndc6368 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6368/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - Since the late 1990s, much European and world research has addressed the issue of driving under the influence of psychoactive substances. This Selected issue on ?Drugs and driving? focuses on driving after taking cannabis and benzodiazepines. Country responses were analysed to determine the prevalence of these substances among drivers and studied in the context of policy and legislation, law enforcement and prevention. Table of contents ? Situation analysis ? Policy and legislation ? Law enforcement procedures ? Prevention approaches and programmes ? Conclusion PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD use and driving KW - Drugs KW - Europe SN - 978-92-9168-310-9 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drugs and driving. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references and tables. ID - ndc6367 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6367/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - In a Selected issue on ?Cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue? the EMCDDA shows that, in some European countries, there has been a marked increase in recent years in the use of cocaine, in treatment demands for cocaine problems and in seizures of the drug. The potential for cocaine use to have a major impact on public health is examined and special attention given to the health consequences of cocaine use, which are often not well recognised in existing reporting systems. Also examined are the challenges to providing effective treatment for cocaine and crack cocaine dependence. Table of contents ? Prevalence of and patterns and trends in cocaine and crack cocaine use ? Problems related to cocaine and crack cocaine use ? Responses to and interventions in cocaine and crack cocaine use PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - cocaine KW - crack cocaine KW - Europe KW - prevalence SN - 978-92-9168-309-3 M1 - other TI - EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue. AV - public EP - 30 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references and tables. ID - ndc6370 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6370/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - Table of contents ? Policies and laws ? Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview ? Cannabis ? Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Opioid use and drug injection ? New and emerging drug trends and action on new drugs ? Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD use KW - Europe SN - 978-92-9168-288-1 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2007: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 91 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11620 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11620/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities ? Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2006 work programme ? Overview of activities by programme ? Supporting activities ? Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of authorising officer PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1725-4558 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2006. AV - public EP - 110 P. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - A review of the literature published since this literature review was first completed is available (March 2009): Treatment of problem cocaine use ? a short update. ID - ndc11648 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11648/ Y1 - 2007/// N2 - Previously perceived as a drug for the wealthy, cocaine use has become more prevalent in Europe in the last decade. Problem use of the drug has likewise experienced a strong surge, and this has put strain on providers of drug treatment. Increasingly, practitioners need to provide evidence-based treatment services to a heterogeneous population of problem cocaine users. In order to inform the general public and professionals, the EMCDDA has published a comprehensive review of the literature on treatment of problem cocaine use. In accessible language, the review aims to summarise a variety of topics related to cocaine treatment: current issues in the treatment of cocaine dependence; pharmacological and psychosocial treatment; harm reduction; inpatient treatment and aftercare. It also explores a number of innovative European and global responses to cocaine treatment. In addition to a traditional review of the literature, the review includes original information provided by a network of European researchers and practitioners, as well as other key opinion leaders and clinicians working in the field of treatment of cocaine dependence. It thus serves as a snapshot of the state of the art in health responses to cocaine use. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-274-8 M1 - other TI - Treatment of problem cocaine use: a review of the literature. AV - public EP - 60 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references and annexes. ID - ndc4166 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4166/ A1 - King, Leslie A A1 - Sedefov, Roumen Y1 - 2007/// N2 - These practical guidelines have been published to assist the implementation of the Council decision on information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. They deal with phase 1 of the measures foreseen ? the early-warning system. Table of contents ? Introduction ? The scope of the Council decision ? Elements of the early-warning system ? The Europol-EMCDDA joint report ? Reference compounds PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - AOD public warning signs KW - recommendations or guidelines KW - European Union KW - psychoactive substances SN - 978-92-9168-281-2 M1 - other TI - Early-warning system on new psychoactive substances: operating guidelines. AV - public EP - 77 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references and tables. ID - ndc6283 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6283/ Y1 - 2006/// N2 - Table of contents ? Policies and laws ? Responding to drug problems in Europe ? an overview ? Cannabis ? Amphetamines, ecstasy and other psychotropic drugs ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Opioid use and drug injection ? Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths ? Improving the monitoring of problem consumption and multiple drug consumption PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - amphetamines KW - AOD consumption KW - AOD use KW - AODR crime KW - blood-borne diseases KW - Cannabis KW - cocaine KW - crack cocaine KW - drug consumption KW - Drugs KW - Drugs Policy KW - Europe KW - illegal distribution of drugs KW - illegal transportation of drugs KW - intravenous injection KW - opioids KW - public policy on illicit drugs SN - 92-9168-266-7 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual Report 2006: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 96 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc6009 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6009/ Y1 - 2006/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? New developments in policies and laws ? Schools, youth and drugs ? Cannabis ? Amphetamine-type stimulants, LSD and other synthetic drugs ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Heroin and injecting drug use ? Crime and prison issues PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - Cannabis KW - Europe KW - heroin KW - prevalence SN - 1609-6150 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. AV - public EP - 87 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes tables and bibliographical references. ID - ndc6284 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6284/ Y1 - 2006/// N2 - 1. Nearly all European countries now frame their drug policy initiatives within an overall national drugs strategy or action plan. An in-depth analysis of drug policy in Europe in this Selected issue reveals a broadening of the scope of these drug strategies to encompass licit addictive substances, such as alcohol, tobacco and medicines, as well as illicit drugs. 2. The influence of gender not only on patterns and levels of drug consumption in Europe but also on how responses to drug problems are planned and implemented is explored in this Selected issue. Based on a scientific analysis of the available data, it concludes that policymakers, professionals and scientists must always take gender into consideration in the planning of research, analysis, interventions and policy in the drugs field 3. This Selected issue covers all aspects of drug use by young people in music and dance settings, providing data on prevalence and patterns of use, drug availability and the role of the Internet in drug supply and promotion. The risk factors for this type of drug use are outlined as are the health consequences of drug use in these settings. Responses to drug use in recreational settings are covered in depth, both in terms of legislation at national and European levels and in terms of drug prevention programmes PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-250-0 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2006: selected issues. AV - public EP - 57 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11619 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11619/ Y1 - 2006/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities ? Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2005 work programme ? Overview of activities by programme ? Supporting activities ? Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems ? Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems ? Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems ? Declaration of assurance of authorising officer PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-277-2 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2005. AV - public EP - 90 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11656 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11656/ Y1 - 2006/// N2 - Many young Europeans are experimenting with hallucinogenic ('magic') mushrooms, according to this study. The phenomenon may be driven by a broader consumer trend for young people to actively seek out intense experiences and 'natural highs' and by an increasing interest in organic products. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Markets and availability ? Dose and effects ? Consequences ? Responses ? Conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 1725-5767 M1 - other TI - Hallucinogenic mushrooms. AV - public EP - 33 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc25767 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25767/ Y1 - 2006/// PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities TI - Monitoring new drugs. EP - 2 p. AV - public ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11650 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11650/ Y1 - 2005/// N2 - Gender differences in patterns of drug use are addressed in this technical paper. According to the paper, men in the EU are still more likely than women to use illicit drugs. But there are concerns around possible signs of a ?narrowing of the gap? between male and female drug use, and greater similarities in lifetime drug-taking experience, particularly among school students. The paper analyses data from three sources: ESPAD school surveys (1995, 1999, 2003); general population surveys; and drug treatment centres. Table of contents ? Key findings ? Introduction ? Cannabis ? Ecstasy ? Tranquillisers and sedatives ? Alcohol and drug comparisons ? Use of drug treatment services ? Discussion PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Differences in patterns of drug use between women and men. AV - public EP - 20 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11597 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11597/ Y1 - 2005/// N2 - 1. This Selected issue is not intended to present a systematic and exhaustive review either of all possible definitions of drug-related public nuisance or of all measures, provisions and policies aimed at reducing the problem in the European Union, nor does it aim to reflect precisely the situation regarding public nuisance in each of the countries concerned. Rather, it seeks to contribute to our understanding of the issues and problems related to a new ? and somewhat still limited ? area for intervention in Member States, candidate countries and Norway. This document aims to present the first EMCDDA qualitative insight into an emerging concern within drug policy debate, at both national and European levels. 2. The alternatives to prison that may be offered to drug-using offenders cover a range of sanctions that may delay, avoid, replace or complement prison sentences for those drug users who have committed an offence normally sanctioned with imprisonment by national law. In this Selected issue, the focus is on those measures that have a drug-related treatment component. It will describe the political and legal background, the application and implementation, including common problems, and the effects of treatment as an alternative to imprisonment. 3. Since the mid-1990s buprenorphine has increasingly become available in Europe as an alternative to methadone for the treatment of opiate dependence. In this Selected issue, the reasons why clinicians are attracted to this drug, as well as the costs and benefits of buprenorphine in comparison with other treatment options, are explored in detail, and, for the first time, the increasing popularity of buprenorphine for the treatment of opiate dependence in many European countries is documented PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-246-2 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: selected issues. AV - public EP - 45 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11618 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11618/ Y1 - 2005/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-222-5 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2004. AV - public EP - 75 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11654 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11654/ Y1 - 2005/// N2 - The paper offers an overview of the current legal provisions on the use and possession of drugs for personal use in the EU Member States. The first part of the study focuses on the international legal framework governing drug use and possession, namely the United Nations Conventions (1961, 1971 and 1988). The study explains that while the three Conventions govern international drug control, it is the responsibility of the signatory countries to translate them into domestic law. All 25 EU countries have ratified and implemented the UN Conventions. The second part of the study offers a summary of the various legal approaches to the personal use of drugs at national level. These range from tolerance of the use of certain drugs to penal sanctions for any use of any substance. Also explored are the concepts of decriminalisation and depenalisation of drug use as well as the relationship between penal and health interventions. Table of contents ? Introduction ? International legal framework on drugs ? National drug use legislation across the European Union ? Conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 92-9168-215-2 M1 - other TI - Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches. AV - public EP - 48 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11655 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11655/ Y1 - 2005/// N2 - For the magazine industry, young people represent big business. Editors and advertisers invest in research to know their readership intimately and they design their products to reflect the interests, lifestyles and fashions of their target audience. This paper shows how the ?youth media? ? youth, music and lifestyle magazines ? can help detect, monitor and respond to emerging drug trends among young people. The paper looks at the youth media as a possible information source on new drug ?fashions? and explores their potential as a channel to prevent drug-related harm among young people Table of contents ? Summary ? Introduction ? Methods ? Contextual frame for drug references in youth media ? Results ? Discussion and conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Youth media. AV - public EP - 24 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11599 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11599/ Y1 - 2004/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? An overview of the European drug situation ? New developments in policies and laws ? Drug prevention ? working with communities and targeting those most at risk ? Cannabis ? Amphetamine-type stimulants, LSD and other synthetic drugs ? Cocaine and crack cocaine ? Heroin and injecting drug use ? Treatment ? meeting the needs of those with problems ? Crime and prison issues ? Evaluation of ?national drugs strategies? in Europe Selected issues: ? Cannabis problems in context ? understanding the increase in European treatment demands ? Co-morbidity PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-199-7 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2004 Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. AV - public EP - 112 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11617 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11617/ Y1 - 2004/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 1725-4558 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2003. AV - public EP - 90 P. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11642 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11642/ Y1 - 2004/// N2 - The risk-assessment reports on the synthetic drugs 2C-I; 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 were submitted by the EMCDDA to the European Council and Commission on 4 April 2003. The reports were drawn up at a meeting in Lisbon from 31 March to 1 April under the auspices of an enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee. The drugs were singled out by the Council of the EU for risk assessment on 12 December 2002 under the 1997 Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The reports conclude that, due to their structural features, the drugs are potent hallucinogens/stimulants, similar to substances already classified under Schedules I and II of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. They also note that the substances have no current medical or industrial use. The reports recommend that, due to a potential serious health risk, the drugs should be controlled substances, although some experts consider that insufficient scientific evidence exists to support such a decision. Experts agreed however that whatever the control measures chosen, they should contribute to collecting and disseminating accurate information on the substances to users, and to relevant professionals for preventive and harm-reduction purposes. Table of contents ? Reports on the risk assessment of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Europol?EMCDDA progress report on 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 ? Sociological and criminological evidence and public health risks of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-181-4 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 136 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11643 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11643/ Y1 - 2004/// N2 - The risk-assessment report on the synthetic drug TMA-2 was submitted by the EMCDDA to the European Council and Commission on 4 April 2003. The report was drawn up at a meeting in Lisbon from 31 March to 1 April under the auspices of an enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee. The drug was singled out by the Council of the EU for risk assessment on 12 December 2002 under the 1997 Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The report concludes that, due to its structural features, TMA-2 is a potent hallucinogen/stimulant, similar to substances already classified under Schedules I and II of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It also notes that the substance has no current medical or industrial use. The report recommends that, due to a potential serious health risk, TMA-2 should be a controlled substance, although some experts consider that insufficient scientific evidence exists to support such a decision. Experts agreed however that whatever the control measures chosen, they should contribute to collecting and disseminating accurate information on the substance to users, and to relevant professionals for preventive and harm-reduction purposes. Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Europol?EMCDDA progress report on TMA-2 ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on TMA-2 ? Sociological and criminological evidence and public health risks PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-186-2 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 74 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon N1 - Contains bibliographic references, tables and figures. ID - ndc5809 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5809/ A1 - Hedrich, Dagmar Y1 - 2004/// N2 - The European report on drug consumption rooms describes what consumption rooms are and why and how they came about; whom they target, which specific objectives they have and how they function. It summarises available evidence on the expected benefits and risks of such facilities. Expected benefits are decreases among the target population in high risk drug use, morbidity and mortality, increased uptake of health and social care including drug treatment, and reductions in public drug use and neighbourhood nuisance. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction KW - AOD consumption KW - Consumption rooms KW - European Union KW - harm reduction KW - harm reduction policy KW - heroin KW - individual AOD consumption KW - pharmacy drug and narcotic control SN - 92-9168-183-0 M1 - other TI - European report on drug consumption rooms. AV - public EP - 95 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes tables, figures and bibliographic references. ID - ndc5931 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5931/ Y1 - 2004/// N2 - Hepatitis C infections occurring in recent years in the European Union may cost countries billions of euros in future healthcare, according to research published in this monograph. A conglomeration of state-of-the-art research on hepatitis C, drug use and public health methods, this publication presents analyses on the impact and costs of the disease among injecting drug users, as a basis for sound policy-making. Other issues addressed include: quality of life; treatment, surveillance and prevention; and the cost-effectiveness of measures such as needle-exchange programmes and substitution therapy. Hepatitis C affects an estimated 170 million people worldwide and at least a million, but possibly several million, people in Western Europe who are at risk of developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. It is a highly infectious and potentially fatal blood-borne disease that attacks the liver and for which there is as yet no vaccine. Table of contents ? Part I: Natural history, treatment, quality of life, epidemiology and prevention ? Part II: Models of hepatitis C in injecting drug users ? Part III: Healthcare costs of drug-related hepatitis C infection ? Part IV: Wider costs of drug use ? Part V: Cost-effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes and methadone maintenance PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 7 KW - cost-effectiveness KW - cost-effectiveness of AOD health services KW - economic cost of AODU KW - Europe KW - hepatitis C KW - hepatitis C virus KW - methadone KW - methadone maintenance KW - needle disinfection KW - needle distribution and exchange SN - 92-9168-168-7 ED - Kretzschmar, Mirjam ED - Wiessing, Lucas ED - Jager, Johannes ED - Limburg, Wien ED - Postma, Maarten TI - Hepatitis C and injecting drug use: impact, costs and policy options. AV - public EP - 389 ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11601 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11601/ Y1 - 2003/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Drug situation ? Responses to drug use Selected issues: ? Drug and alcohol use among young people ? Social exclusion and reintegration ? Public expenditure in the area of drug-demand reduction PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-159-8 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. AV - public EP - 82 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11616 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11616/ Y1 - 2003/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-154-7 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2002. AV - public EP - 77 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc5606 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5606/ Y1 - 2003/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Overview of the drugs situation in the CEECs ? situation and responses ? Drug and alcohol use among young people ? Drug-related infectious diseases ? Characteristics of drug strategies in the acceding and candidate countries PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD effects and AODR problems KW - European Union KW - international AODR problems KW - overview SN - 92-9168-167-9 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the acceding and candidate countries to the European Union. AV - public EP - 78 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc5201 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5201/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Drug situation ? Responses to drug use Selected issues: ? Polydrug use ? Successful treatment ? Drug use in prison PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD use KW - Europe SN - 92-9168-129-6 M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the dugs problem in the European Union and Norway 2002. AV - public EP - 55 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon N1 - The EWS guidelines have been fully redrafted in order to reflect the scope and deadlines stipulated by Council Decision 2005/387/JHA, thus replacing these guidelines. Please see Early-warning system on new psychoactive substances ? operating guidelines, 2007. ID - ndc11635 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11635/ Y1 - 2002/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Early-warning system on new synthetic drugs: guidance on implementation. EP - 39 p. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references ID - ndc5260 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5260/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Experimental and recreational drug use and responses.. ? Problem drug use and treatment responses ? Drug-related infectious diseases ? The drug market and drug-related criminality PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome KW - AOD use KW - AODR crime KW - Eastern Europe KW - HIV infection KW - recreational drug use SN - 92-9168-138-5 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): Report on the drug situation in the candidate CEECs 2002. AV - public EP - 50 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11615 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11615/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2001. AV - public EP - 61 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references. ID - ndc3555 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3555/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - Researching and analysing the responses of the criminal-justice systems to drug offenders throughout Europe is one of the EMCDDA?s priorities. This study is the result of a decision taken by the EMCDDA?s Management Board in 1999 to set up a legal information system on drugs. This study, focusing on the gap between law and practice, aims to highlight the real outcomes for individuals arrested for using and selling drugs and committing property crimes. Table of contents ? Synthesis of the country reports ? Country reports PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insight Series KW - Europe KW - police KW - criminal law KW - AOD laws KW - drug laws KW - criminal justice system KW - prosecution SN - 92-9168-124-5 TI - Prosecution of drug users in Europe: varying pathways to similar objectives. AV - public EP - 378 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11639 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11639/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - Since the mid-1990s, GHB ? widely used in human and veterinary medicine for 30 years ? has been surfacing as a recreational drug. Some EU countries have reported worries over GHB?s surreptitious use in sexual assaults. Although the extent of this is unknown, the EMCDDA and its risk-assessment partners are recommending that Member States consider the role of GHB and other drugs in this area. The risk-assessment exercise was carried out in 2000 in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. In March 2001, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted formal conclusions that Member States should monitor this drug closely. This publication records the findings and conclusions of the exercise. Among others, it draws together the various elements used to assess the substance including: the final risk-assessment report; contributions from Europol and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; a review of pharmacotoxicological data; epidemiological evidence on the associated public-health risks and sociological and criminological evidence. Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Europol-EMCDDA progress report on GHB in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs ? Use of GHB as a medicilnal product (EMEA) ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) ? Sociological and criminological (Europol) evidence on the risks of GHB ? Public health risks of GHB - epidemiological evidence PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-122-9 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 92 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11641 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11641/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - The report assesses the risks of PMMA, especially in association with the already controlled substance PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine). PMMA, is an amphetamine-like substance very close to PMA, and is almost exclusively sold in tablet form in combination with the latter and consumed as ?ecstasy?. It has been associated, in combination with PMA, with three deaths in the EU. PMMA is devoid of any therapeutic value. Further to the conclusions of the EMCDDA risk assessment, on 28 February 2002, the Council of the European Union adopted a unanimous decision defining the new synthetic drug PMMA (para-methoxymethylamphetamine) as a substance to be placed under control measures and criminal penalties in the EU Member States Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Council decision ? Europol-EMCDDA progress report on PMMA and PMA ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on PMMA ? Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of PMMA ? Public health risks of PMMA: epidemiological evidence PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-137-7 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 122 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11640 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11640/ Y1 - 2002/// N2 - Since the mid-1990s, ketamine ? widely used in human and veterinary medicine for 30 years ? has been surfacing as a recreational drug. Concern over ketamine centres on its unpredictability in producing ?near-death? experiences. The risk-assessment exercise was carried out in 2000 in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. In March 2001, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted formal conclusions that Member States should monitor this drug closely. This publication records the findings and conclusions of the exercise. Among others, it draws together the various elements used to assess the substance including: the final risk-assessment report; contributions from Europol and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; a review of pharmacotoxicological data; epidemiological evidence on the associated public-health risks and sociological and criminological evidence. Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Europol-EMCDDA progress report on ketamine in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs ? Use of ketamine in human medicine in the EU Member States ? Use of ketamine in veterinary medicine in the EU Member States ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on ketamine (2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methyloamino)-cyclohexanone) ? Sociological and criminological (Europol) evidence ? Public health risks - epidemiological evidence PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-123-7 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 116 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc5559 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5559/ Y1 - 2001/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Drug demand and drug supply/li> ? Responses to drug use Selected issues: ? Cocaine and ?base/crack? cocaine ? Infectious diseases ? Synthetic drugs ? The drugs problem in central and east European countries PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - AOD effects and consequences KW - AOD use and driving prevalence KW - Cannabis KW - cocaine KW - communicable disease by infectious agent KW - demand reduction policy KW - Drugs Policy KW - European Union KW - heroin KW - MDMA KW - prevention through supply reduction KW - supply reduction policy KW - trend analysis SN - 92-9168-114-8 M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2001. AV - public EP - 52 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11614 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11614/ Y1 - 2001/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-108-3 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2000. AV - public EP - 71 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographic references. ID - ndc5658 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5658/ Y1 - 2001/// N2 - Policymakers and practitioners around the world acknowledge the importance of outreach work in the drug field, but the fact that it is a good idea does not mean that every project is of the same standard. Clients, policymakers and project staff need ways of assessing whether projects are fulfilling their aims and objectives. These guidelines aim to help outreach projects: to understand their aims and objectives; to understand and value their activity; to improve that activity; and to show themselves and others their worth Table of contents Introduction: Evaluation dialogue 1 Approaching evaluation ? Why evaluate? ? Four essential principles ? Outreach evaluation: our approach ? Empowerment evaluation ? Assumption-focused evaluation Designing and implementing your evaluation ? Overview of the evaluation process ? Evaluation dialogue 2 ? The four stages of evaluation Evaluation techniques ? Methods and data analysis ? Communicating and presenting your results Glossary PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA manuals 2 KW - community empowerment KW - empowerment KW - European Union KW - outcome monitoring KW - outreach KW - program evaluation SN - 92-9256-024-3 M1 - other TI - Guidelines for the evaluation of outreach work: a manual for outreach practitioners. AV - public EP - 83 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc5660 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5660/ A1 - Fountain, Jane A1 - Rhodes, Tim A1 - Barnard, Marina A1 - Hariga, Fabienne A1 - Avilés, Nuria Romo A1 - Vicente, Julian A1 - Weber, Urban Y1 - 2001/// N2 - Injecting is one of the main causes of health damage related to illegal drug use today. It is strongly related to fatal and non-fatal overdoses, as well as to the transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C, and HIV infection. Yet studying drug injection is no easy task, due to its hidden nature and low prevalence in general population terms. It is necessary to understand why and how people decide to engage in such dangerous behaviour, and to analyse how drug injectors perceive risk. There are fundamental issues that need to be understood in order to interpret and better use epidemiological quantitative data on the subject. This publication is the result of a review undertaken by the EMCDDA working group on injecting drug use and risk behaviour. It helps in understanding injecting drug use and its adverse health consequences, particularly risk behaviour associated with the transmission of HIV. Table of contents ? Injecting drug use: associated harms ? Qualitative methods in drugs research ? The role of qualitative research ? Understanding, injecting risk behaviour ? Understanding sexual risk behaviour PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 4 KW - AOD induced risk KW - European Union KW - harm reduction KW - high-risk group KW - HIV infection KW - injected substance KW - intravenous injection KW - qualitative research method KW - qualitative study KW - subcutaneous injection SN - 92-9168-110-5 TI - Injecting drug use, risk behaviour and qualitative research in the time of AIDS. AV - public EP - 125 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc4037 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4037/ Y1 - 2001/// N2 - Dynamic modelling is a quantitative technique used by scientists when data are scarce to generate estimates, test hypotheses and forecast trends. This publication explores the potential role of dynamic modelling in helping to interpret data on drug use and its consequences in the European Union. The monograph contains over a dozen expert reviews on modelling techniques and their use in estimating drug use and related health consequences. The publication presents dynamic modelling as a valuable analytical tool, not only in improving insight into drug use, but also in contributing to the development of evidence-based drug policies and interventions Table of contents ? What is modelling and how can it be used? ? Modelling drug use with available data ? Modelling techniques and their uses ? Modelling the health consequences of drug uses ? Economic models PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series No. 6 KW - AOD use KW - illegal drug use KW - research method and research organization KW - general topics in research KW - quantitative data analysis SN - 92-9168-056-7 ED - Sharp, Frances ED - Neaman, Rachel TI - Modelling drug use: methods to quantify and understand hidden processes. AV - none EP - 245 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11603 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11603/ Y1 - 2000/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Trends in drug use and its consequences ? Trends in responses to drug use ? Prevalence and patterns of drug use ? Responses to drug use Selected issues: ? Substitution treatment ? Prosecution of drug-related offences ? Problems facing women drug users and their children The drugs problem in central and eastern Europe PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-097-4 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2000. AV - public EP - 42 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11613 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11613/ Y1 - 2000/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-091-5 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1999. AV - public EP - 87 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11624 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11624/ Y1 - 2000/// N2 - This volume is the result of an EMCDDA-commissioned study carried out in 1998­ and 1999 into one of the most widely discussed drug-related topics in Europe today: substitution treatment. The study was prompted by the lively debate on the issue in the mid-1990s, when Switzerland launched its first heroin trial, France began buprenorphine treatment and methadone programmes expanded rapidly throughout Europe. These initiatives led to an increased focus on substitution treatment and to the trajectories it was to follow in the future. The volume opens with a historical overview of substitution treatment, the development of methadone maintenance and other substitution services and a section on monitoring and evaluation. It closes with a series of country profiles for each of the then 15 EU Member States, all containing an introduction to substitution treatment in the country concerned. Table of contents ? Substitution treatment in the European Union: an overview and recent trends ? Country reports PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 3 SN - 92-9168-104-0 TI - Reviewing current practice in drug-substitution treatment in the European Union. AV - public EP - 280 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11633 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11633/ Y1 - 2000/// N2 - This publication contains over a dozen expert contributions demonstrating how evaluation theory and knowledge can be implemented to improve drug prevention practice in the European Union. The monograph looks at both the practical and political aspects of evaluation and presents an array of tools, techniques and recommendations to improve drug prevention programmes and assess needs, processes and outcomes. Also demonstrated are ways to overcome obstacles that may weaken the evaluation process, such as poor communication between evaluators and policy-makers or conflicts between political agendas and poor evaluation results. This volume complements the EMCDDA?s second scientific monograph and forms part of a broad EMCDDA goal to promote an evaluation culture in Europe. Table of contents ? Recent progress in evaluation ? Improving drug-prevention practice ? Improving evaluation practice ? Recommendations and evaluation PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 5 SN - 92-9168-105-9 ED - Neaman, Rachel ED - Nilson, Margareta ED - Solberg, Ulrik TI - Evaluation: a key tool for improving drug prevention. AV - public EP - 183 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg N1 - includes bibliographic references, tables ID - ndc3432 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3432/ Y1 - 2000/// N2 - Qualitative research is increasingly recognised by drug experts in the European Union as a useful tool for understanding drug use patterns and planning suitable responses. Focusing on the meanings, perceptions, processes and contexts of the ?world of drugs?, its main value is to complement quantitative data and analyses and provide insight into developments behind the statistics. This publication offers a comprehensive overview of this issue in the EU. In over 40 chapters, the monograph highlights the multiple roles, techniques and methods of qualitative research, as well as its impact on policy-making. Table of contents ? The role of qualitative research ? The impact of qualitative research on policy-making ? New drug trends ? Risk behaviour ? Social exclusion ? Drug markets ? Drug services evaluation ? Methodological issues ? Qualitative research within a global research agenda PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series No. 4 SN - 9-2916-8088-5 ED - Robertson, Kathy ED - Greenwood, Gloria TI - Understanding and responding to drug use: the role of qualitative research. AV - public EP - 352 ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11612 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11612/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-054-0 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1998. AV - public EP - 72 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11632 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11632/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - This monograph describes methods, instruments and indicators designed to enhance the evaluation of treatment programmes for drug users in the EU. Through a dozen expert papers and recommendations, the publication explores the theory of drug treatment evaluation and how the principles of such evaluation can be applied in practice and made relevant to practitioners. In particular, the monograph demonstrates how evaluation can help policy-makers take informed and appropriate decisions on treatment and help professionals boost the quality, relevance and cost-effectiveness of treatment services. Table of contents ? The theory of drug-treatment evaluation ? Treatment evaluation in practice ? Treatment evaluation and policy ? Workshop conclusions PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 3 SN - 92-9168-051-6 TI - Evaluating the treatment of drug abuse in the European Union. AV - none EP - 129 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc5657 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5657/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Developments in drug use, problems and responses ? Prevalence, patterns and consequences of drug use ? Established responses to drug misuse in the EU ? European Drug Prevention Week ? Cannabis: trends and responses ? Synthetic drugs: developments and responses PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - annual report KW - AOD prevention KW - drug trafficking KW - Europe KW - European Union KW - prevalence SN - 92-9168-086-9 M1 - other TI - Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999. AV - public EP - 94 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Stockholm ID - ndc5758 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5758/ Y1 - 1999/// PB - National Institute of Public Health KW - demand reduction policy KW - demand reduction vs supply reduction KW - Europe KW - European Union KW - factors determining AOD demand M1 - other TI - Final report: demand reduction networking in Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. EP - 24 p. AV - none ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11637 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11637/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - This publication was drawn up by the steering group created by the EMCDDA's Scientific Committee in November 1998 to establish guidelines to assess the risks of all new synthetic drugs identified under the terms of the Joint Action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs adopted on 16 June 1997 by the Council of the European Union. The publication explains the history of the joint action and how it operates, and outlines basic principles, a conceptual framework and quality information for future risk assessments. Table of contents ? Basic principles for risk assessment ? A conceptual framework for risk assessment ? Quality of information for risk assessment ? Headings for risk assessment ? Pharmacotoxicological evidence ? Psychological risk assessment (cognition, mood and mental functioning) ? Sociological/criminological evidence ? Public health risks: epidemiological evidence PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-061-3 M1 - other TI - Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 31 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11649 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11649/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - The health consequences of drug use are a priority area for the EMCDDA and impaired driving and road traffic accidents linked to drugs constitute an important topic on which comprehensive information is lacking. The literature review addressed inter alia the relationship between different patterns of drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents. In addition drug testing procedures and associated legislation regarding drug-impaired driving in the different EU Member States were described and the issues raised by such testing reviewed. The outcomes of the study included a scientific literature review and annotated bibliography on the relation between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents Table of contents ? Methodological issues on determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents ? Evidence from experimental and field studies ? Description of drug testing procedures in the context of driving in the EU, issues raised by testing, and assessment of the criteria used or proposed in relation to the scientific evidence PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Literature review on the relation between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. AV - public EP - 96 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11638 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11638/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - An enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee met from 18?19 May 1997 in Lisbon to assess the risks of the synthetic drug 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The Committee's tasks were to assess the health and social risks of the substance and the possible consequences of prohibition. This report concludes that 4-MTA should be placed under control in the EU Member States largely due to the high risks of overdose associated with the drug. These stem from the slow onset of the drug's effects ? often misinterpreted by users as the result of a weak dose, leading to the consumption of more pills ? and their long-lasting nature. Also highlighted in the report are the serious risks resulting from mixing the drug with alcohol, MDMA, amphetamines, ephedrine and certain foods. Further to the conclusions of the EMCDDA risk assessment, on 13 September 1999, the Council of the European Union adopted a unanimous decision defining the new synthetic drug 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) as a substance to be placed under control measures and criminal penalties in the EU Member States. Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of 4-MTA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Council decision of 13 September 1999 defining 4-MTA as new synthetic drug which is to be made subject to control measures and criminal penalties ? Europol-EMCDDA progress report on 4-MTA in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs ? Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 4-MTA ? Public health risks of 4-MTA: epidemiological evidence ? Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of 4-MTA PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-087-7 M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of 4-MTA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 115 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11636 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11636/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - On 27 February 1998, the drug MBDB (N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol- 5-yl)-2-butanamine) became the first new synthetic drug to be submitted for risk assessment under the terms of the Joint Action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs adopted on 16 June 1997 by the Council of the European Union. This publication consists of the main results of, and supporting documents from, a special risk-assessment meeting held at the EMCDDA in November 1998 with the participation of the Centre's Scientific Committee, experts from the 15 EU Member States, and representatives of the European Commission, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), London, and Europol. Table of contents ? Report on the risk assessment of MBDB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? Joint action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs ? EMCDDA-EDU progress report on the joint action on new synthetic drugs ? The pharmacotoxicology and neuropsychology of N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) ? Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of MBDB ? Public health risks of MBDB: Epidemiological evidence PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-063-X M1 - other TI - Report on the risk assessment of MBDB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. AV - public EP - 95 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11647 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11647/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - Prevalence of problem drug use (PDU) is one of five key indicators used by the EMCDDA to provide more comparable, scientifically based estimates of the prevalence of more severe patterns of drug use that cannot be reliably measured by surveys. This information is useful for assessing treatment needs, and offers a realistic basis for estimating the social costs of drug problems, for example drug-related crime. This report from 1999 reviews the scientific literature relating to the use of epidemiological methods for estimating the prevalence of drug use at the local level. Table of contents ? Introduction ? Direct methods ? Indirect methods ? Capture-recapture methods ? Dynamic models ? Synthesis ? Discussion and conclusions PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Scientific review of the literature on estimating the prevalence of drug misuse on the local level. AV - public EP - 66 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11623 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11623/ Y1 - 1999/// N2 - Outreach work among drug users in Europe is the culmination of a multi-country study commissioned by the EMCDDA in 1998 to assess the concepts, practice and terminology relating to outreach work among drug users in the EU Member States. Significant variations are observed in Europe in the political, social, theoretical and practical contexts in which outreach work is delivered to this group. This publication aims to facilitate communication between professionals in this area by establishing linguistic equivalents and makes a case for including outreach work in a European-wide information system. The volume makes a significant contribution to the assessment of outreach work in Europe. Table of contents ? What is outreach work? ? Target groups, goals and working methods ? The organisational context of outreach work ? Terminology in outreach work ? Documentation, data collection and evaluation ? Country overviews and examples of good practice PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 2 SN - 92-9168-062-1 ED - Korf, Dirk ED - Freeman, Marielle ED - Lewis, Roger ED - Grant, Ian ED - Jacob, Elisabeth ED - Mougin, Chantal ED - Nilson, Margareta TI - Outreach work among drug users in Europe: concepts, practice and terminology. AV - none EP - 195 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11605 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11605/ Y1 - 1998/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Trends, patterns and prevalence of use ? Demand reduction ? The nature and extent of drug use in central and eastern Europe ? National strategies ? Actions taken by the European Union ? International action ? Analysis of public spending on drugs PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-057-5 M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998. AV - public EP - 117 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11606 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11606/ Y1 - 1998/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Trends, patterns and prevalence of use ? Demand reduction ? The nature and extent of drug use in central and eastern Europe ? National strategies ? Actions taken by the European Union ? International action ? Analysis of public spending on drugs PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-068-0 M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998: summary and highlights. AV - public EP - 22 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11611 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11611/ Y1 - 1998/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 92-9168-047-8 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1997. AV - none EP - 119 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11631 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11631/ Y1 - 1998/// N2 - Preventing drug use is a universal challenge and identifying approaches that work, and why they work, is a specific objective for drug professionals and evaluators. This monograph focuses on the ideology of prevention in Europe. In particular, it presents arguments for making evaluation a routine and scientifically sound procedure that draws on good practice and proven methodology. The volume includes a broad overview of the history and status of prevention activities and their evaluation in Europe and the US, as well as an introduction to the theoretical foundations of evaluation. Also reviewed are the most commonly encountered evaluation methods, instruments, problems and obstacles and the diversity and complexity of evaluation models. The monograph explores how drug professionals can interest politicians in evaluation and how evaluation can stimulate the allocation of funds. Table of contents ? Background to evaluation ? Evaluation in practice ? Conference workshops ? Conference roundtable PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 2 SN - 92-9168-050-8 TI - Evaluating drug prevention in the European Union. AV - public EP - 181 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg N1 - Includes bibliographical references. ID - ndc6258 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6258/ Y1 - 1998/// N2 - These guidelines give detailed, step-by-step advice to programme-planners and evaluators on how to assess the different stages of drug-prevention interventions. Recently evaluated as one of the Centre's most utilised publications. Table of contents Introduction Guidelines for planning and realising evaluation ? Evaluating programme planning ? Process evaluation ? Outcome evaluation ? Communicating the results Examples ? Evaluating programme planning ? Process evaluation ? Outcome evaluation ? Communicating the results Glossary PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities KW - AOD prevention KW - AOD use KW - AOD use KW - program evaluation KW - program planning KW - implementation KW - and evaluation KW - recommendations or guidelines SN - 92-9168-052-4 M1 - other TI - Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. AV - none EP - 96 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11607 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11607/ Y1 - 1997/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Prevalence and patterns of use ? Demand reduction ? New trends in synthetic drugs ? National strategies ? Action taken by the EU ? The international environment PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities SN - 92-9168-013-3 M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1997. AV - public EP - 142 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11610 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11610/ Y1 - 1997/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 92-9168-000-1 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1996. AV - none EP - 107 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Florence ID - ndc11806 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11806/ Y1 - 1997/// N2 - In 1996, representatives of the 15 Member States and individual researchers were invited to a joint seminar, organised by the European Commission and the EMCDDA, entitled ?Drug research-related initiatives in the European Union?. The seminar was held under the European Commission?s project Inventing tomorrow which aimed to propose guidelines for the Fifth research and technical development framework programme. National focal points were requested by the European Commission Drugs Coordination Unit and the EMCDDA to prepare ?national reports on the national drug research situation and identification of research needs.' The results of this initiative are presented in this report. The current document presents an analytic summary of the 16 reports which have been produced in the context of the joint EU-EMCDDA initiative ?National drug research situation and identification of research needs?. The document has a purely academic character in that it intends to analytically summarize the information provided in the different reports. PB - EMCDDA; European University Institute M1 - other TI - Joint seminar. Drugs: research initiatives in the European Union: synthesis report. AV - public EP - 66 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11646 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11646/ Y1 - 1997/// N2 - This is the final report of the EMCDDA project 'Review of scientific studies of mortality among drug users and feasibility study for a common methodology for monitoring overall and cause-specific mortality among drug users in Member States.' The project was developed according to the following phases: 1. Collection of published studies on mortality among drug users; 2. Critical revision of the methods used and the results obtained in the selected studies; 3. Oganisation of a meeting to discuss the major issues to be taken into account for developing a standardized methodology to assess overall and cause-specific mortality rates among drug users in Member States of European Union; 4. Draft of a standardized protocol for a cohort mortality study among drug users in different European Countries. PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction M1 - other TI - Literature review of studies of mortaility and feasibility study for a common methodology. AV - public EP - 116 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11622 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11622/ Y1 - 1997/// N2 - In June 1997, the EMCDDA was assigned a major role by the Council of the EU in the detection and risk assessment of new synthetic drugs. Later that year, it published New trends in synthetic drugs in the European Union, based on two Europe-wide reviews of the epidemiology of synthetic drug use and related demand-reduction activities in the EU. The publication responded to a clear need to audit what was known of the new synthetic drug phenomenon at that time across Europe and to develop a comprehensive knowledge base for informing policy, legislation and prevention initiatives in this area. Table of contents ? The drugs ? New trends ? The epidemiology of synthetic drugs ? Demand reduction and synthetic drugs PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Insights Series no. 1 SN - 92-9168-030-3 ED - Griffiths, Paul ED - Vingoe, Louisa ED - Jansen, Karl ED - Sherval, James ED - Lewis, Roger ED - Hartnoll, Richard ED - Nilson, Margareta TI - New trends in synthetic drugs in the EU: epidemiology and demand-reduction responses. AV - none EP - 135 p. ER - TY - BOOK CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc3476 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3476/ Y1 - 1997/// N2 - This is a landmark publication on prevalence estimation theory and method in the European Union. The monograph ? the result of collaboration between 30 scientific authors ? explores the relationship between epidemiological work on the estimation of drug problems and the development of drug policy and strategy. The strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used estimation techniques ? such as case finding, capture?recapture, multiplier and nomination ? are uncovered in the volume, as are the virtues of combining and comparing different methods in the estimation process. The monograph underlines the need to improve the quality of data on which prevalence estimates depend, and to complement these estimates with qualitative studies exploring other aspects of the drug situation beyond the statistics. Table of contents ? Science and policy ? Case-finding methods ? Capture-recapture methods ? Multiplier methods ? Nomination methods ? Combining and comparing different estimation methods PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities T3 - EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 1 KW - Europe KW - AOD use KW - prevalence KW - heroin KW - AODR mortality KW - statistical estimation KW - Western Europe KW - Drugs Policy KW - capture recapture technique SN - 9-2916-8006-0 ED - Stimson, Gerry V ED - Hickman, Matthew ED - Quirk, Alan ED - Frischer, Martin ED - Taylor, Colin TI - Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use in Europe. Papers arising from a scientific seminar on addiction prevalence estimation: methods and research strategies held in Strasbourg, France, 10-14 June 1996. AV - public EP - 271 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc11609 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11609/ Y1 - 1996/// PB - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction SN - 972-8373-00-7 M1 - other TI - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1995. AV - none EP - 110 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Luxembourg ID - ndc11608 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11608/ Y1 - 1995/// N2 - The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents ? Demand and demand reduction ? Anti-drug strategies ? Information sources ? Information structures PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities M1 - other TI - Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1995. AV - public EP - 142 p. ER - TY - RPRT CY - Lisbon ID - ndc5771 UR - http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5771/ A1 - Hartnoll, Richard Y1 - 1993/// PB - EMCDDA KW - bibliography KW - epidemiological method KW - epidemiology KW - Europe KW - social epidemiology M1 - other TI - Annotated bibliography of epidemiological research on illicit drugs in Europe. Volume two annexes. AV - none EP - vii, 3 ER -