%0 Generic %A Lipari, Rachael N %D 2017 %F ndc:28030 %I SAMHSA %P 11 p. %T Exposure to substance use prevention messages among adolescents. Short report. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28030/ %V 3 October 2017 %X This issue of The CBHSQ Report examines adolescents' exposure to substance use prevention messages using US data from the 2002 to 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). It also uses 2015 NSDUH data to examine exposure to prevention messages by key demographic characteristics. The 2015 estimates are based on a total sample size of 17,000 adolescents aged 12 to 17. %0 Generic %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27631 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %N 21 July 2017 %T UK trial tests personality-based approach to preventing drinking. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27631/ %X The Adventure Trial tested the impact of a personality-targeted intervention delivered by teachers on substance use and misuse among pupils in London. This followed the reported success of the Preventure trial, which found that personality-targeted interventions were effective in reducing motivations for drinking that involve coping with negative feelings, and reducing symptoms of problem drinking during a two-year period. Key points From summary and commentary: • The Adventure Trial examined whether personality-relevant coping skills could prevent drinking problems among London high school pupils. • High-risk young people were allocated to receive an intervention matched to their specific vulnerability (‘hopelessness’, ‘anxiety-sensitivity’, ‘impulsivity’, or ‘sensation-seeking’). • Long-term benefits were observed, with reduced odds of high-risk pupils in the intervention group reporting drinking, ‘binge’ drinking, and problem drinking, compared to peers allocated to receive standard drug education %0 Report %@ HRB Drug and Alcohol Evidence Review 5 %A Bates, Geoff %A Jones, Lisa %A Cochrane, Madeleine %A Pendlebury, Marissa %A Sumnall, Harry %B %C Dublin %D 2017 %F ndc:27253 %I Health Research Board %T The effectiveness of interventions related to the use of illicit drugs: prevention, harm reduction, treatment and recovery. A ‘review of reviews’. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27253/ %0 Generic %A United Kingdom. Home Office, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27554 %I Home Office %T Criminal exploitation of children and vulnerable adults: County Lines guidance. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27554/ %X County lines is the UK police term for urban gangs supplying drugs to suburban areas and market and coastal towns using dedicated mobile phone lines or “deal lines”. It involves child criminal exploitation (CCE) as gangs use children and vulnerable people to move drugs and money. Gangs establish a base in the market location, typically by taking over the homes of local vulnerable adults by force or coercion in a practice referred to as ‘cuckooing’. County lines is a major, cross-cutting issue involving drugs, violence, gangs, safeguarding, criminal and sexual exploitation, modern slavery, and missing persons; and the response to tackle it involves the police, the National Crime Agency, a wide range of Government departments, local government agencies and VCS (voluntary and community sector) organisations. County lines activity and the associated violence, drug dealing and exploitation has a devastating impact on young people, vulnerable adults and local communities. This guidance is intended to explain the nature of this harm to enable practitioners to recognize its signs and respond appropriately so that potential victims get the support and help they need. %0 Generic %A Mentor ADEPSIS, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27552 %I Mentor ADEPSIS %T The brain under construction [1]: a window into the developing brain. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27552/ %X This briefing paper is part of a mini-series on ‘The Brain Under Construction’. This paper looks at the structure and function of the brain and considers the uniqueness of the adolescent brain. Pictures of the brain in action show that adolescent’s brains work differently than adults and scientific research is showing that the brain systems involved in decision-making, planning, social understanding and risk-taking are developing in adolescence. This research could have implications for education, rehabilitation and intervention. %0 Report %A Early Learning Initiative, National College of Ireland, %B %C Dublin %D 2017 %F ndc:27391 %I National College of Ireland %T Building hope for a brighter future. Working with children and young people in Dublin’s North East Inner City to restore relationships and bring about lasting change in their communities. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27391/ %0 Generic %A Carson, Kristin V %A Ameer, Faisal %A Sayehmiri, Kourish %A Hnin, Khin %A van Agteren, Joseph EM %A Sayehmiri, Fatemah %A Brinn, Malcolm P %A Esterman, Adrian J %A Chang, Anne B %A Smith, Brian J %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:16634 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %N 6 %T Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16634/ %X Background: Smoking is a modern-day epidemic, and preventing young people from taking up smoking remains a key health priority, since experimentation with smoking starts at an early age. One possible method of achieving this goal is through mass media, which have the potential to reach and modify the attitudes, knowledge and behaviour of a large proportion of the population. Review question: Can mass media campaigns deter young people from taking up smoking? Study characteristics: We found eight studies out of 1326 publications, covering 52,746 participants. One of these studies is new to this updated version of the review. The most recent search was conducted in June 2016. All studies were directed at youth younger than 25 years. Seven studies were conducted in the USA and one was conducted in Norway. The mass media method (e.g. television) and certain characteristics of those taking part (e.g. age), as well as the length of time followed up, differed between studies. Key results: Three out of eight studies found that the intervention was effective in preventing smoking in youth. The remaining five studies did not detect an effect. Although there was some overlap in characteristics between both effective and ineffective programmes, effective campaigns tended to last longer (minimum 3 years) and were more intense (more contact time) for both school-based lessons (minimum eight lessons per grade) and media spots (minimum four weeks' duration across multiple media channels with between 167 and 350 TV and radio spots). Implementation of combined school-based components (e.g. school posters) and the use of repetitive media messages delivered by multiple channels (e.g. newspapers, radio, television) appeared to contribute to successful campaigns. Quality of the evidence: The quality of studies in this review is limited, due to problems in reporting results and issues with study design. Studies varied in their design, the interventions they tested, and in the people they involved. Studies found mixed results. In particular, none of the studies reported blinding of groups and there were concerns around how the studies were allocated to intervention or control. It would therefore be unwise to offer firm conclusions based on the evidence in this review. Inclusion of only two studies from the last 10 years is concerning, particularly considering the rising use of social media among youth. More high-quality studies are needed. %0 Generic %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27386 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %N 5 May 2017 %T Family therapies best for substance using teenagers. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27386/ %X Multi-prong therapies centred on the family emerge as probably the most effective in this comprehensive and careful synthesis of the results of trials of non-residential programmes for substance using teenagers – but do the outcomes warrant the extra costs? Key points from summary and commentary • Studies included in the analysis were required to involve an identifiable non-residential treatment for substance use problems for patients aged between 12 and 20. • Generally the substance use outcomes of the various distinct treatment types represented in the studies did not significantly differ • The exception was family therapies, which returned the most convincing and consistent evidence of comparative effectiveness, but even here the evidence was too limited to support definitive conclusions %0 Generic %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27384 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %N 5 May 2017 %T Intervention targets personality traits of high-risk London pupils. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27384/ %X School staff trained to deliver personality-targeted substance use interventions to London high school pupils – effectively delaying cannabis use among a subset (those identified as ‘sensation-seekers’). Key points from summary and commentary • The Adventure Trial tested the impact of personality-relevant coping skills on cannabis use among London high school pupils. • High-risk young people were allocated to receive an intervention matched to their specific vulnerabilities (‘hopelessness’, ‘anxiety-sensitivity’, ‘impulsivity’, or ‘sensation-seeking’). • Cannabis use was effectively delayed only among a subset – those identified as ‘sensation-seekers’ %0 Generic %A World Health Organization, %C Geneva %D 2017 %F ndc:27295 %I World Health Organization %T Global accelerated action for the health of adolescents (AA-HA!): guidance to support country implementation. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27295/ %X More than 3000 adolescents die every day from largely preventable causes, according to a new report from WHO and partners. Global accelerated action for the health of adolescents (AA-HA!): Guidance to support country implementation – assists governments in what to do – as well as how to do it – as they respond to the health needs of adolescents in their countries. Case studies show that what is being recommended actually can be done. Selected risk factors for disease burdens have been studied by the 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study. For 10–14 year olds, unsafe water and sanitation and inadequate hand washing are among the leading health risk factors for both mortality and DALYs lost in both males and females. Other environmental factors (e.g. air pollution and lead exposure), iron-deficiency anaemia, high fasting plasma glucose, high blood pressure, alcohol use, childhood sexual abuse and unsafe sex also rank highly in this age group. Most of these conditions are also leading risk factors among 15–19 year olds. However, the leading risk factors in this older age group also include risk behaviours, such as alcohol use, unsafe sex and, to a lesser extent, drug use. Other risk factors that are only leading risk factors among older adolescents are intimate partner violence and occupational hazards such as exposure to toxins or work-related injuries. It is important to remember that some types of risk or protective factors that may be very important, such as those related to family or school, were not included in the risk factors studied. See chapters: 2.7. Mental health, substance use and self-harm p.30 3.7. Mental health, substance use and self-harm interventions p.62 %0 Generic %A Smedslund, Geir %A Wollscheid, Sabine %A Fang, Lin %A Nilsen, Wendy %A Steiro, Asbjørn %A Larun, Lillebeth %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27143 %I The Campbell Collaboration %N 6 %T Effect of early, brief computerized interventions on risky alcohol and cannabis use among young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27143/ %V 13 %X Background: Young people’s risky use of alcohol or recreational drugs, such as cannabis, remains a significant public health issue. Many countries have made substantial efforts to minimize the long-term consequences of alcohol and/or cannabis use at multiple levels, ranging from government policy initiatives to primary health care services. In this review, we focused on the effects of brief interventions, provided by electronic devices (computerized brief interventions). A brief intervention is defined as any preventive or therapeutic activity delivered by a health worker, psychologist, social worker, or volunteer worker, and given within a maximum of four structured therapy sessions each lasting between five and ten minutes with a maximum total time of one hour. Brief interventions may work by making the clients think differently about their alcohol/cannabis use, and by providing them with skills to change their behavior if they are motivated to change. A computerized brief intervention, in contrast, is not directly delivered by a human being, but may be delivered through online and offline electronic devices. Such interventions can reach large audiences at a low cost and can simultaneously simulate an ‘interpersonal therapeutic component’ by targeting recipients’ feedback. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of early, computerized brief interventions on alcohol and cannabis use by young people aged 15 to 25 years who are high or risky consumers of either one or both of these substances by synthesizing data from randomized controlled trials. Search methods: We searched 11 electronic databases including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cinahl and The Cochrane Library in April 2016 for published, unpublished and ongoing studies using adapted subject headings and a comprehensive list of free-text terms. Additionally, we searched the reference lists of the included studies. We also have set up an EBSCO host alert notification (EPAlerts@EPNET.COM ) that continuously surveys the Cochrane Library (including CENTRAL), Medline and Embase. We receive updated searches via email. This search is up to date as of May 2016. Selection criteria: We included all randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of any computerized brief intervention used as a stand-alone treatment aimed at reducing alcohol and/or cannabis consumption. Eligible comparators included no intervention, waiting list control or an alternative brief intervention (computerized or non-computerized). Participants were young people between 15 and 25 years of age who were defined as risky consumers of alcohol or cannabis, or both. Data collection and analysis: Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria. Two researchers independently assessed the full texts of all included articles. We used standard methodological procedures expected by the Campbell Collaboration. Results: We included 60 studies that had randomized 33,316 participants in this review. Study characteristics: The studies were mostly from the United States and targeted high and risky alcohol use among university students. Bias/quality assessment: Some of the studies lacked clear descriptions of how the randomization sequence was generated and concealed. Many of the studies did not blind the participants. Some of the studies suffered from high loss to follow-up, and few studies had a pre-registered protocol. Findings: For alcohol, we found moderate quality evidence that multi-dose assessment and feedback was more effective than a single-dose assessment. We found low quality evidence that assessment and feedback might be more effective than no intervention. Assessment and feedback might also be more effective than assessment alone (low quality evidence). Short-term effects (< 6 months) were mostly larger than long-term (≥6 months) effects. For cannabis, we found that assessment and feedback might slightly reduce short-term consumption compared to no intervention. Adding feedback to assessment may have little or no effect on short-term cannabis consumption. Moreover, there may be little or no difference between assessment plus feedback and education on short-term and long-term cannabis consumption. Adverse effects: We did not find evidence of any adverse effects of the interventions. Implications for policy, practice and research: Computerized brief interventions are easy to administer, and the evidence from this review indicates that such brief interventions might reduce drinking for several months after the intervention. Additionally, there is no evidence for adverse effects. This means that brief, computerized interventions could be feasible ways of dealing with risky alcohol use among young people. The evidence on cannabis consumption is scarcer, suggesting the need for more research. %0 Journal Article %A Guiney, Ciara %D 2017 %F ndc:27205 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 13-14 %T Lifting the lid on Greentown. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27205/ %V Issue 61, Spring 2017 %0 Report %A McMahon, Elaine M %A O’Regan, Grace %A Corcoran, Paul %A Arensman, Ella %A Cannon, Mary %A Williamson, Eileen %A Keeley, Helen %B %C Cork %D 2017 %F ndc:27153 %I National Suicide Research Foundation %T Young lives in Ireland: a school-based study of mental health and suicide prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27153/ %X Globally, mental disorders are the largest cause of disability among those aged 10-24 years (1), with approximately half of all mental disorders emerging during adolescence, broadly the period between the ages of 12 and 18 (2-5). Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among young people (6) and in Ireland peak rates of hospital-treated self-harm are among 20-24 year old males and 15-19 year old females (7). Connecting for Life, Ireland’s National Strategy to Reduce Suicide 2015-2020, has identified young people aged 15-24 as a priority group at whom to target approaches to reduce suicidal behaviour and improve mental health (Goal 3, page 29) (8). Youth suicide prevention programmes are often based in a school setting. However, high-quality evidence has been limited, in both an Irish and international setting, to identify the true impact of suicide prevention interventions (9). In particular, no randomised controlled trials of school-based prevention programmes examining changes in suicidal behaviour had been conducted anywhere in Europe prior to the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study. In this report we present the research findings of the SEYLE study, a mental health-promoting programme for adolescents in European schools (10). The study participants, 11,110 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years old, were recruited from randomly selected mainstream second-level schools in ten European countries. The study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that aimed to identify an effective method of promoting adolescent mental health and decreasing suicidal thoughts and behaviours. A second aim was to gather information on the lifestyles and mental health of adolescents in order to identify risk and protective factors associated with suicidal behaviour. In this report we present both overall findings of the multi-centre trial and detailed findings on the mental health and lifestyles of Irish youth using data from the Irish study centre. In addition, this report details a range of risk and protective factors associated with mental ill-health and suicidal behaviour in Irish adolescents. The SEYLE trial identified one school-based intervention, Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM), that was associated with a significantly lower number of subsequent suicide attempts and suicidal ideation compared to the control intervention (10). YAM is a brief, universal mental health awareness programme that was delivered in the classroom over a four-week period and includes role-play sessions, interactive lectures and workshops. The programme aimed to improve the mental health literacy and coping skills of young people, to raise awareness of risk and protective factors associated with suicide, and to enhance young people’s knowledge about mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. %0 Journal Article %A Millar, Sean %D 2017 %F ndc:27218 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 12 %T Incidence of hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27218/ %V Issue 61, Spring 2017 %0 Generic %A Sumnall, Harry %A Percy, Andrew %A Cole, Jon C %A Murphy, Lynn %A Foxcroft, David %C Southampton %D 2017 %F ndc:27520 %I National Institute for Health Research %N 2 %T Steps towards alcohol misuse prevention programme (STAMPP): a school and community based cluster randomised controlled trial. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27520/ %V 5 %X BACKGROUND: Alcohol use in young people remains a public health concern, with adverse impacts on outcomes such as health, well-being, education and relationships. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a combined classroom curriculum and parental intervention on self-reported alcohol use [heavy episodic drinking (HED)] and alcohol-related harms (indicators such as getting into fights after drinking, poorer school performance and trouble with friends and family). DESIGN: A two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial with schools as the unit of randomisation. SETTING: A total of 105 post-primary schools in Northern Ireland (NI) and Glasgow/Inverclyde Educational Authority areas. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12,738 male and female secondary school students (intervention delivered when students were in school year 9 in NI or S2 in Scotland in the academic year 2012–13 and aged 12–13 years) were randomised. Randomisation and baseline (T0) surveys took place when children were in school year 8 or S1. Schools were randomised (1 : 1) by an independent statistician to the Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP) or to education as normal (EAN). All schools were stratified by free school meal provision. Schools in NI were also stratified by school type (male/female/coeducational). INTERVENTIONS: STAMPP combined a school-based alcohol harm reduction curriculum [an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP)] and a brief parental intervention designed to support parents in setting family rules around drinking. The classroom component comprised two phases delivered over 2 years, and the parental component comprised a standardised presentation delivered by a trained facilitator at specially arranged parent evenings on school premises. This was followed up a few weeks later by an information leaflet mailed to all intervention pupils’ parents highlighting the main points of the evening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Self-reported HED (defined as self-reported consumption of ≥ 6 units in a single episode in the previous 30 days for male students and ≥ 4.5 units for female students) assessed at 33 months from baseline (T3); and (2) the number of self-reported harms (harms caused by own drinking) assessed at T3. DATA SOURCES: Self-completed pupil questionnaires. RESULTS: At final follow-up (T3), data were available for 5160 intervention and 5073 control pupils for the HED outcome, and for 5234 intervention and 5146 control pupils for the self-reported harms outcome. The intervention reduced self-reported HED compared with EAN (p < 0.001), but did not reduce self-reported harms associated with own drinking. The odds ratio for the intervention effect on HED was 0.596 (standard error 0.0596, 95% confidence interval 0.490 to 0.725). The mean cost of delivery per school was £818 and the mean cost per individual was £15. There were no clear cost savings in terms of service utilisation associated with the intervention. The process evaluation showed that the classroom component engaged and was enjoyed by pupils, and was valued by teachers. Schools, students, intervention trainers and delivery staff (teachers) were not blind to study condition. Data collection was undertaken by a team of researchers that included the trial manager and research assistants, some of whom were not blinded to study condition. Data analysis of primary and secondary outcomes was undertaken by the trial statistician, who was blinded to the study condition. LIMITATIONS: Although the classroom component was largely delivered as intended, there was very low attendance at the parent/carer event; however, all intervention pupils’ parents/carers received an intervention leaflet. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this trial provide some support for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STAMPP in reducing heavy episodic (binge) drinking, but not in reducing self-reported alcohol-related harms, in young people over a 33-month follow-up period. As there was low uptake of the parental component, it is uncertain whether or not the intervention effect was accounted for by the classroom component alone. %0 Generic %A European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, %C Luxembourg %D 2017 %F ndc:26931 %I Publications Office of the European Union %T Communities That Care (CTC): a comprehensive prevention approach for communities. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26931/ %X Community coalitions are a strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behaviour. They can help mobilise communities in prevention and health promotion initiatives. The Communities That Care (CTC) approach sets out to reduce adolescent health and behaviour problems. It does so by identifying strong risk factors and weak protective factors experienced by this group and then selecting tested and effective prevention and early intervention programmes to address them. In this EMCDDA Paper we make an analysis of five studies evaluating the effectiveness of CTC, mainly from outside the EU. The results of our analysis lead us to conclude that further investigation of this prevention model within the European context appears to be merited. %0 Generic %A Mentor ADEPSIS, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:27553 %I Mentor ADEPSIS %T School-based alcohol and drug education and prevention – what works? %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27553/ %X This briefing paper intends to equip and guide those working in educational settings when considering which alcohol and drug education and prevention programme they should run. It outlines some approaches that evidence shows work and cautions on some that don’t. The briefing paper aims to enable educators to make a more informed decision when selecting an approach that will ensure maximum impact and ensure young people receive the most appropriate education and prevention programme that will enable them to build their resilience to risks. %0 Generic %A Watson, Judith %A Toner, Paul %A Day, Ed %A Back, Donna %A Brady, Louca-Mai %A Fairhurst, Caroline %A Renwick, Charlotte %A Templeton, Lorna %A Akhtar, Shabana %A Lloyd, Charlie %A Li, Jinshuo %A Cocks, Kim %A Ambegaokar, Sangeeta %A Parrott, Steve %A McArdle, Paul %A Gilvarry, Eilish %A Copello, Alex %C Southampton %D 2017 %F ndc:27522 %I National Institute for Health Research %N 15 %P 1-260 %T Youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs - a randomised controlled feasibility trial. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27522/ %V 21 %X BACKGROUND: Family interventions appear to be effective at treating young people's substance misuse. However, implementation of family approaches in UK services is low. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to an intervention based on an adaptation of adult social behaviour and network therapy. It also sought to involve young people with experience of using substance misuse services in the research process. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to family and social network therapy and to explore ways in which young people with experience of using substance misuse services could be involved in a study of this nature. DESIGN: A pragmatic, two-armed, randomised controlled open feasibility trial. SETTING: Two UK-based treatment services for young people with substance use problems, with recruitment taking place from May to November 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Young people aged 12-18 years, newly referred and accepted for structured interventions for drug and/or alcohol problems. INTERVENTIONS: A remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated young people to adapted youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT) or treatment as usual (TAU). Y-SBNT participants were intended to receive up to six 50-minute sessions over a maximum of 12 weeks. TAU participants continued to receive usual care delivered by their service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feasibility was measured by recruitment rates, retention in treatment and follow-up completion rates. The main clinical outcome was the proportion of days on which the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90-day period as captured by the Timeline Follow-Back interview at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 53 young people were randomised (Y-SBNT, n = 26; TAU, n = 27) against a target of 60 (88.3%). Forty-two young people attended at least one treatment session [Y-SBNT 22/26 (84.6%); TAU 20/27 (74.1%)]; follow-up rates were 77.4% at month 3 and 73.6% at month 12. Data for nine young people were missing at both months 3 and 12, so the main clinical outcome analysis was based on 24 young people (92.3%) in the Y-SBNT group and 20 young people (74.1%) in the TAU group. At month 12, the average proportion of days that the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90 days was higher in the Y-SBNT group than in the TAU group (0.54 vs. 0.41; adjusted mean difference 0.13, 95% confidence interval -0.12 to 0.39; p = 0.30). No adverse events were reported. Seventeen young people with experience of substance misuse services were actively involved throughout the study. They informed key elements of the intervention and research process, ensuring that the intervention was acceptable and relevant to our target groups; contributing to the design of key trial documents, ideas for a new model of public involvement and this report. Two parents were also involved. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted intervention could be delivered in young people's services, and qualitative interviews found that Y-SBNT was acceptable to young people, family members and staff. Engagement of family and network members proved difficult within the intervention and research aspects. The study proved the feasibility of this work in routine services but outcome measurement based on narrow substance use variables may be limited and may fail to capture other important changes in wider areas of functioning for young people. Validation of the EuroQol-5 Dimensions for young people aged 12-18 years should be considered and flexible models for involvement of young people in research are required to achieve inclusive representation throughout all aspects of the research process. Although recommendation of a full trial of the Y-SBNT intervention compared with TAU is not supported, this study can inform future intervention development and UK research within routine addiction services. %0 Generic %A National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:26887 %I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence %T Drug misuse prevention: targeted interventions. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26887/ %0 Generic %A Public Health England, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:26669 %I Public Health England %T Specialist substance misuse services for young people. A rapid mixed methods evidence review of current provision and main principles for commissioning. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26669/ %X In April 2013, commissioning drug and alcohol misuse treatment services in the United Kingdom became the responsibility of local authorities. At that point local authorities were given greater autonomy to develop their own approaches to meet local need and the previously ring-fenced budget for young people’s specialist substance misuse services became part of the wider local authority public health grant. Public Health England (PHE) commissioned The Children’s Society to undertake scoping research in early 20161, to understand some of the opportunities and challenges currently facing those now responsible for commissioning and delivering young people’s specialist substance misuse services and to outline some critical good practice principles. The findings reflect a snapshot of commissioning and provision in England, and do not constitute an exhaustive or systematic national review. Those interviewed were asked about: local commissioning practices and common service models; the evidence used in commissioning decisions around best practice; emerging local trends in substance misuse; and current opportunities and challenges for commissioning. Young service users were invited to share their views on what they believe should constitute core components of a young person-centered service that responds to their needs, makes them likely to engage effectively and results in positive outcomes for them. Four core commissioning principles have been developed, based on the findings, research and evidence based guidelines, for the commissioning and provision of specialist substance misuse provision for young people. The document is designed to provide prompts around some core principles for consideration when local authorities are commissioning specialist substance misuse provision, but is not intended to be a comprehensive commissioning guide. %0 Generic %A Andell, Paul %A Pitts, John %C Suffolk %D 2017 %F ndc:27822 %I University of Suffolk %T Preventing the violent and sexual victimisation of vulnerable gang-involved and gang-affected children and young people in Ipswich. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27822/ %X The response to gangs and county lines in Suffolk before 2017 p.4 The research brief and definitions p.8 The research methodology p.9 The emergence of gangs and gang violence in Ipswich p.10 Ends, gang conflict and social media p.14 Girls, young women and gangs in Ipswich p.15 The evolution of local drug markets p.17 Gangs and drug markets in Ipswich today p.19 Accommodating ‘looked after’ young people p.23 A view from the street p.24 Developing a strategy: p.30 Conclusions and way forward: p.54 References p.58 Appendix I: Drug treatment and arrest data p.62 Appendix II: Demand reduction for heroin p.67 Appendix III: Key features of gang desistance programmes p.68 Appendix IV: Network analysis p.70 %0 Generic %A United Kingdom. Ministry of Justice, %A Public Health England, %C London %D 2017 %F ndc:28059 %I Ministry of Justice and Public Health England %T The impact of community-based drug and alcohol treatment on re-offending. Joint experimental statistical report from the Ministry of Justice and Public Health England. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28059/ %X This experimental statistical report contains initial findings from a project that has linked data from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) held by Public Health England (PHE) with data on offenders held by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ). The aim of this report is to improve the evidence base of the links between community-based treatment for substance misuse and changes in re-offending. This ad-hoc release includes key sections on: • • Characteristics associated with offending in the two-years before and after starting treatment (sections 3 and 7); • • The offending profile both before and after starting treatment (section 4 and 5); • • Change in offending (section 6); • • Offending during prison or treatment (section 8). This report contains initial findings from analysing the final matched dataset to support policy development and is intended to demonstrate the potential utility in linking treatment and offending data. Future publications may follow as our investigations into the links between substance misuse, treatment and re-offending are expanded. %0 Journal Article %@ 1606-6359 %A Davoren, Martin P %A Cronin, Mary %A Perry, Ivan J %A Demant, Jakob %A Shiely, Frances %A O'Connor, Karl %D 2016 %F ndc:25207 %I Informa healthcare %J Addiction Research & Theory %N 4 %P 261-273 %T A typology of alcohol consumption among young people – A narrative synthesis. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25207/ %V 24 %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Irish Youth Justice Service, %B %C Dublin %D 2016 %F ndc:26531 %I Department of Justice and Equality %T Tackling youth crime. Youth justice action plan 2014-2018: progress report 2014/2015. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26531/ %0 Generic %A Warren, Fran %C Edinburgh %D 2016 %F ndc:26557 %I Scottish Government %T ‘What works’ in drug education and prevention? %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26557/ %X This literature review provides background on what is meant by prevention and education and discusses the evidence base. The evidence of effectiveness for different approaches used in schools and other components necessary for effective drug prevention and education in schools is presented. The effectiveness of drug education and prevention beyond the school setting is then considered, alongside the evidence to support peer led interventions and specific programmes for vulnerable young people. Specific manualised and licensed prevention programmes are considered and some of the issues and challenges involved in implementing these programmes in different contexts is discussed. The evidence for ineffective approaches to drug prevention is highlighted and lastly recommendations from the literature for policy makers are set out, alongside some thoughts on the implications of this review for drug education and prevention in Scotland, in particular the need to map prevention activity for young people being delivered in Scotland. %0 Generic %A Das, Jai K %A Salam, Rehana %A Arshad, Ahmed %A Finkelstein, Yaron %A Bhutta, Zulfiqar A %D 2016 %F ndc:26168 %I Elsevier %N 4 supp %T Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: an overview of systematic reviews. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26168/ %V 59 %X Many unhealthy behaviors often begin during adolescence and represent major public health challenges. Substance abuse has a major impact on individuals, families, and communities, as its effects are cumulative, contributing to costly social, physical, and mental health problems. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent substance abuse among adolescents. We report findings from a total of 46 systematic reviews focusing on interventions for smoking/tobacco use, alcohol use, drug use, and combined substance abuse. Our overview findings suggest that among smoking/tobacco interventions, school-based prevention programs and family-based intensive interventions typically addressing family functioning are effective in reducing smoking. Mass media campaigns are also effective given that these were of reasonable intensity over extensive periods of time. Among interventions for alcohol use, school-based alcohol prevention interventions have been associated with reduced frequency of drinking, while family-based interventions have a small but persistent effect on alcohol misuse among adolescents. For drug abuse, school-based interventions based on a combination of social competence and social influence approaches have shown protective effects against drugs and cannabis use. Among the interventions targeting combined substance abuse, school-based primary prevention programs are effective. Evidence from Internet-based interventions, policy initiatives, and incentives appears to be mixed and needs further research. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific interventions components with standardized intervention and outcome measures. Various delivery platforms, including digital platforms and policy initiative, have the potential to improve substance abuse outcomes among adolescents; however, these require further research. %0 Generic %A Mentor ADEPSIS, %C London %D 2016 %F ndc:26314 %I Mentor %T Preventing children and young people’s mental health and substance use problems. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26314/ %X This briefing paper is part of a series produced by Mentor ADEPIS on alcohol and drug education and prevention, for teachers and practitioners. It intends to provide teachers, educators and the wider school workforce with practical guidelines on how to prevent children and young people from developing mental health problems as a result of alcohol and drug misuse. %0 Report %A Economic and Social Research Institute, %B %C Dublin %D 2016 %E Williams, James %E Nixon, Elizabeth %E Smyth, Emer %E Watson, Dorothy %F ndc:26255 %I Oak Tree Press %T Cherishing all the children equally? Ireland 100 years on from the Easter Rising. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26255/ %X Cherishing all the children equally? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. Tables of contents: 1. Introduction 2. Changing perceptions and experiences of childhood, 1916-2016 3. Children and families, then & now 4. Is family structure a source of inequality in children’s lives? 5. Parental investment & child development 6. Inequalities in access to early care and education in Ireland 7. Inequalities from the start? children’s integration into primary school 8. Insights into the prevalence of special educational needs 9. The experiences of migrant children in Ireland 10. Social variation in child health & development: a life-course approach 11. Child access to GP services in Ireland: do user fees matter? 12. Anti-social behaviour at age 13 13. Child economic vulnerability dynamics in the recession 14. Concluding observations %0 Generic %A Public Health England, %C London %D 2016 %F ndc:26153 %I Public Health England %T Young people – substance misuse JSNA support pack 2017-18: commissioning prompts. Good practice prompts for planning comprehensive interventions. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26153/ %X This document outlines four key principles and useful prompts that local areas might consider when commissioning universal and targeted drug, alcohol and tobacco prevention interventions, and specialist interventions for young people already experiencing harms. It also directs local areas to national data sources on the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco by young people. 1. Effective universal and targeted evidence-based interventions to prevent young people's use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco are commissioned p.6 2. A full range of specialist drug, alcohol and tobacco interventions are available to young people in need p.10 3. Commissioning is integrated across prevention and specialist interventions and the wider children's agenda p.15 4. A skilled workforce is in place to provide effective interventions p.17 %0 Journal Article %A Dillon, Lucy %D 2016 %F ndc:26178 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %T Drug service for LGBT young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26178/ %V Issue 58, Summer 2016 %0 Generic %C London %D 2016 %F ndc:25888 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %N 8 June 2016 %T “Inconclusive” verdict on brief alcohol advice for young emergency patients. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25888/ %X ‘Inconclusive’ was the verdict of a review which aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions among patients aged 11 to 21 attending for emergency care in the USA. Most promising targets seem to have been the more heavy or irresponsibly drinking among patients who were young adults rather than adolescents. Key points from summary and commentary • The featured review aimed to assess the effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions among patients aged 11 to 21 attending for emergency care in the USA. • Overall the results of the seven studies were inconclusive in respect of whether such interventions have reduced drinking or related consequences. • Most promising targets seem to have been the more heavy or irresponsibly drinking among patients who were young adults rather than adolescents. %0 Generic %A Wilson, David B %A Gill, Charlotte %A Olaghere, Ajima %A McGlure, David %D 2016 %F ndc:26157 %I The Campbell Collaboration %N 2016:3 %T Juvenile curfew effects on criminal behavior and victimization. A systematic review. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26157/ %X A juvenile curfew has common sense appeal: keep youth at home during the late night and early morning hours and you will prevent them from committing a crime or being a victim of a crime. In addition, the potential for fines or other sanctions deter youth from being out in a public place during curfew hours. Juvenile curfews have received numerous legal challenges. The constitutional basis for infringing the rights of youth rests on the assumption that they reduce juvenile crime and victimization. This review synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of juvenile curfews in reducing criminal behavior and victimization among youth. What studies are included? Included studies test the effect of an official state or local policy intended to restrict or otherwise penalize a juvenile's presence outside the home during certain times of day. This must have been a general preventive measure directed at all youth within a certain age range and not a sanction imposed on a specific youth. Twelve quantitative evaluations of the effects of curfews on youth criminal behavior or victimization are included in the review. Do curfews reduce crime and victimization? The pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during all hours. Both effects were not significant. Similarly, juvenile victimization also appeared unaffected by the imposition of a curfew ordinance. However, all the studies in the review suffer from some limitations that make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Nonetheless, the lack of any credible evidence in their favour suggests that any effect is likely to be small at best and that curfews are unlikely to be a meaningful solution to juvenile crime and disorder. Other studies have suggested curfews may be ineffective as juvenile crime is concentrated in hours before and after school, and that under-resourced police forces focus on more urgent demands than enforcing curfews. What do the results mean? Contrary to popular belief, the evidence suggests that juvenile curfews do not produce the expected benefits. The study designs used in this research make it difficult to draw clear conclusions, so more research is needed to replicate the findings. However, many of the biases likely to occur in existing studies would make it more, rather than less, likely that we would conclude curfews are effective. For example, most of these studies were conducted during a time when crime was dropping throughout the United States. Therefore, our findings suggest that either curfews don’t have any effect on crime, or the effect is too small to be identified in the research available. %0 Generic %A Adler, Joanna R %A Edwards, Sarah K %A Scally, Mia %A Gill, Dorothy %A Puniskis, Michael J %A Gekoski, Anna %A Horvath, Miranda AH %C London %D 2016 %F ndc:25182 %I Ministry of Justice %T What works in managing young people who offend? A summary of the international evidence. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25182/ %X This review was commissioned by the Ministry of Justice and considers international literature concerning the management of young people who have offended. It was produced to inform youth justice policy and practice. The review focuses on the impact and delivery of youth justice supervision, programmes and interventions within the community, secure settings, and during transition into adult justice settings or into mainstream society. It does not, however, include studies that focus on early years prevention programmes, crime prevention or reduction strategies or community based approaches that did not involve the direct management of young people who have offended. %0 Generic %A Bazian, %C London %D 2016 %F ndc:25108 %I NHS Choices %T Antidepressants linked to suicide and aggression in teens. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25108/ %0 Journal Article %@ 1464-3502 %A Brown, Katherine %D 2016 %F ndc:25228 %I Oxford %J Alcohol and Alcoholism %N 6 %P 747-755 %T Association between alcohol sports sponsorship and consumption: a systematic review. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25228/ %V 51 %0 Report %A Department of Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2016 %F ndc:26850 %I Government Publications %T Lifting the lid on Greentown. – Why we should be concerned about the influence criminal networks have on children’s offending behaviour in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26850/ %X A large body of research exists in relation to youth crime. However, comparatively little is known in relation to the contexts of children who engage in serious offending behaviour and participate in criminal networks. Using a case study design, this study first identified and then examined the behaviour of a criminal network operating in a Garda Sub-District in Ireland in 2010–2011. For the purposes of the study, the Garda Sub-District, which is located outside of Dublin, has been given the pseudonym Greentown. In order to facilitate this examination, Garda analysts constructed a network map for the study using incident data to position 31 individuals aged 11–36 years who had been involved in either burglary or drugs for sale and supply in Greentown in 2010–2011. Importantly, the map indicated relationships where two or more individuals were involved in the same offence. The map was used as the key reference tool to interview Greentown Gardaí about the activities and contexts of the individuals identified. %0 Generic %A Bonell, Chris %A Dickson, Kelly %A Hinds, Kate %A Melendez-Torres, GJ %A Stansfield, Claire %A Fletcher, Adam %A Thomas, James %A Lester, Katrina %A Oliver, Elizabeth %A Murphy, Simon M %A Campbell, Rona %C Southampton %D 2016 %F ndc:27523 %I National Institute for Health Research %N 5 %T The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27523/ %V 4 %X BACKGROUND: Positive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness? DATA SOURCES: A total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors. REVIEW METHODS: We included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically. RESULTS: 32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes. THEORIES OF CHANGE: PYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ‘assets’ such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people’s ‘intentional self-regulation’, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ‘developmental regulation’, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas. PROCESS EVALUATIONS: Community engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities. OUTCOME EVALUATIONS: Meta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations. LIMITATIONS: Insufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses. CONCLUSIONS: How PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD. %0 Generic %A Semczuk, Megan %A Shakeshaft, Anthony %A Knight, Alice %A Maple, Myfanwy %A McKay, Kathryn %A Shakeshaft, Bernie %C Sydney %D 2015 %F ndc:24997 %I National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre %T An analysis of the relationship between a community-based prevention program for young people with multiple and complex needs and the prevalence of crime. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24997/ %0 Journal Article %@ 0214-4840 %A Villalbí, Joan R %A Bartroli, Montserrat %A Bosque-Prous, Marina %A Guitart, Anna M %A Serra-Batiste, Enric %A Casas, Conrad %A Brugal, M Teresa %D 2015 %F ndc:25049 %I n/a %J Adicciones %N 4 %P 288-293 %T Enforcing regulations on alcohol sales and use as universal environmental prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25049/ %V 27 %X The informal social control over alcohol consumption that was traditional in Southern European countries has weakened. At the same time there is an increase in binge drinking and drunkenness among young people in Spain. To mitigate this problem, regulations on alcohol and driving and restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol have been adopted. This paper documents the current regulations in the city of Barcelona and describes efforts to enforce them and their outcomes. Data from the municipal information systems on infringements reported for the period 2008-13 are provided. There is an increasing pressure of municipal services to enforce the rules in two areas: a) alcohol sales at night (retailers); and b) consumption in the public space (citizens). An increase in the controls of drink-driving has also taken place, and the proportion above legal limits has decreased. The largest relative increase occurred in the control of retailers. In Barcelona interventions are made to limit the supply and consumption of alcohol at low cost and during the night, and of driving under the influence of alcohol. There have been no documented episodes of massive drinking in public spaces (known as 'botellón') in the city. These actions, which complement other preventive efforts based on health education, can change the social perceptions of alcohol by minors in a direction less favorable to consumption, promoting environmental prevention. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Ballymun Youth Action Project, %B %C Dublin %D 2015 %F ndc:24613 %I Ballymun Youth Action Project %T Ballymun Youth Action Project annual report 2014. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24613/ %X The Ballymun Youth Action Project (BYAP) is a community response to drug and alcohol misuse. It was founded in 1981 after three young people from Ballymun died from drugs-related causes. As a response that has come from within the community of Ballymun, we strive to reduce the negative impact of drug and alcohol use on the lives of individuals and families, and on this community. %0 Report %9 Government Publication %A Ireland. Department of Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2015 %F ndc:24612 %I Government Publications %T National strategy on children and young people’s participation in decision-making, 2015 – 2020. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24612/ %X The goal of this first National Strategy on Children and Young People’s Participation in Decision-making is to ensure that children and young people will have a voice in their individual and collective everyday lives across the five national outcome areas. The strategy is primarily aimed at children and young people under the age of 18, but also embraces the voice of young people in the transition to adulthood up to the age of 24. The strategy is guided and influenced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The strategy focuses on the everyday lives of children and young people and the places and spaces in which they are entitled to have a voice in decisions that affect their lives. Accordingly, the strategy identifies the following objectives and priority areas for action: 1. Children and young people will have a voice in decisions made in their local communities. 2. Children and young people will have a voice in decision-making in early education, schools and the wider formal and non-formal education systems. 3. Children and young people will have a voice in decisions that affect their health and well-being, including on the health and social services delivered to them. 4. Children and young people will have a voice in the Courts and legal system. The strategy contains a series of additional objectives, which include: 5. Promoting effective leadership to champion and promote participation of children and young people. 6. Development of education and training for professionals working with and on behalf of children and young people. 7. Mainstreaming the participation of children and young people in the development of policy, legislation and research. Underlying all objectives in this strategy are the following key fundamentals: • recognition that children and young people have a right to participate in decisions that affect their lives; • ensuring the protection and welfare of children and young people in accordance with Children First: National Guidance for the Protection and Welfare of Children4; • improving and establishing mechanisms to ensure the participation of seldom-heard and vulnerable children and young people in decision-making; • collection of data, monitoring and evaluation of children and young people’s participation initiatives. %0 Report %A World Health Organization, %B %C Geneva %D 2015 %F ndc:24701 %I World Health Organization %T Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24701/ %X Twenty-one strategies to prevent youth violence are reviewed, including programmes relating to parenting, early childhood development, and social skills development, as well as policies related to the harmful use of alcohol, problem oriented policing, and urban upgrading. %0 Generic %A Buhler, Anneke %A Thrul, Johannes %A European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, %C Luxembourg %D 2015 %F ndc:24540 %I Publications Office of the European Union %T Prevention of addictive behaviours. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24540/ %X This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling. Table of contents: • Foreword to the English version • Summary • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2: Methodology • Chapter 3: Results • Chapter 4: Discussion • References / Glossary %0 Generic %A McEvoy, Olivia %C Dublin %D 2015 %F ndc:24470 %I Government Publications %T A practical guide to including seldom-heard children and young people in decision making. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24470/ %0 Generic %A Public Health England, %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:17757 %I Public Health England %T Alcohol, drugs and tobacco joint strategic needs assessment support pack. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17757/ %0 Generic %A Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, %C Ottawa %D 2015 %F ndc:24412 %I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse %T Competencies for the youth substance use prevention workforce: youth substance use competencies report. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24412/ %X This report is the first resource of its kind to provide a set of measurable skills, knowledge, attitudes and values that support and enhance the delivery of effective youth health promotion and drug use prevention in Canada. The Prevention Workforce Competencies Report also identifies principles that should drive effective youth substance use prevention activities and initiatives. Those working in youth health promotion and substance abuse prevention face knowledge gaps, inconsistencies in recommended evidence and practice, a lack of understanding of and support for successful youth engagement, and a lack of common terminology and language. These challenges affect their ability to work effectively with youth and with the community, and what works with adults does not necessarily work with youth. Research indicates that working with youth requires a specialized focus on issues, needs, considerations and approaches. These points were carefully considered during research and validation for the report. The most effective youth substance use prevention activities and initiatives feature a holistic, integrated, respectful, flexible and strength-based approach informed by evidence about what works. Such initiatives are youth-driven and foster the development and maintenance of positive, collaborative relationships among youth and the community of those who care for and about them. The Prevention Workforce Competencies Report sets out 11 competencies that reflect the principles for working effectively with youth and provides a description of each competency. The four levels of proficiency — introductory, developing, intermediate and advanced — provided for each competency support health promotion, youth outreach and other workers, including health professionals, throughout the progression of their careers. %0 Generic %A United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, %C Vienna %D 2015 %F ndc:19481 %I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime %T International standards on drug use prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19481/ %X Prevention strategies based on scientific evidence working with families, schools, and communities can ensure that children and youth, especially the most marginalized and poor, grow and stay healthy and safe into adulthood and old age. For every dollar spent on prevention, at least ten can be saved in future health, social and crime costs. These global International Standards summarize the currently available scientific evidence, describing interventions and policies that have been found to result in positive prevention outcomes and their characteristics. Concurrently, the global International Standards identify the major components and features of an effective national drug prevention system. It is our hope that the International Standards will assist policy makers worldwide to develop programmes, policies and systems that are a truly effective investment in the future of children, youth, families and communities. This work builds on and recognizes the work of many other organizations (e.g. EMCDDA, CCSA, CICAD, Mentor, NIDA, WHO) which have previously developed standards and guidelines on various aspects of drug prevention. [For appendices, click on website link above] %Z Minor editorial amendments have been made to this publication, however the content remains the same as the earlier version, first published in 2013. %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2015 %F ndc:24235 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 21-22 %T Evaluation of a mental health early-intervention programme for young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24235/ %V Issue 54, Summer 2015 %0 Generic %C Ottawa %D 2015 %E George, T %E Vaccarino, F %F ndc:24124 %I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse %T The effects of cannabis use during adolescence. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24124/ %X So what does this report tell us about the health effects of adolescent cannabis use? First and foremost, cannabis is not a harmless drug. It can be addictive and the risk increases the earlier it is used. Early and frequent use also increases the risk of short-term cognitive impairment and under performing in school, as well as psychotic symptoms and disorders. Cannabis use significantly impairs coordination and reaction time, so it is not surprising that it is the most common illicit drug found to be involved in car accidents, including fatal ones. And although we do not know the full extent of the impact of early cannabis use on long-term cognitive ability and associated educational and occupational successes, evidence is mounting that cannabis affects the young brain in a harmful way that cannot be ignored. This report presents an immediate opportunity to enhance youth drug use prevention and intervention programs, as well as emerging policy frameworks, with factual information and in a fashion that has been shown to work. We know that cannabis is not a benign substance. It has clear harms and poses risks to those who use it on a regular and frequent basis, including negative health, economic and social ramifications. It is now up to readers to take the information in this report and use it to help reduce the incidence of harms associated with cannabis use among adolescents, to help young people make smarter and more informed choices about their todays and their tomorrows. %0 Report %B %C Belfast %D 2015 %E Kenny, Julia %E Conway, Pat %F ndc:24302 %I NIACRO and The Bytes Project %T Understanding and improving employment pathways in youth justice in Northern Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24302/ %0 Generic %A Mentor International, %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:24107 %I Mentor %T Drug prevention for parents. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24107/ %X This guide is divided into three sections to provide parents with tips to raise happy and healthy kids in their home, the school and the community: 1) HOME: Helping you to teach your children to develop good behaviours and social skills to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce the likelihood of them abusing substances. Focusing in particular on: • Building your child’s resilience • Establishing good communication • Monitoring your child’s behaviour • Healthy relationships • Knowing the facts on alcohol and other drugs 2) Helping you ensure your child is connected to SCHOOL 3) Helping you ensure your child is connected to your COMMUNITY %0 Generic %A Bhaumik, Soumyadeep %A Arora, Monika %A Singh, Ankur %A Sargent, James D %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:24081 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %T Impact of entertainment media smoking on adolescent smoking behaviours (Protocol). %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24081/ %X This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the influence and impact of exposure to tobacco use in entertainment media among non-smoking adolescents (13 to 18 years). %0 Journal Article %A Wallace, Vivienne %A Doorley, Ethne %A Wallace, Donal %A Hollywood, Brid %D 2015 %F ndc:23769 %I Irish College of General Practitioners %J Forum %N 4 %P 12-14 %T Close practice encounters of the teenage kind. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23769/ %V 32 %X Research by GPs in Ballymun provides an informative snapshot of the health needs of teenage patients and some important pointers from dealing with this often vulnerable group. Substance misuse and recording of this issue was reviewed. In general, it was noted that whether or not the person attending used alcohol, smoked cigarettes or used other substances was not recorded. No reference was made to alcohol in any of the 380 teenagers' records, but that this was not recorded does not in our view indicate that none of these 380 teenagers drinks alcohol. Seven teenagers were noted to be smokers of cigarettes, seven were noted to be smokers of hash, and there was not mention in the clinical records of other drugs being used..... %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2015 %F ndc:23692 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 10-11 %T Adolescents and parental substance misuse. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23692/ %V Issue 53, Spring 2015 %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2015 %F ndc:23701 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 18-19 %T Youth programmes reviewed. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23701/ %V Issue 53, Spring 2015 %0 Generic %A Alcohol and Drug Education and Prevention Information Service, %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:24075 %I Mentor ADEPSIS %T Building resilience and character in young people. Alcohol and drug prevention briefing paper. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24075/ %X Building resilience in children and young people is one of the key principles of good education, and a necessary requirement in facilitating personal growth, whilst enabling children and young people to successfully navigate life and life challenges. This briefing paper looks at resilience in the context of universal educational settings (both formal and informal). By giving definitions of key terms to provide a better understanding, it will then explore ways in which these can be contextualised and translated into practice. %0 Report %9 Other %A Alcohol Concern, %B %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:23385 %I Alcohol Concern %T Children’s recognition of alcohol marketing. Alcohol marketing briefing. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23385/ %X Children as young as 10 years old are highly familiar with alcohol brands and televised alcohol advertising. The study shows football clubs and tournaments are strongly associated with the beer brands that sponsor them, particularly by boys. Existing advertising codes for alcohol are designed to prevent targeting of under-18s, but children appear to be consuming high volumes of alcohol marketing nevertheless. More effective controls may be needed to ensure alcohol marketing messages only reach adult audiences. %0 Journal Article %@ 0790-9667 %A O’Keeffe, L %A O'Reilly, A %A O’Brien, G %A Buckley, R %A Illback, RJ %D 2015 %F ndc:23291 %I Medmedia Group %J Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine %N Special issue 01: youth mental health %P 71-77 %T Description and outcome evaluation of Jigsaw: an emergent Irish mental health early intervention programme for young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23291/ %V 32 %X Objectives: Jigsaw is an early intervention mental health service developed by Headstrong which provides support to young people, aged 12–25 years, in 10 communities across Ireland. This study aimed to profile young people who availed of Jigsaw, in one calendar year, and to provide evidence that Jigsaw’s model facilitates the reduction of psychological distress. Methods: Participants were 2420 young people who received support, directly or indirectly, from Jigsaw. Demographic details, including age, gender, presenting issues and referral pathways, captured on the Jigsaw Data System were described and psychological distress was assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) questionnaires. Results: A gender balance was almost observed and the majority of participants were between 15 and 17 years old. The most common presenting issue was anxiety and the most common referral sources were self, parent, general practitioner, school and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS). Participants reported high levels of psychological distress pre-intervention and levels were significantly lower post intervention. Conclusions: Although a lack of control group limits interpretation of the study findings, this study provides emerging evidence that Jigsaw is an accessible and effective service which plays a key role in the continuum of mental health care for young people in Ireland. %0 Generic %A Substance Misuse Skills Consortium, %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:23293 %I Substance Misuse Skills Consortium %T Peer support toolkit. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23293/ %X There is a strong tradition of peer support in the drug and alcohol field. The people involved go by various names – recovery champions, buddies, peer mentors and more – but the gist remains the same: that people themselves in recovery from drug and alcohol use can be authentic and effective voices in supporting others along their own journeys. This toolkit brings together information for peer supporters and their managers. %0 Generic %A International HIV/AIDS Alliance, %A Harm Reduction International, %A Save the Children, %A Youth RISE, %C London %D 2015 %F ndc:24785 %I International HIV/AIDS Alliance %T Step by step toolkit. Preparing for work with children and young people who inject drugs. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24785/ %X Globally, the protection and care of children and young people who inject drugs receives little attention. It is a controversial and often misunderstood issue and one that is severely underfunded. Global research presents shocking figures and evidence of restrictive laws preventing young people from accessing harm reduction. Rarely are services developed with children under 18 in mind, and organisations often lack capacity to attend to this highly vulnerable group. Young people also report experiencing significant barriers to accessing harm reduction services when they are under 18 due to a number of factors, including staff attitudes and organisational policies and practices. This tool is a product of a partnership between Harm Reduction International (HRI), Youth Rise, International HIV/AIDS Alliance and Save the Children and was developed in response to HRI research on injecting drug use among under 18s globally that highlighted gaps in the response for this group. This resource is intended for harm reduction service providers with limited experience of working with children and young people who inject drugs. It sets out a process that you can go through quickly, with little cost, to prepare for work with children and young people who are under 18. It is designed to help your organisation and staff to feel safe in commencing this work, and to support you in thinking through the challenging situations and decisions that you face. In some cases, it may lead you to decide that you are not yet ready to go ahead with this work. %0 Journal Article %@ 1863-4362 %A O'Regan, A %A Schaffalitzky, Elisabeth %A Cullen, W %D 2015 %F ndc:23824 %I Springer %J Irish Journal of Medical Science %N 3 %P 577-582 %T Educational interventions: equipping general practice for youth mental health and substance abuse. A discussion paper. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23824/ %V 184 %X BACKGROUND Youth mental health issues and substance abuse are important causes of morbidity and mortality in Ireland. General practice is a frequent point of contact for young people, however, reluctance amongst this population group to disclose mental health issues and a lack of confidence amongst GPs in dealing with them have been reported. Focussed training interventions with formal evaluation of their acceptability and effectiveness in achieving learning, behavioural change and impact on clinical practice are needed. AIMS This paper aims to examine the literature on general practice in youth mental health, specifically, factors for an educational intervention for those working with young people in the community. METHODS This review paper was carried out by an online search of PubMed on the recent literature on mental health and on educational interventions for health care workers in primary care. RESULTS A number of papers describing educational interventions for GPs and primary care workers were found and analysed. Key areas to be addressed when identifying and treating mental health problems were prevention, assessment, treatment, interaction with other services and ongoing support. Important elements of an educational intervention were identified. DISCUSSION Several barriers exist that prevent the identification and treatment of these problems in primary care. An educational intervention should help GPs address these issues. Any intervention should be rigorously evaluated. CONCLUSION With the shift in services to the community in Irish health policy, the GP with appropriate training could take the lead in early intervention in youth mental health and addiction. %0 Generic %A United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, %C Vienna %D 2015 %F ndc:24477 %I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime %T UNODC youth initiative. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24477/ %X Our mission is to empower and connect youth from around the globe to become active in their schools, communities and youth groups for the prevention of substance abuse. This site will help equip young people with resources and opportunities to help them make the best decisions for themselves and impact their communities on issues related to drugs. We know our world's youth have lots of great ideas and can make a positive impact on the world. We want to help give them a voice, not just to peers and local communities, but also to leaders of international organization and policy makers from around the globe. %0 Generic %A National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, %A National Drug Research Institute, %C Sydney %D 2014 %F ndc:23027 %I National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre %T Illegal drugs: what you need to know. Parent version. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23027/ %X This resource has been developed to inform and educate parents about illegal drugs and to prevent and reduce harms caused by their use. The best way for young people to avoid harm is to prevent use, delay the onset of use, and to reduce the harm from their own and other people’s use. For example, young people may be affected by an adult or a friend’s drug use. It is important they know how to avoid harm from other people’s use and, where appropriate, to assist themselves or others affected by drug use. [Positive Choices is an online portal to help school communities access accurate, up-to-date drug education resources and prevention programs. With input from teachers, parents and students across Australia we are compiling resources that are engaging, interactive, and proven to improve student wellbeing.] %0 Journal Article %A Curtin, Margaret %D 2014 %F ndc:22913 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 15 %T Suicide and self-harm among Irish adolescents. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22913/ %V Issue 51, Autumn 2014 %0 Generic %A Institute of Health Equity, %C London %D 2014 %F ndc:22757 %I Public Health England %T Building children and young people’s resilience in schools. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22757/ %X Summary 1. Resilience is the capacity to bounce back from adversity. Protective factors increase resilience, whereas risk factors increase vulnerability. Resilient individuals, families and communities are more able to deal with difficulties and adversities than those with less resilience. 2. Those who are resilient do well despite adversity, although it does not imply that those who are resilient are unharmed – they often have poorer outcomes than those who have low-risk background but less resilience. This applies to health outcomes and affects success in a range of areas of life across the life course. Evidence shows that resilience could contribute to healthy behaviours, higher qualifications and skills, better employment, better mental well-being, and a quicker or more successful recovery from illness. 3. Resilience is not an innate feature of some people’s personalities. Resilience and adversity are distributed unequally across the population, and are related to broader socio-economic inequalities which have common causes – the inequities in power, money and resources that shape the conditions in which people live and their opportunities, experiences and relationships. 4. Those who face the most adversity are least likely to have the resources necessary to build resilience. This ‘double burden’ means that inequalities in resilience are likely to contribute to health inequalities. 5. Schools have a key opportunity to build resilience among children and young people, and there is a range of ways in which local authorities can support and encourage schools to take action. 6. Actions to increase resilience can be targeted at different levels - they can aim to increase achievements of pupils; to support them through transitions and encourage healthy behaviours; to promote better interpersonal relationships between people – particularly parents or carers and children; and to create more supportive, cohesive schools that support both pupils and the wider community. %0 Journal Article %@ 1879-1972 %A Madkour, Aubrey Spriggs %A de Looze, Margaretha %A Ma, Ping %A Halpern, Carolyn Tucker %A Farhat, Tilda %A Ter Bogt, Tom F M %A Ehlinger, Virginie %A Nic Gabhainn, Saoirse %A Currie, Candace %A Godeau, Emmanuelle %D 2014 %F ndc:23517 %I Elsevier %J Journal of Adolescent Health %N 1 %P 114-121 %T Macro-level age norms for the timing of sexual initiation and adolescents' early sexual initiation in 17 European countries. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23517/ %V 55 %X PURPOSE To examine the relationship between country-level age norms for sexual initiation timing and early sexual initiation (ESI) among adolescent boys and girls. METHODS Nationally representative data from 17 countries that participated in the 2006/2007 European Social Survey (ESS-3, n = 33,092) and the 2005/2006 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study (HBSC, n = 27,702) were analyzed. Age norms were measured as the average country-level response to an item asking the age at which ESS respondents believed someone is too young to have sexual intercourse. HBSC respondents (aged 14-16 years) self-reported age at sexual initiation, which we defined as early (<15 years) or not early (≥15 years or no initiation). Control variables included age, family affluence, perceived socioeconomic status, family living arrangement, substance use, school attachment, and country-level legal age of consent. Multivariable three-level logistic models with random intercepts were run separately by sex. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, higher overall age norms were associated with reduced likelihood of ESI among girls (AOR .60, 95% CI .45-.79); associations with ESI were stronger for parent cohort (ages 31-65 years) norms (AOR .37, 95% CI .23-.58) than for peer cohort (ages 15-20 years) norms (AOR .60, 95% CI .49-.74). For boys, overall norms were also significantly negatively associated with ESI (AOR .68, 95% CI .46-.99), as were parent cohort norms (AOR .66, 95% CI .45-.96). Peer cohort norms were not significantly related to boys' ESI. CONCLUSION Macrolevel cultural norms may impact adolescents' sexual initiation timing. Research exploring the sexual health outcomes of early initiators in countries with contrasting age norms is warranted. %0 Journal Article %A Connolly, Johnny %D 2014 %F ndc:21685 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 16-17 %T Investigating the links between substance misuse and crime among young offenders. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21685/ %V Issue 49, Spring 2014 %0 Report %9 Other %A Department of Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2014 %F ndc:21773 %I Stationery Office %T Better outcomes brighter futures. The national policy framework for children & young people 2014 - 2020. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21773/ %0 Generic %9 Other %A National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, %C London %D 2014 %F ndc:12531 %I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence %T Interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12531/ %X The Department of Health asked the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE or the Institute) to produce public health guidance on community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged children and young people. The guidance is for NHS and non-NHS practitioners and others who have a direct or indirect role in – and responsibility for – reducing substance misuse. This includes those working in local authorities and the education, voluntary, community, social care, youth and criminal justice sectors. %Z NICE public health intervention guidance 4. %0 Generic %A National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, %C London %D 2014 %F ndc:18912 %I National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence %T Reducing substance misuse among vulnerable children and young people overview. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18912/ %X NICE Pathways is an online tool for health and social care professionals that brings together all related NICE guidance and associated products in a set of interactive topic-based diagrams. Visually representing everything NICE has said on a particular topic, the pathways enable you to see at a glance all of NICE's recommendations on a specific clinical or health topic. There are sections on: • Working with vulnerable and disadvantaged children and young people • Preventing alcohol-use disorders • Smoking prevention and cessation in schools %0 Generic %A Patnode, Carrie D %A O’Connor, Elizabeth %A Rowland, Maya %A Burda, Brittany %A Perdue, Leslie %A Whitlock, Evelyn P %C Rockville, MD %D 2014 %F ndc:25003 %I Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality %T Primary care behavioral interventions to prevent or reduce illicit drug and nonmedical pharmaceutical use in children and adolescents: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. preventive services task force. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25003/ %0 Generic %A Kwan, Matthew %A Bobko, Sarah %A Faulkner, Guy %A Donnelly, Peter %A Cairney, John %D 2014 %F ndc:24326 %I Elsevier Science %N 3 %P 497-506 %T Sport participation and alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24326/ %V 39 %X Sport participation can play an important and positive role in the health and development of children and youth. One area that has recently been receiving greater attention is the role that sport participation might play in preventing drug and alcohol use among youth. The current study is a systematic review of 17 longitudinal studies examining the relationship between sport participation and alcohol and drug use among adolescents. Results indicated that sport participation is associated with alcohol use, with 82% of the included studies (14/17) showing a significant positive relationship. Sport participation, however, appears to be related to reduced illicit drug use, especially use of non-cannabis related drugs. Eighty percent of the studies found sport participation associated with decreased illicit drug use, while 50% of the studies found negative association between sport participation and marijuana use. Further investigation revealed that participation in sports reduced the risk of overall illicit drug use, but particularly during high school; suggesting that this may be a critical period to reduce or prevent the use of drugs through sport. Future research must better understand what conditions are necessary for sport participation to have beneficial outcomes in terms of preventing alcohol and/or illicit drug use. This has been absent in the extent literature and will be central to intervention efforts in this area. %0 Report %9 Other %A European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, %B %C Luxembourg %D 2014 %F ndc:17168 %I Publications Office of the European Union %T Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug users: a systematic review. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17168/ %X During adolescence, some young people may experiment with both licit and illicit substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs). This can have an impact on their behaviour, their relationships with others and how they function in society. For those who develop substance use disorders, family has a vital role to play in addressing this issue. This EMCDDA Paper focuses on a form of inclusive therapy that involves the young person, their family and their environment. Based on five studies carried out in the United States and the EU, the holistic approach encapsulated by Multidimensional family therapy delivers promising results that are visible both during therapy and after it has ended. However, the approach requires family engagement which cannot always be obtained, and may come at a higher cost than other therapeutic options. %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2014 %F ndc:21214 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 15-16 %T New standards to support the voluntary capacity of youth work provision in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21214/ %V Issue 48, Winter 2013 %0 Report %9 Other %A MacNeela, Padraig %A Conway, Thomas %A Kavanagh, Siobhan %A Kennedy, Lisa Ann %A McCaffrey, John %B %C Galway %D 2014 %F ndc:21286 %I Rape Crisis Network Ireland %T Young people, alcohol and sex: what’s consent got to do with it? Exploring how attitudes to alcohol impact on judgements about consent to sexual activity: a qualitative study of university students. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21286/ %X This qualitative study explores the intersection of university students’ attitudes to alcohol use and consent to engage in sexual activity. The study was carried out by researchers at the School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, commissioned by Rape Crisis Network Ireland (RCNI), between March and December, 2013. This report describes: • The background to the study • The two qualitative methodologies used to collect and analyse data • The findings that arose from student reactions to hypothetical scenarios of non-consenting sexual activity, and • Discusses the findings in respect of the scope to support change in attitudes to alcohol use and consent. One of the key findings in the extensive RCNI Rape and Justice in Ireland report (Hanley et al., 2009) was the high rate of co-occurrence of heavy drinking with rape, by perpetrators and / or victims. This finding led RCNI to develop a year-long campaign in 2012, titled Calling Time on Sexual Violence and Alcohol. The current study builds on this work to address the links that exist between sexual violence and alcohol use. Internationally, it is recognised that extreme intoxication is a component of how the public understand sexual coercion and rape. For instance, this link underpins a ‘double standard’ attitude, whereby victims are attributed more responsibility if they had been drinking while perpetrators are often perceived as less responsible (Abbey, 2008). Studies of university student attitudes to alcohol use and non-consenting sexual encounters are not available in the Irish context, so relevant work from other countries will be cited in introducing this study. One reference point in the existing research literature is that of stereotypical rape myths (Ryan, 2011). These myths rely on attitudes and social scripts that support a network of fixed, false beliefs about sexual violence. Such rape myths are linked to the stigmatisation of victims by others. They are also associated with self-stigma, as many women who have been forced to have sex do not label the experience of rape, due to their own internalised expectations for what rape entails (Littleton et al., 2006). Thus, a victim who has been drinking may be less likely to label sexual violence as rape, in the mistaken belief that he or she shares responsibility for the assault. It is not just through rape-specific expectations that preconceptions and stereotypes inform attitudes to non-consenting sex. Berntson et al. (2013) take a broader view on how college students use scripts and pre-existing expectations to make sense of their relationship experiences. For them, relationships and sexual activity are interpreted through interpersonal sexual scripts that are shared among peers. Berntson et al. suggest that women are more likely to view their sexual activity within a communicative, relationship-based script. They contrast this with the traditional male preference for a recreational script for ‘no strings’ sex. This picture reflects long-standing cultural norms, in which men and women may be pursuing different, potentially conflicting objectives through sexual activity. It should be noted that gender role differences in expectations for sexual activity may now be changing. According to U.S. research, recreational sexual scripts have gained traction among young adults as an acceptable option for both sexes. This has been seen in the emergence of the ‘hook up’ culture. Hooking up refers to engaging in sexual behaviours without a pre-existing romantic relationship (Downing-Matibag & Geisinger, 2009). This might include sexual intercourse, but a hook up can also include or be restricted to oral sex, sexual touching, or masturbation. It is at this point that it becomes essential to consider the intersection between attitudes to sex and the impact that alcohol use has for sexual expression among young adults. Alcohol use has been identified as a critical issue for the well-being of young adults who take part in hook ups. In one recent survey of U.S. students, Thomson Ross et al. (2011) found that non-consenting sex was strongly associated with binge drinking and reports of harms arising from alcohol consumption. The link between drinking and non-consenting sex is especially relevant in an Irish context, as, quite apart from the emergence of a hook up culture, alcohol use is a dominant feature of socialising among young adults. For instance, a comparative study of 21 countries established that Irish university students exhibited one of the highest rate of drinking internationally (94%) (Dantzer et al., 2006). Dantzer et al. found no gender difference in the rate of non-drinking among Irish students, whereas in most countries rates of non-drinking are substantially higher among females than males. Ireland is one of several European countries with particularly high rates of alcohol consumption, along with Denmark, England, Scotland, Wales, and the Netherlands (Dantzer et al., 2006). All of these countries have high rates of binge drinking as well, a style of drinking that involves the consumption of large amounts of alcohol within a short period. There is by now little doubt that binge drinking is associated with considerably elevated risks of exposure to alcohol-related harms. These span the physical domain (e.g., injury, blackouts), psychological harms (e.g., lower quality of life, alcohol dependence), and social harms (e.g., higher rates of public disorder convictions, lower academic performance) (Kypri et al., 2009). Following repeated exposure to harms among peer networks, negative events such as a memory blackout or interpersonal conflict may become normalised. It may be the case that these adverse outcomes become accepted as the cost of accommodating heavy drinking as an integral part of the university experience. The degree to which alcohol-related harms such as non-consenting sex, rape, and sexual assault have been normalised is as yet unstudied in the Irish context. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body, %B %C Dublin %D 2014 %F ndc:21771 %I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body %T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising:seventh annual report 2012. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21771/ %X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising. As this seventh Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2012 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes. %0 Journal Article %@ 1067-828X %A Apantaku-Olajide, Tunde %A James, Philip %A Smyth, Bobby P %D 2014 %F ndc:21868 %I Taylor & Francis %J Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse %N 3 %P 169-176 %T Association of educational attainment and adolescent substance use disorder in a clinical sample. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21868/ %V 23 %X This study explores substance use, psychosocial problems, and the relationships to educational status in 193 adolescents (school dropouts, 63; alternative education, 46; mainstream students, 84) who attended a substance abuse treatment facility in Dublin, Ireland. The study found that the 3 groups exhibited statistically significant differences in their substance use problems, with the school dropouts displaying significantly more problems. The need for early detection and intervention of at-risk students, and collaborative interagency work aimed at addressing substance use, cannot be overemphasized as strategies to ultimately prevent school dropout. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Ballymun Youth Action Project, %B %C Dublin %D 2014 %F ndc:23118 %I Ballymun Youth Action Project %T The Ballymun Youth Action Project Ltd annual report 2013. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23118/ %0 Journal Article %@ 1464-3502 %A Hope, Ann %D 2014 %F ndc:21446 %I n/a %J Alcohol and Alcoholism %N 2 %P 126-127 %T ‘Lead us not into temptation’: adolescence and alcohol policy in Europe. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21446/ %V 49 %X Although the World Health Organization and the European Community recognize harm to children and young people due to alcohol—whether their own or someone else’s drinking effective policies to reduce harm are not widely followed. The alcohol beverage industry’s drive to use social networking systems blurs the line between user-generated and industry marketing materials, such that young people are more frequently and at a younger age, potentially exposed to the promotion of alcoholic drinks. This contravenes recommendations arising out of the emerging scientific literature that delaying the onset of drinking and reducing the prevalence of heavy session drinking are likely to promote a healthier next generation. %0 Report %9 Other %@ ISBN 978-1-909100-98-5 %A Mackay, M %A Vincenten, J %B %C Birmingham %D 2014 %F ndc:21574 %I European Child Safety Alliance %T National action to address child intentional injury - 2014. Europe summary. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21574/ %X The report describes the prevalence of intentional injuries to children in the European Union, including maltreatment, peer to peer violence and self-directed violence, and examines the level of uptake of national level policies to address intentional child injuries in over 25 Member States. This is the first time that national actions to address child intentional injury are being comprehensively assessed and reported on in the EU. Within the report are individual country policy profiles for each of the participating Member States: Austria, Belgium (Flanders only), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden and the United Kingdom (England and Scotland only). %0 Report %9 Other %@ HRB drug and alcohol evidence review 2 %A Munton, Tony %A Wedlock, Elaine %A Gomersall, Alan %B %C Dublin %D 2014 %F ndc:23079 %I Health Research Board %T The efficacy and effectiveness of drug and alcohol abuse prevention programmes delivered outside of school settings. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23079/ %0 Generic %A Rochford, S %A Doherty, N %A Owens, S %C Dublin %D 2014 %F ndc:24411 %I Centre for Effective Services %T Prevention and early intervention in children and young people’s services: ten years of learning. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24411/ %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Crosscare Teen Counselling, %B %D 2013 %F ndc:20847 %I Crosscare Teen Counselling %T Teen counselling annual report 2012. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20847/ %X Referrals made in 2012 Referrals received 524 Referrals accepted 482 Drugs and alcohol: (17%) of teen attendees used drugs and (46%) used alcohol. The drug of choice for teens was cannabis/hash. Amongst the parents of teen clients, addiction to either alcohol (34%), or drugs (18%) was a factor. %0 Generic %A Adfam, %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:24072 %I Mentor ADEPSIS %T Identifying and supporting children affected by parental substance misuse – Resource for schools. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24072/ %X How can schools identify and support pupils affected by parental substance misuse? This resource has been developed for the Alcohol and Drug Education and Prevention Information Service (ADEPIS) by Adfam, the national umbrella organisation for those working with and for families affected by drugs and alcohol, and is intended to be a useful tool to help schools in safeguarding their pupils. The purpose of this resource: When schools and teachers think about ‘drugs’, they may often initially focus on incidents on school grounds and how to respond to them, students at risk of using substances, or perhaps about drug education. However, substance use can impact the lives of young people in many ways, especially if they are affected by problematic drug or alcohol use in their own homes. This resource aims to summarise the key issues for children affected by parental substance use, and how schools can consider supporting them. It is aimed primarily at school governors and headteachers, but will also be relevant to members of staff with particular pastoral care duties, including school nurses, Education Welfare Officers, and anyone identified as a Designated Senior Person (DSP) for child protection in schools. Key messages: • Parental substance use is not a problem that schools can ‘solve’ alone, nor is it an issue they should turn a blind eye to • Schools have both the responsibility and the ability to support children affected by parental substance use • Safeguarding is a matter of child welfare, not drug and alcohol expertise • Existing structures/policies cover most of this work already, but added focus is needed %0 Journal Article %A Pike, Brigid %A King, Dermot %D 2013 %F ndc:20725 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 2 %T Responding to addiction in a time of recession – BYAP seminar. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20725/ %V Issue 47, Autumn 2013 %0 Report %9 Other %A The Angelus Foundation, %A Adfam, %A Club Drugs Clinic, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, %B %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:20398 %I The Angelus Foundation; Adfam; Club Drugs Clinic, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital %T Talking to your children about legal highs and club drugs: A parent's handbook. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20398/ %X Chapter 1 – What exactly are club drugs and legal highs? Chapter 2 – How did legal highs become so popular? Chapter 3 – What do legal highs contain? Chapter 4 – Know your Substances Chapter 5 -- Legal Highs, the limits of the law and police action Chapter 6 – What you can do as a parent Chapter 7 – Talking Consequences Chapter 8 -- Talking to your children about legal highs %0 Generic %A Laird, K %C Edinburgh %D 2013 %F ndc:21015 %I NHS Health Scotland %T Young people and alcohol: scoping approaches to prevent or reduce harm. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21015/ %X The aim of the scoping exercise was to: Produce a national overview of the approaches developed and implemented to prevent or reduce harm to young people in Scotland caused by their own alcohol consumption. Objectives: • Identify the range of initiatives which are currently being delivered and categorise them by setting. • Conduct semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (ADPs, third sector organisations, NHS) to gain more in-depth information to inform the final report (and later consider developing case studies on active projects). • Incorporate views from young people directly, to inform working practice %0 Generic %A Ferri, Marica %A Allara, Elias %A Bo, Alessandra %A Gasparrini, Antonio %A Faggiano, Fabrizio %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:20156 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %T Media campaigns for the prevention of illicit drug use in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20156/ %X Media campaigns to prevent illicit drug use are a widespread intervention. We reviewed 23 studies of different designs involving 188,934 young people and conducted in the United States, Canada and Australia. The studies tested different interventions and used several questionnaires to interview the young people about the effects of having participated in the studies brought to them. As a result it was very difficult to reach conclusions and for this reason we are highlighting the need for further studies. %0 Generic %A European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, %C Lisbon %D 2013 %F ndc:21978 %I European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction %T Perspectives on drugs: Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs? %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21978/ %X The use of mass media campaigns in drug prevention is both relatively common and not without controversy. Both policymakers and practitioners have hotly debated the effectiveness of such campaigns to reduce young people’s drug use or their intention to use. This analysis aims to contribute to the debate via a review of available evidence on the topic. 1. Analysis 2. Interactive map 3. Terms and definitions 4. Background theories %0 Generic %A Ofcom, %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:19916 %I Ofcom %T Children’s and young people’s exposure to alcohol advertising 2007 to 2011. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19916/ %X This report sets out the findings of analysis examining trends in young people’s exposure to television advertising of alcoholic products between 2007 and 2011. The analysis looks at trends among children aged 4-15 (including sub-groups of 4-9 and 10-15 year olds) and adults aged 16-24 (including the sub-group 16-17 year olds1). The report looks at how the amount of advertising seen by these demographic groups has changed and considers this in the context of changes in viewing habits and the volume of advertising shown on commercial television channels. %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2013 %F ndc:19676 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 1-2 %T Assessment of the value of youth work in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19676/ %V Issue 45, Spring 2013 %0 Generic %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:19890 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Long-term effect of community-based adolescent treatment]. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19890/ %V 26 Mar %X Long-term effect of community-based treatment: evidence from the adolescent outcomes project. Edelen M.O., Slaughter M.E., McCaffrey D.F. et al. Drug and Alcohol Dependence: 2010, 107, p. 62–68. The title speaks of long-term effects but in fact there were none from sending young US substance users to a youth therapeutic community specialising in substance use problems compared to non-specialist group homes; early gains had all eroded, an instance of the general difficulty of sustaining youth treatment outcomes. Summary Few studies have reported on the long-term impacts of substance use treatment for adolescents, and those which have provide at best limited evidence that impacts persist. In particular, no such study has yet assessed long-term outcomes for drug-involved juvenile offenders receiving treatment outside custody, the majority of adolescent treatment admissions. This US evaluation offers the first assessment of long-term effects nearly nine years after offenders had been referred by the juvenile justice system either to a drug-specialist residential therapeutic community for adolescents (the Phoenix Academy), or to other residential group living programmes of similar size and structure, but which did not offer specialised substance use treatment. Relative to the group homes, the community had previously been shown to result 12 months after referral in significantly better substance use and psychological functioning. This report sets out to establish whether these improvements persisted and even 'snowballed', or were eroded by time and other influences. In 1999 and 2000, 449 young people aged 13–17 joined the study after being contacted at a juvenile court; all were legal wards of the court. Of these, 175 were initially admitted the specialist community where they stayed for on average just over five months, about the same time as other young people stayed after being sent instead to one of the six comparison group homes. The featured report drew its data from the 412 youngsters who completed any of the long-term follow-up interviews about three, seven and eight and a half years after the baseline interviews; of these, nearly 90% had completed the final interview. Typically they were 15–16-year-old Hispanic/Latino boys who by the final follow-up would have averaged about 24 years of age. At study intake nearly 8 in 10 had met criteria for substance abuse and 55% for dependence. For about half their main substance was cannabis. Despite extensive substance use, 59% did not feel they needed treatment. There were some appreciable differences between those sent and not sent to the Phoenix Academy, notably in motivation for treatment, extent of recent cannabis use, and substance use problems. An attempt was made to adjust outcomes for differences on these and other (totalling 88) dimensions as assessed before starting treatment. Then estimates were made of how well the young people would have done had they all been sent to Phoenix, or all to the other centres. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:20023 %I An Garda Siochana %T Annual report of the Committee Appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2011. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20023/ %X The Diversion Programme is a statutory option provided for under the Children Act 2001 to address the offending behaviour of children between the age of 10 years and 18 years. The Programme is managed by a Garda Superintendent appointed by the Commissioner of An Garda Síochána and is known as the Director of the Programme. The Director must consider all cases and decide on the suitability or otherwise of the child for inclusion in the Programme. • The total number of incidents referred to the Diversion Programme during 2011 was 27,384. • The total number of individual children referred to the Programme was 12,809. • 9,721 (76%) of the children referred were admitted to the Diversion Programme. • 6,944 (54% ) children had their cases dealt with by way of an informal caution. • 2,777 (22%) children had their cases dealt with by way of a formal caution. • 515 (4%) children have a decision in their case pending. • 738 (6%) children required no further Garda action to be taken. • 1,835 (14%) children were considered not suitable for inclusion in the Programme. • 25% of children who were referred to the Programme were female while 75% were male. • The Garda Programme of Restorative Justice continued to develop and involved Juvenile Liaison Officers using Restorative Justice in 903 referrals. • Public order (28.86%), theft and related offences (23.69%) and damage to property and to the environment (11.31%) constitute the three main categories of offences for which children were referred. • The total number of JLO posts is 123 including 8 JLO Sergeants. %0 Report %9 Other %A Department of Education and Skills; Health Service Executive;Department of Health interdepartmental sub-group, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:19228 %I Department of Education and Skills; Health Service Executive & Department of Health %T Well-being in post primary schools. Guidelines for mental health promotion and suicide prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19228/ %X Section 1: introduction p.1 Section 2: mental health promotion and suicide prevention 5 Section 3: school support for all: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.13 Section 4: school support for some: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.31 Section 5: school support for a few: a whole-school approach to mental health promotion and suicide prevention p.35 Section 6: support for schools: addressing mental health promotion and suicide prevention p. 43 Conclusion p. 51 References p.52 %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:19463 %I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body %T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising:sixth annual report 2011. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19463/ %X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising. As this Sixth Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2011 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:21160 %I An Garda Siochana %T Annual report of the committee appointed to monitor the effectiveness of the diversion programme 2012. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21160/ %X The report reflects the activities of the Monitoring Committee and the Diversion Programme during 2012 and sets out recommended actions for 2013. The number of referrals to the Diversion Programme during 2012 was 24,069 and the number of individual children referred was 12,246. Of those referred 9,776 (80%) were admitted to the Programme. During 2012, the Programme administered 1,036 cautions by way of Restorative Justice. This is indicative of the increased use of Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices when interacting with children who come in conflict with the law. In 2013 we will continue to progress the use of Restorative Justice as part of the Diversion Programme. %0 Report %9 Other %A Department of Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:20356 %I Department of Children and Youth Affairs %T National quality standards for volunteer led youth groups. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20356/ %X In 2011, the DCYA introduced a set of standards for staff led youth work projects and services: these were called the National Quality Standards Framework (NQSF) for youth work. These standards are helping to ensure the provision and ongoing development of quality youth work opportunities for young people. As a natural progression to the NQSF, the DCYA has now developed a set of National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups, aimed at local youth groups and clubs. These have been developed and refined in consultation with young people, volunteers, youth organisations, the National Youth Work Advisory Committee, the Irish Vocational Education Association and VEC Youth/Liaison Officers. They present an opportunity for youth groups to demonstrate their commitment to best practice and to the delivery of quality programmes and activities, which meet the needs and expectations of their young members. As well as being a benchmark for progress, the National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups provide a fundamental building block on which practice can be developed on an ongoing basis. They are intended as a ‘living document’ that will evolve over time and be reviewed and informed by the process as the national quality standards are implemented in clubs and groups across the country. %0 Generic %9 Other %A United Kingdom. Home Office, %C London %D 2013 %F ndc:20386 %I Home Office %T Addressing youth violence and gangs. Practical advice for schools and colleges. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20386/ %X The vast majority of young people and education establishments will not be affected by serious violence or gangs. However, where these problems do occur there will almost certainly be a significant impact. Schools, both primary and secondary, and colleges have a duty and a responsibility to protect their pupils and students. It is also well established that success in learning is one of the most powerful indicators in the prevention of youth crime. Dealing with violence also helps attainment %0 Report %9 Other %A McCarthy, Deirdre %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:19595 %I North Wall Education and Welfare Group %T The boundary wall. A needs analysis in the North Wall area of Dublin with a particular focus on education and young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19595/ %0 Generic %A Moffat, Barbara M %A Jenkins, Emily K %A Johnson, Joy L %D 2013 %F ndc:21018 %I BioMed Central %N 34 %T Weeding out the information: an ethnographic approach to exploring how young people make sense of the evidence on cannabis. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21018/ %V 10 %X Background: Contradictory evidence on cannabis adds to the climate of confusion regarding the health harms related to use. This is particularly true for young people as they encounter and make sense of opposing information on cannabis. Knowledge translation (KT) is in part focused on ensuring that knowledge users have access to and understand best evidence; yet, little attention has focused on the processes youth use to weigh scientific evidence. There is growing interest in how KT efforts can involve knowledge users in shaping the delivery of youth-focused public health messages. To date, the youth voice has been largely absent from the creation of public health messages on cannabis. Methods: This ethnographic study describes a knowledge translation project that focused on engaging young people in a review of evidence on cannabis that concluded with the creation of public health messages generated by youth participants. We facilitated two groups with a total of 18 youth participants. Data included transcribed segments of weekly sessions, researcher field notes, participant research logs, and transcribed follow-up interviews. Qualitative, thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Group dynamics were influential in terms of how participants made sense of the evidence. The processes by which participants came to understand the current evidence on cannabis are described, followed by the manner in which they engaged with the literature for the purpose of creating an individual public health message to share with the group. At project end, youth created collaborative public health messages based on their understanding of the evidence illustrating their capacity to ?weed out? the information. The content of these messages reflect a youth-informed harm reduction approach to cannabis use. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of involving young people in knowledge translation initiatives that target peers. Youth participants demonstrated that they were capable of reading scientific literature and had the capacity to engage in the creation of evidence-informed public health messages on cannabis that resonate with young people. Rather than simply being the target of KT messages, they embraced the opportunity to engage in dialogue focused on cannabis. %0 Generic %A Stevens, Alex %A O'Brien, Kate %A Coulton, Simon %C Kent %D 2013 %F ndc:19871 %I University of Kent %T RisKit programme- operation manual. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19871/ %X The RisKit programme is a multi-component risk reduction programme for young people who are vulnerable to risks including drug and alcohol use, early and unprotected sex and offending. It has been developed in the project’s initiation phase from consultation with young people, a review of the research literature and interviews with local stakeholders. It has learnt much form the experience of KCA in delivering the enhanced intervention for young people on drugs and alcohol. %0 Report %9 Other %A Swirak, Katharina %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:20904 %I Department of Children and Youth Affairs %T A post-structuralist analysis of Irish youth crime prevention policy, with a specific focus on Garda Youth Diversion Projects. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20904/ %X This study was the subject of a PhD thesis (2013)by Katharina Swirak of the School of Applied Social Studies at University College, Cork, with funding from the Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs (now the Department of Children and Youth Affairs) under the National Children’s Research Scholarship Programme. %0 Report %9 Other %A The Learning Curve Institute, %B %C Dublin %D 2013 %F ndc:20539 %I National Youth Council of Ireland %T Support manual for dealing with substance use issues in an out of school setting. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20539/ %X This support manual is intended to serve as a practical resource and reference guide for those who are involved in the youth work sector. It advocates for a holistic understanding and approach to the issue of substance use and young people. This manual also advocates that issues relating to substance use and young people should not be viewed solely as a specialist area requiring input from experts, but rather should be viewed as being within the realm of good youth work. This manual provides an overview of substance use in Ireland, theories of substance use, information on youth work and its substance use interventions and prevention. It also provides an overview of recent policy development in Ireland in this regard. It aims to enhance the skills of community youth workers in providing effective substance use education and support that is need-specific. It is anticipated that this manual and the accompanying training will stimulate interagency co-operation, encourage comprehensive service provision, and provide added value in the area of youth work and substance use prevention in line with best practice guidelines. %0 Generic %A James, Claire %C London %D 2012 %F ndc:18994 %I Mentor %T Reviewing your drug and alcohol policy: a toolkit for schools. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18994/ %X This toolkit aims to facilitate the process of developing or revising a school‟s drug policy, making it an effective tool to safeguard the health and safety of pupils and others within school, and helping children and young people to be confident in making healthy choices outside school. The toolkit aims to be comprehensive but is not intended to be prescriptive: schools can choose to use only the parts which they find most useful, and are encouraged to adapt the materials to match their needs. %0 Generic %A Drug and Alcohol Findings, %D 2012 %F ndc:18403 %I Drug and Alcohol Findings %T Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Brief preventive measures]. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18403/ %V 10 September 2012 %X 1. A brief image-based prevention intervention for adolescents. Werch C.E., Bian H., Moore M.J., et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: 2010, 24(1), p. 170–175. Across the sample, a brief face-to-face consultation highlighting how substance use might stop them becoming the sort of young adults they wanted to be generally did not prevent substance use among US high school pupils, but those already using substances were significantly more responsive, suggesting a selective if not a universal prevention role. Summary: The Behavior-Image Model approach to health promotion is based on the principle that portrayals of people attractive to the participant and their own improved possible future selves can integrate and motivate change in a range of activities which result in better health. Change is motivated by providing feedback on the participant's current health-related activities and their self-images, highlighting the discrepancy between them to foster commitment to setting goals to narrow this gap. Such interventions might prove more feasible for schools than single-target or lengthy programmes because in a short time they target multiple commonly used drugs and positive health promoting and personal development habits. Two previous studies (1; 2) evaluating image-based prevention interventions among adolescents found improved substance use and other outcomes particularly among those already using substances at the start of the studies. The featured article reports outcomes three months later in a third study. For the study 416 students (nearly two thirds girls) at a US school in grades intended for 15—17-year olds completed baseline questionnaires and were randomly assigned to the image-based intervention or to a control group who were simply given commercially available health promotion materials commonly used in schools. Of the 416, 87% completed the three-month follow-up. The image-based intervention called Planned Success delivered scripted messages which illustrated how health-promoting behaviours support positive social and self-images of a successful young adult attractive to the student, while behaviours which risk health do the opposite. Content was tailored to the individual's current health behaviours and the images most attractive to them. At the end they were given a 'goal plan' against which to make progress after the session. Sessions were delivered to individual pupils face-to-face by specially trained nurses and health educators and lasted about 20 minutes. Starting a week later, parents and guardian were sent three weekly mailings of five parent–youth cards with messages parallel to those given the children. 2. Are effects from a brief multiple behavior intervention for college students sustained over time? Werch C.E., Moore M.J., Bian H. et al. Preventive Medicine: 2010, 50, p. 30–34. At a US university students at first cut back their drinking and cannabis use in response to a brief face-to-face fitness consultation, but the gains were no longer apparent a year after intervention. Yet still at that time they had at least experienced more positive trends in how they felt than students who had just read a fitness brochure. Summary: The Behavior-Image Model approach to health promotion is based on the principle that portrayals of people attractive to the participant and their own improved possible future selves can integrate and motivate change in a range of activities which result in better health. Change is motivated by providing feedback on the participant's current health-related activities and their self-images, highlighting the discrepancy between them to foster commitment to setting goals to narrow this gap. An initial study evaluated three brief face-to-face, image-based interventions for college students conducted by fitness specialists. Over the following month several health-related activity domains and health-related quality of life significantly improved. The featured article reports outcomes 12 months later from a second such study which at three months found that a brief image-based intervention had led to reductions in various measures of drinking and cannabis use, improved exercise and sleep patterns, and enhanced spiritual and social health-related quality of life. For the study 18–21-year-old students at a public US university were recruited by adverts and announcements and paid for their participation. Of the 303 who volunteered, nearly all (299, of whom 60% were women) completed baseline questionnaires and were randomly assigned to then immediately participate in the image-based intervention or join a control group asked by a fitness specialist to read a standard brochure on fitness in a private office. %0 Journal Article %@ 0332-3102 %A Malone, Kevin %A Quinlivan, L %A McGuinnes, S %A McNicholas, F %A Kelleher, Cecily %D 2012 %F ndc:18255 %I Irish Medical Organisation %J Irish Medical Journal %N 7 %T Suicide in children over two decades: 1993-2008. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18255/ %V 105 %X Suicide rates have increased in Ireland’s youth over the past two decades. However, no research report has focussed on suicide rates in those aged under 18 – the children of Ireland. We retrieved national disaggregated age and sex-specific suicide mortality data from 1993-1998 and compared it with similar suicide mortality data from 2003-2008. Significant age (older vs younger) and sex effects (boys greater risk than girls) are apparent in both decades Suicide rates in both males and females have increased (males: 9.3 - 13.5 / 100,000), (females: 2.4 - 5.1/100,000. Suicide rates in under 15 year olds boys and girls is extremely rare for both time periods studied (1.6/100,000). Results are discussed in light of the rights of children and the obligation of the nation in this regard, as well as more child-specific and transition to adulthood-specific suicide prevention policy implications. %0 Generic %A Carson, Kristin V %A Brinn, Malcolm P %A Labiszewski, Nadina A %A Peters, Matthew %A Chang, Anne B %A Veale, Antony %A Esterman, Adrian J %A Smith, Brian J %C London %D 2012 %F ndc:23404 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %T Interventions for tobacco use prevention in Indigenous youth. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23404/ %V 8 %0 Report %9 Other %A Harm Reduction International. Public Health, Research and Policy Programme, %B %D 2012 %E Stoicescu, Claudia %F ndc:18167 %I Harm Reduction International %T The global state of harm reduction 2012. Towards an integrated response. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18167/ %X In 2008 Harm Reduction International released the Global State of Harm Reduction, a report that mapped responses to drug-related HIV and hepatitis C epidemics around the world for the first time. The report has since been published every two years. The Global State of Harm Reduction 2012 presents the major developments in harm reduction policy adoption and programme implementation that have occurred since 2010, enabling some assessment of global progress. It also explores several key issues for developing an integrated harm reduction response, such as building effective harm reduction services for women who inject drugs, access to harm reduction services by young people, drug use among men who have sex with men, global progress toward drug decriminalisation and sustainability of services in challenging environments. This report, and other global state of harm reduction resources, are designed to provide reference tools for a wide range of audiences, such as international donor organisations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, civil society and non-governmental organisations, including organisations of people who use drugs, as well as researchers and the media. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Health Service Executive, %B %C Dublin %D 2012 %F ndc:17776 %I Health Service Executive %T Review of adequacy for HSE children and families services 2010. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17776/ %X The Review of Adequacy is not an end in itself; rather it is a process of review and reflection upon how services might be improved. In recent years a number of reports have highlighted the need for structural reform and more consistency in the way in which services are delivered. Meeting this challenge was a priority throughout 2010 and into 2011. The Government decision, late in 2010, to appoint a National Director for Children and Families Services reflected the commitment to address these issues in a meaningful way. Despite the financial constraints additional staff were recruited in key areas during the year. Greater emphasis was also placed on the efficient management of resources and on the management of performance. • The first and second sections of this report provide a foreword and executive summary. • The third section provides an introduction which sets out the statutory provisions governing the Review of Adequacy 2010. • The fourth section addresses strategic change, governance and structure. It provides an overview of budget and expenditure, the structure of service provision and performance management arrangements. • Section five provides an analysis of indicators of need. Ireland’s growing child population is highlighted. Other demographic factors are considered, such as poverty, lone parent families and ethnicity. • Section six deals with family support services. There is an emphasis on the development of Children’s Services Committees as a means of integrating family support services across a range of key stakeholders. Welfare reports to social work departments continued to outnumber reports concerning child protection. • In section seven trends in child protection services are analysed. Figures show a year-on-year increase in the number of reports being made. Neglect remained the consistently the most prominent reason for a child protection report to be made. Planned service improvements continued to be rolled out in the light of the Ryan Report (Commission of the Inquiry into Child Abuse 2009), report of the OCO on Children First (OCO 2010) and the Roscommon Child Care Inquiry report (Roscommon Child Care Inquiry Team 2010). • Section seven describes alternative care services. The numbers of children in care has increased by 13.7% since 2006 from 5,247 to 5,965. However, the rate of children in care remains lower than those in neighbouring countries. Admissions to care were slightly down on the previous year. By the end of December the percentage of children in care with an allocated social worker exceeded 93%. • In section eight services for education, training, research and policy are examined. During the year a National Advisory Group was established to provide advice on these internal services. • Finally section nine draws broad overall conclusions Table 12: Primary reason for welfare concern following initial assessment (2010) (PAGE 20) Child Problems 30.2% • Child with emotional/behavioural problems 14.7% • Child abusing drugs/alcohol 2.0% • Child involved in crime 0.3% • Child pregnancy 0.5% • Physical Illness/disability in child 0.3% • Mental health problem/intellectual disability in child 1.3% • Other 11.0% Family Problems 69.8% • Parent unable to cope 8.4% • Family member abusing drugs/alcohol 15.9% • Family member involved in crime 0.5% • Domestic violence 4.6% • Physical illness/disability in other family member 1.1% • Mental health problem/intellectual disability in other family member 5.8% • Family difficulty re: housing/finance 4.7% • Parent separation/absence/other disharmony in home 13.6% • Other 15.2% %0 Journal Article %A McGuire, Vivion %D 2012 %F ndc:17267 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 6 %T BYAP marks its 30th year with launch of two reports. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17267/ %V Issue 41, Spring 2012 %0 Journal Article %A Brennan, Anne Marie %D 2012 %F ndc:22126 %I Round Hall %J Irish Criminal Law Journal %N 2 %P 46 %T The Garda Diversion Programme and the juvenile offender: The dilemma of due process rights. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22126/ %V 22 %X The focus of this article is on the potential divergence between the welfare interests and due process rights of the juvenile in the Programme. The second section of the article will briefly outline the provisions of the Programme. This will be followed by an examination of the need for a customised rights approach in the Programme instead of the due process rights framework utilised by the traditional adversarial system. %0 Generic %A Mitchell, Ojmarrh %A Wilson, David B %A Eggers, Amy %A MacKenzie,, Doris L %C Coventry %D 2012 %F ndc:18692 %I The Campbell Collaboration %N 4 %T Drug courts’ effects on criminal offending for juveniles and adults. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18692/ %V 8 %X Drug courts are specialized courts in which court actors collaboratively use the legal and moral authority of the court to monitor drug-involved offenders’ abstinence from drug use via frequent drug testing and compliance with individualized drug treatment programs. The objective of this review was to systematically review quasi-experimental and experimental evaluations of the effectiveness of drug courts in reducing future offending and drug use. The systematic search identified 154 independent, eligible evaluations, 92 evaluations of adult drug courts, 34 of juvenile drug courts, and 28 of drunk-driving (DWI) drug courts. The findings most strongly support the effectiveness of adult drug courts, as even the most rigorous evaluations consistently find reductions in recidivism and these effects generally persist for at least three years. The magnitude of this effect is analogous to a drop in general and drug-related recidivism from 50% for non-participants to approximately 38% for participants. The evidence also suggests that DWI drug courts are effective in reducing recidivism and their effect on recidivism is very similar in magnitude to that of adult drug courts (i.e., a reduction in recidivism of approximately 12 percentage points); yet, some caution is warranted, as the few available experimental evaluations of DWI drug courts do not uniformly support their effectiveness. For juvenile drug courts we find considerably smaller effects on recidivism. The mean effect size for these courts is analogous to a drop in recidivism from 50% for non-participants to roughly 43.5% for participants. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Health Research Board, Irish Focal Point, %B %C Dublin %D 2012 %F ndc:18808 %I Health Research Board %T 2012 National Report (2011 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Ireland: new developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18808/ %X Table of contents 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis 2. Drug Use in the General Population and Specific Targeted Groups 3. Prevention 4. Problem drug use 5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability 6. Health Correlates and Consequences 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences 8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison 10. Drug markets Selected issues 11. Residential care for drug users in Europe 12. Drug policies of large European cities %0 Report %9 Other %A Indecon, %B %C Dublin %D 2012 %F ndc:19045 %I National Youth Council of Ireland %T Assessment of the economic value of youth work %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19045/ %X Overall Conclusions This study, for the first time in Ireland, completed a detailed, comprehensive assessment of the economic value and contribution of the youth work sector. Indecon’s independent analysis found that the sector is substantial in scale and reach, with almost 383,000 young people benefiting from a wide range of programmes and services, provided by almost 1,400 staff and over 40,000 persons working in a voluntary capacity across the State. The sector operates within a very challenging economic context, with young people experiencing high rates of unemployment and social and economic exclusion, while significant numbers are at risk of poverty and the adverse long-term implications of drug and alcohol abuse, and involvement in crime and anti-social behaviour. The results of the cost-benefit assessment of the economic value of youth work presented in this study suggest that the public funding provided by the State for youth work services represents value for money. Specifically, we estimate that over a 10-year period the benefits of youth work programmes would exceed the costs by a factor of 2.2. This reflects in particular the benefits of targeted programmes in the areas of justice, health and welfare, compared to a scenario where the absence of these supports is likely to mean that the State would face higher costs. It also reflects the strong volunteering effort in the delivery of youth work services throughout the State, the absence of which would mean that the State would face a substantially greater cost if these human resources had to be fully remunerated. Policy decisions on the future development of the youth work sector should factor in these features and, in particular, the economic as well as social impacts of targeted interventions which address the needs of young people in a pre-emptive and holistic manner. %0 Report %9 Government Publication %A Ireland. Department of Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2012 %F ndc:18121 %I Stationery Office %T Report on the Taskforce on the Child and Family Support Agency. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18121/ %X Numerous investigation reports have documented how fragmented services have failed to meet the needs of children. It is crucial that certain services for children are now realigned from across a number of agencies into a single comprehensive, integrated and accountable agency for children and families, the Child and Family Support Agency (CFSA). The Task Force’s vision for the Child and Family Support Agency is that it will, under the direction of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs, provide leadership to relevant statutory and non-statutory agencies, to ensure that the conditions needed for children’s well-being and development are fulfilled. The Task Force’s ‘vision for a quality Irish childhood’ is relevant to and intended to encompass all organisations, agencies and sectors that provide services to children, young people and their families. Key reforms to be progressed by the Agency include: • The creation of multidisciplinary local teams. • The streamlining of local services under one local manager. • The establishment of a single, consistent mechanism for assessment, referrals and tracking supported by a new child protection notification system. %0 Report %9 Other %A Irish Youth Justice Service, %B %D 2012 %F ndc:18811 %I Irish Youth Justice Service %T Report on the implementation of the National Youth Justice Strategy 2008-2010. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18811/ %X The National Youth Justice Strategy was launched in March 2008 and set challenging goals and objectives across a range of responsibilities of the Irish Youth Justice Service (IYJS). The more significant challenges were to bring about a modern and integrated youth justice system; to facilitate the implementation of the Children Act, 2001; to ensure that the programmes provided are effective; and to achieve the best possible outcomes for children who come into contact with the youth justice system. As the timeframe for Strategy has now expired, it is time to review the progress made, re-examine priorities and plan the future direction of youth justice policy. The Strategy sets out key actions and commitments for each of the stakeholders i.e.; Criminal Justice agencies, the Department of Children and Youth Affairs (DCYA), the HSE, the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Innovation, the Department of Community, Equality and Gaeltacht affairs, the Children’ Act Advisory Board (CAAB) and the Department of Education and Skills under 5 High Level Goals. %0 Journal Article %A Kiernan, Claire %A Ni Fhearail, Aislinn %A Coyne, Imelda %D 2012 %F ndc:17679 %I MA Healthcare %J British Journal of Nursing %N 8 %P 474-478 %T Nurses' role in managing alcohol misuse among adolescents. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17679/ %V 21 %X Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed by young people, aged 11-17 years, in the UK and Ireland, which has implications for all health professionals caring for adolescents. Alcohol misuse is increasingly common among adolescents and is a significant concern for families, communities and society. Health professionals need to be aware of the dangers involved with underage drinking, how to recognise the signs of alcohol misuse, and how to intervene appropriately. Over the past few years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of adolescents presenting to emergency departments (EDs) owing to alcohol-related injuries. This increase means that all nurses and other health professionals are suitably placed to provide education and support to adolescents who are consuming excessive alcohol. Regular alcohol misuse can lead to adverse health outcomes, and therefore nurses need to take an active role in health promotion to ensure that adolescents are aware of the associated dangers. This article summarises the harmful effects of underage drinking, the influencing factors and outlines the current guidelines on alcohol misuse in young people. It discusses strategies that nurses can use in the ED setting, and all healthcare settings, to motivate adolescents to change health-damaging behaviours. %Z PMID: 22585075 %0 Generic %A Klima, Noel %A Vanhauwaert, Rosita %A Wijckmans, Belinda %C Brussels %D 2012 %F ndc:20817 %I EUCPN Secretariat %T EUCPN Toolkit 1. Local cooperation in youth crime prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20817/ %X This toolbox aims to inform, support and inspire local practitioners and policy makers on actual knowledge in local cooperation in youth crime prevention. To reach this goal, this toolbox contains a variety of tools collected from different sources such as academic literature, existing good practices and expert opinions from different EU Member States to bundle the knowledge and present it to local practitioners and policy makers. It is an easyto- read document, providing an introduction to the topic of local cooperation in youth crime prevention. %0 Journal Article %A McKay, Michael T %A McBride, Nyanda %A Sumnall, Harry %D 2012 %F ndc:17020 %I Informa healthcare %J Journal of Substance Use %N 2 %P 98-121 %T Reducing the harm from adolescent alcohol consumption: results from an adapted version of SHAHRP in Northern Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17020/ %V 17 %X Background: The study aimed to trial an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Northern Ireland. The intervention aims to enhance alcohol related knowledge, create more healthy alcohol-related attitudes and reduce alcohol-related harms in 14–16-year-olds. Method: A non-randomised control longitudinal design with intervention and control groups assessed students at baseline and 12, 24 and 32months after baseline. Students were from post-primary schools (high schools) in the Eastern Health Board Area in Northern Ireland. Two thousand three hundred and forty nine participants were recruited at baseline (mean age 13.84) with an attrition rate of 12.8% at 32-month follow-up. The intervention was an adapted, culturally competent version of SHAHRP, a curriculum programme delivered in two consecutive academic years, with an explicit harm reduction goal. Knowledge, attitudes, alcohol consumption, context of use, harm associated with own alcohol use and the alcohol use of other people were assessed at all time points. Results: There were significant intervention effects on all measures (intervention vs. controls) with differential effects observed for teacher-delivered and outside facilitator delivered SHAHRP. Conclusion: The study provides evidence of the cultural applicability of a harm reduction intervention (SHAHRP) for risky drinking in adolescents in a UK context. %0 Generic %A Newman, Mark %A Vigurs, Carol-Ann %A Perry, Amanda %A Hallam, Glyn %A Schertler, Elizabeth PV %A Johnson, Matthew %A Wall, Ruth %C London %D 2012 %F ndc:18926 %I EPPI-Centre %T A systematic review of selected interventions to reduce juvenile re-offending. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18926/ %X This is a report of the methods and results of a systematic review of primary research on the effectiveness of selected interventions to reduce juvenile re-offending. The review provides answers to the question of the relative effectiveness of a small number of selected interventions in reducing juvenile re-offending. %0 Journal Article %@ 1649-8747 %A O’ hAodain, Michael %D 2012 %F ndc:20809 %I Irish Youth Work Press %J Youth Studies Ireland %N 2 %P 1-16 %T ‘Coffee houses’ and ‘Crime prevention': Some thoughts on youth cafés and Garda youth diversion projects in the context of youth work in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20809/ %V 5 %X There has been a significant increase in the number of youth cafés and Garda Youth Diversion Projects in Ireland. It could be argued that they represent two differing approaches to youth work; that youth cafés generally represent the ‘universal’ approach, while Garda Youth Diversion Projects are more representative of the ‘targeted’ approach. This paper will consider both initiatives in the context of youth work in Ireland, setting their emergence and development against the backdrop of youth work’s traditions and values, while also acknowledging the changing nature of the field and questioning the current direction of youth work. It will question the extent to which these developments reflect the core traditions and values of youth work and will go on to suggest that youth cafés, if properly funded and truly grounded in the traditions and values of youth work, have great potential to engage young people as critical and active participants in their communities and society. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Youth Advocates Programme, %B %C Dublin %D 2012 %F ndc:17888 %I Youth Advocates Programme %T Youth Advocates Programme. Annual report 2011. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17888/ %X The YAP Model is a unique way of providing intensive, focused support to children, young people and families with a range of needs and who are often cause for concern to not only the Social Work services in the HSE but to Education, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Youth Justice, their families and communities. The HSE invested in bringing the model to Ireland in 2002 because of the proven effectiveness in the US and the model has adapted to the Irish context very well. %0 Report %9 Other %A de Bruijn, Avalon %B %D 2012 %F ndc:19712 %I Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) %T Report on the volume of youth exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19712/ %X Aims: There is growing evidence from longitudinal studies that the volume of alcohol advertising to which young people are exposed affects their alcohol drinking behaviour. This paper aims to give insight in the volume of adolescents’ exposure to alcohol advertising in several European countries. A focus is laid on alcohol advertising on television, sport sponsorship and event sponsoring, promotional items, point of sale promotions and digital marketing. Methods: The paper describes analysis of cross-sectional data collected within the Amphora project. The sample (N=9380) contains secondary school students from Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. Results: Already in the limited number of marketing channels examined, young people seem to be reached frequently by large numbers of alcohol marketing practices. In the paper frequency of (perceived)exposure is reported. Conclusions: Alcohol advertisers use marketing channels that are attractive and available to young people. Advertising in such channels guarantees exposure to large volume of European minors. %0 Report %9 Other %A United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, %B %C Vienna %D 2011 %F ndc:16853 %I United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime %T UNODC youth initiative: discussion guide. Draft. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16853/ %X Contents: Section 1: Perceptions about Drug Use Section 2: What is Vulnerability? Section 3: The Direct Effects of Using Drugs Section 4: Abuse of Prescription Drug Section 5: Consequences and Risks Associated with Drug Use Section 6: Prevention of Drug Use Section 7:Treatment of Drug Dependence Section 8: The Role of Youth in the Global Effort to Prevent Drug Use Ice breaker ideas Guidelines for Creating Activities Appendix: Youth Friendly Sites Providing Information about Drug Use A site on how to manage your privacy on Facebook Forum Guidelines for Youth Initiative Facebook page %0 Generic %A Aanes, Ingunn %D 2011 %F ndc:16953 %I Alcohol Policy Youth Network %T Toolkit on how to better involve young people in alcohol-related projects. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16953/ %X Alcohol Policy Youth Network hosted several activities in the period 2008-2011 and has gathered good practices from these events to this toolkit on how to address three main challenges when it comes to youth and alcohol: • Youth (organizations) don’t see alcohol as a problem. • Lack of interest to make alcohol related projects. • Lack of knowledge and skills to make alcohol related projects. The participants, trainers and speakers of the activities helped to make this toolkit that will help APYN’s member organizations to tackle these challenges. 1. Introduction 2. Why alcohol can be a problem (Facts) 2.1 Alcohol related harm to the human body 2.2 Alcohol related harm to society 2.3 Alcohol and youth 3. How can we work on alcohol related projects 3.1 Effective measures in alcohol policy 3.2 Prevention projects 3.3 Media and lobbying • Media • Lobbying 4. Project development 4.1 Tips for project development 4.2 Examples A. Case study 1- Skjenkekontrollen B. Casestudy 2 – Plan for national youth councils 5. Conclusion %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body, %B %C Dublin %D 2011 %F ndc:15830 %I Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body %T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising: fifth annual report 2010. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15830/ %X Our task as a Monitoring Body is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising. As this Fifth Annual Report shows there was overall compliance in 2010 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor contractors, newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes. %0 Generic %A Morton, Matthew %A Montgomery, Paul %D 2011 %F ndc:17530 %I Campbell Systematic Reviews %T Youth empowerment programs for improving self-efficacy and self-esteem of adolescents. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17530/ %V 5 %X To report the state of the high-quality evidence on the impacts of YEPs on adolescents’ (ages 10-19) sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem, as well as other social and behavioral outcomes. To determine if the available evidence indicates best practices among YEPs or differential effects according to particular subgroups of adolescents. To identify directions for further research. %0 Generic %A Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, %C Ottawa %D 2011 %F ndc:19994 %I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse %T Strengthening our skills: Canadian guidelines for youth substance abuse prevention family skills programs. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19994/ %X This document (the Family-based Guidelines) provides direction to teams wishing to design their own family skills program, strengthen an existing program or adopt a published program. It is an important resource because it provides a benchmark for family skills programming as well as a framework for planning, implementation and evaluation. The guidelines found in this supplement are evidence-based and represent best practice. These programs are the focus of the Family-based Guidelines because they have been shown to be effective in a variety of cultural contexts and can potentially reach a broad population. Most of the family factors associated with substance abuse are also linked to other health and social issues—such as mental health problems, violence, criminal behaviour and risky sexual practices—so these programs can have broad effects. Family skills programs are best suited to ‘universal’ and ‘selective’ populations (i.e., primary prevention). They are led by trained prevention facilitators who, rather than focus on individual problems, employ strength-based techniques to encourage personal exploration of shared parenting concerns (e.g., communication, discipline). This document presents family skills programs as lying within both substance abuse prevention and family support systems in a community. Organizations or facilitators may come to the Family-based Guidelines through various routes; however, they are primarily intended for prevention resource persons (i.e., individuals with a mandate and expertise to conduct community and school prevention activities) working with a team that has an interest in providing health promotion and prevention support to families. The Family-based Guidelines is made up of four sections: Section One: Context for the Guidelines discusses factors affecting family well-being and youth substance abuse; presents a definition, description and theoretic underpinnings of family skills programs; and summarizes the benefits and challenges of implementing these programs. Section Two: Guidelines presents the nine guidelines for family skills programs, accompanied by an explanation of each. Section Three: Suggested Outline of Content for Family Skills Programs presents a content framework proposed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in its Guide to Implementing Family Skills Training Programmes for Drug Abuse Prevention (2009). Section Four: Appendices includes the methodology, references and bibliography. The nine guidelines for family skills programs are: 1. Build cultural competence into the program. 2. Clarify needs, resources, targets and aims. 3. Identify theory to guide design, implementation and evaluation. 4. Establish a solid organizational and community context for the program. 5. Pay attention to facilitator selection, training and support. 6. Ensure active recruitment of participants. 7. Implement evidence-based programming with fidelity. 8. Take steps to retain participants. 9. Monitor, evaluate and revise the program accordingly. %0 Report %9 Other %A Chambers, Derek %A Murphy, F %B %C Dublin %D 2011 %F ndc:15579 %I Inspire Ireland Foundation %T Learning to reach out: young people, mental health literacy and the Internet. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15579/ %X The research and evaluation report, Learning to reach out: Young people, mental health literacy and the Internet, is the first of its kind in Ireland, conducted by Inspire/ReachOut.com. The report comprehensively deals with understanding and using online mental health resources safely, the mental health literacy of young people in Ireland, and the first ever ReachOut.com user-profile survey. Identifying and getting help Launching the report, Minister Lynch said “This valuable research illustrates that professional, dedicated online resources, whilst not a replacement for face-to-face mental health support, play a unique and complementary role by facilitating young people in identifying and getting help for mental health difficulties. “In order to succeed in informing more young people on mental health and addressing the stigma often associated with it, engagement and advice must be in a conducive, comfortable youth-friendly environment and through a familiar, accessible and enabling medium. It is vital that we ensure that mental health services reach all audiences and, in this context, are fully attuned to how young people think, behave and interact with others in their day-to-day lives.” Some key findings in the report include: • 74% of respondents to the ReachOut.com survey reported mild, moderate or severe levels of psychological distress; • 91% of people surveyed agreed that “anyone can experience a mental health problem”, yet 59% of young people “wouldn’t want other people to know” if they had a mental health problem; • Two-thirds of respondents would recommend ReachOut.com to a friend, with a similar proportion agreeing that it is “a site I can trust”; • Of those who had spoken to a health professional in the past, 41% reported that they were “unlikely” or “very unlikely” to look for help from a health professional in the future. Elaine Geraghty CEO, said, “Since its launch in January 2010, ReachOut.com has established itself as an innovative online youth mental health resource attracting 3,000 unique Irish visits every week. ReachOut.com is committed to evaluating the impact of its work on an ongoing basis so that the mental health needs of young people can be determined and met. “This research and evaluation report will help to provide a framework for understanding the online environment and its uses within the mental health sector, both in Ireland and internationally.” %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme, %B %D 2011 %F ndc:15906 %I Garda Siochana %T Annual report of the Committee Appointed to monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2010. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15906/ %0 Generic %A Walker, Janet %A Donaldson, Cam %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:14881 %I Department of Education %T Intervening to improve outcomes for vulnerable young people: a review of the evidence. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14881/ %X Concerns about the number of young people who fail to reach their potential at school, or get into trouble, or are not in education, employment or training (NEET), underpin the continuing commitment to end child poverty in the UK by 2020, and the Coalition Government’s pledge to increase the focus on supporting the neediest families and those with multiple problems. A strong policy commitment to improving the life chances of vulnerable young people has in recent years led to the testing of a number of initiatives. This review sought to identify: the common barriers to the effective implementation of new initiatives; elements of effective practice in the delivery of multi-agency services for vulnerable young people and their families; the costs associated with integrated service delivery; the outcomes that can be achieved; and whether fewer and more targeted initiatives might offer better value for money, particularly during a period of fiscal reform. Includes: •Introduction to the Review •Identifying and Assessing Vulnerable Young People •Multi-Agency Working: Innovations in the Delivery of Support Services •Delivering Interventions and Improving Outcomes for Young People •Assessing Value for Money in Interventions To Improve Outcomes for Young People •Looking to the Future: Defining Elements of Effective Practice %0 Generic %A Drug and Alcohol Findings, %D 2011 %F ndc:14726 %I n/a %T Effects of a school-based prevention program on European adolescents' patterns of alcohol use. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14726/ %X Drug and Alcohol Findings review of an article by Caria MP, Faggiano F, Bellocco R et al. in the Journal of Adolescent Health: 2011, 48, 182–188. This was the largest European drug education trial ever conducted tested whether US-style social influence programmes would prove effective in Europe. Among the successes were the reductions in problem drinking documented in this report. This entry is our account of a study selected by Drug and Alcohol Findings as particularly relevant to improving outcomes from drug or alcohol interventions in the UK. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Health Research Board, %A Irish Focal Point, %B %C Dublin %D 2011 %F ndc:16812 %I Health Research Board %T 2011 National Report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point. Ireland: new developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16812/ %X Table of contents 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis 2. Drug Use in the General Population and Specific Targeted Groups 3. Prevention 4. Problem drug use 5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability 6. Health Correlates and Consequences 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences 8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison 10. Drug markets Selected issues Drug related health policies and services in prison Drugs users with children (addicted parents, parenting, child care and related issues) %0 Report %9 Other %A Herbert, Christian %A Fennelly, Cara %B %C Dublin %D 2011 %F ndc:16441 %I Ballymun Youth Action Project %T Fact or fiction: a study of attitudes to alcohol and related issues among young people in the Ballymun area. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16441/ %X A Questionnaire was developed to engage young people from the ages of 12-18 on their attitudes to alcohol in the Ballymun area. The purpose of this research was to determine if attitudes are different according to age group. Questions ranged from opinions on public drinking, peer pressure and relationships with parents/guardians. The study groups were divided into three categories. It was clear that the 12/13 year age group overall were still at the stage where they agreed that drinking alcohol was against the law for young people, they were at times quiet judgemental and used either stereotypes or education to influence their answers. While the 14-16 year age group were at the stage where drinking alcohol was seen to them as the norm and their answers very much reflected on their social life and their friends, they were not looking at consequences and saw no harm in the activity. The 17/18 year age group were at a reflective stage and at times their answers were quite similar to the 12/13 year olds, this time using life experience/education, they were starting to look at consequences. This research has shown that there are significant changes in attitudes to alcohol among young people; the 12/13 year olds not having a vested interest, to the 14/16 year olds at the stage of experimenting, to the 17/18 year olds now assessing their use. A number of recommendations are given based on the findings. %0 Journal Article %A Keane, Martin %D 2011 %F ndc:15646 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 16-17 %T The social norms approach to tackling substance use. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15646/ %V Issue 38, Summer 2011 %0 Report %9 Other %A Leahy, Pat %A Bennet, Emma %A Farrell, Aoife %B %C Cork %D 2011 %F ndc:14610 %I Youth Work Ireland Cork %T Youthwork as a response to drugs issues in the community. A report on the Gurranabraher–Churchfield Drugs Outreach Project: profile, evaluation, and future development. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14610/ %X The key findings from this study are: •A social rather than medical or legal based response to drugs issues offers policy makers and practitioners a genuinely holistic methodology for effective intervention •A local rather than universal response rooted in harm reduction allows for cultural, geographical and community factors to dictate the nature of an intervention •Effective praxis in this field requires skilled, independent, reflexive, motivated and creative practitioners operating within a supportive agency setting •A clear theoretical framework encompassing knowledge of young people, drugs work, human behaviour and communities is a fundamental prerequisite to best practice •A high degree of service visibility in the community and easy access to the services is required •Community based projects work effectively with service users who will never enter treatment; they offer drug users an effective alternative to medicalised responses •In many cases inappropriate and problem drug use is a consequence of social inequality; interventions that can respond to these social issues in (particularly disadvantaged) communities offer the people who suffer from drugs issues a far more comprehensive range of services than a medicalised response. •Human contact between the service user and the practitioner in the form of a relationship founded on trust is the key building block of success •In terms of cost effectiveness community based projects offer excellent value for money; the overwhelming majority of funding is used in the provision of frontline services. %0 Journal Article %A Lyons, Suzi %D 2011 %F ndc:14691 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 9 %T Crosscare Teen Counselling annual report 2009. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14691/ %V Issue 36, Winter 2010 %0 Journal Article %A Pike, Brigid %D 2011 %F ndc:15633 %I Health Research Board %J Drugnet Ireland %P 6 %T What do children want to know? %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15633/ %V Issue 38, Summer 2011 %0 Report %9 Other %A Redmond, Sean %A Dack, Brian %B %D 2011 %F ndc:16675 %I Department of Justice and Equality %T Working in partnership with communities to reduce youth offending. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16675/ %X YPP projects are not a homogeneous group of services and to some extent defy coherent description, at least in terms of their activity. The report attempts thematically to capture the complexities inherent in the challenges faced by YPP projects by considering the ways that they deploy effort in the context of improved outcomes for young people. The review is necessarily future focussed given the current absence of outcome data to conduct a performance review. %0 Generic %A Carson, Kristin V %A Brinn, Malcolm P %A Labiszewski, Nadina A %A Esterman, Adrian J %A Chang, Anne B %A Smith, Brian J %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:16631 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %N 7 %T Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16631/ %X Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of multi-component community based interventions in influencing smoking behaviour, which includes preventing the uptake of smoking in young people. Conclusions: There is some evidence to support the effectiveness of community interventions in reducing the uptake of smoking in young people, but the evidence is not strong and contains a number of methodological flaws. %0 Generic %A Thomas, Roger E. %A Lorenzetti, Diane %A Spragins, Wendy %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:16490 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %N 11 %T Mentoring adolescents to prevent drug and alcohol use. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16490/ %X Objectives: Assess effectiveness of mentoring to prevent adolescent alcohol/drug use. Conclusions: All four RCTs were in the US, and included “deprived” and mostly minority adolescents. Participants were young (in two studies age 12, and in two others 9-16). All students at baseline were non-users of alcohol and drugs. Two RCTs found mentoring reduced the rate of initiation of alcohol, and one of drug usage. The ability of the interventions to be effective was limited by the low rates of commencing alcohol and drug use during the intervention period in two studies (the use of marijuana in one study increased to 1% in the experimental and to 1.6% in the control group, and in another study drug usage rose to 6% in the experimental and 11% in the control group). However, in a third study there was scope for the intervention to have an effect as alcohol use rose to 19% in the experimental and 27% in the control group. The studies assessed structured programmes and not informal mentors. %0 Generic %A Foxcroft, David %A Ireland, Diana %A Lowe, Geoff %A Breen, Rosie %D 2011 %F ndc:13562 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %N 9 %T Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13562/ %X Objectives: 1. To identify and summarize rigorous evaluations of psychosocial and educational interventions aimed at the primary prevention of alcohol misuse by young people. 2. To assess the effectiveness of primary prevention interventions over the longer-term (> 3 years). %Z This review was withdrawn in 2011 but previous versions can be found. %0 Generic %A Foxcroft, David %A Tsertsvadze, Alexander %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:15934 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %T Universal family-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15934/ %V 9 %X Family-based alcohol misuse prevention for young people can be effective We conducted a Cochrane systematic review of 12 randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of family-based universal programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. In family settings, universal prevention typically takes the form of supporting the development of parenting skills including parental support, nurturing behaviours, establishing clear boundaries or rules, and parental monitoring. Social and peer resistance skills, the development of behavioural norms and positive peer affiliations can also be addressed with a universal family-based preventive program. Most of the studies included in this review reported positive effects of family-based universal programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. Two studies, each with a large sample size, reported no effects. In conclusion, in this Cochrane systematic review we found that that the effects of family-based prevention interventions are small but generally consistent and also persistent into the medium- to longer-term. %0 Generic %A Foxcroft, David %A Tsertsvadze, Alexander %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:15933 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %T Universal multi-component prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15933/ %V 9 %X Universal multi-component alcohol misuse prevention for young people can be effective We conducted a Cochrane systematic review of 20 randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of universal multi-component programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people. Multi-component prevention programs are defined as those prevention efforts that deliver interventions in multiple settings, for example in both school and family settings, typically combining school curricula with a parenting intervention. A majority of the studies included in this review reported positive effects of multi-component programs for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young people, with effects persisting into the medium- and longer-term. But a notable proportion of trials reported no statistically significant effects. In seven studies we were able to assess the impact of single versus multiple components, and only 1 out of the 7 studies clearly showed a benefit of components delivered in more than one setting. In conclusion, there is some evidence that multi-component interventions for alcohol misuse prevention in young people can be effective. However, there is little evidence that interventions with multiple components are more effective than interventions with single components. %0 Generic %A Foxcroft, David %A Tsertsvadze, Alexander %C London %D 2011 %F ndc:15098 %I John Wiley & Sons, Ltd %N 5 %T Universal school-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15098/ %X Background Alcohol misuse in young people is cause of concern for health services, policy makers, prevention workers, criminal justice system, youth workers, teachers, parents. This is one of three reviews examining the effectiveness of (1) school-based, (2) family-based, and (3) multi-component prevention programs. Objectives To review evidence on the effectiveness of universal school-based prevention programs in preventing alcohol misuse in school-aged children up to 18 years of age. Search strategy Relevant evidence (up to 2002) was selected from the previous Cochrane review. Later studies, to July 2010, were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Project CORK, and PsycINFO. Selection criteria Randomized trials evaluating universal school-based prevention programs and reporting outcomes for alcohol use in students 18 years of age or younger were included. Two reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full text of identified records. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers extracted relevant data independently using an a priori defined extraction form. Risk of bias was assessed. Main results 53 trials were included, most of which were cluster-randomised. The reporting quality of trials was poor, only 3.8% of them reporting adequate method of randomisation and program allocation concealment. Incomplete data was adequately addressed in 23% of the trials. Due to extensive heterogeneity across interventions, populations, and outcomes, the results were summarized only qualitatively. Six of the 11 trials evaluating alcohol-specific interventions showed some evidence of effectiveness compared to a standard curriculum. In 14 of the 39 trials evaluating generic interventions, the program interventions demonstrated significantly greater reductions in alcohol use either through a main or subgroup effect. Gender, baseline alcohol use, and ethnicity modified the effects of interventions. Results from the remaining 3 trials with interventions targeting cannabis, alcohol, and/or tobacco were inconsistent. Authors' conclusions This review identified studies that showed no effects of preventive interventions, as well as studies that demonstrated statistically significant effects. There was no easily discernible pattern in characteristics that would distinguish trials with positive results from those with no effects. Most commonly observed positive effects across programs were for drunkenness and binge drinking. Current evidence suggests that certain generic psychosocial and developmental prevention programs can be effective and could be considered as policy and practice options. These include the Life Skills Training Program, the Unplugged program, and the Good Behaviour Game. A stronger focus of future research on intervention program content and delivery context is warranted. %0 Journal Article %@ 0090-1482 %A Van Hout, Marie Claire %A Ryan, Rebecca %D 2011 %F ndc:15182 %I American Alcohol & Drug Information Foundation %J Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education %N 1 %P 7-14 %T Gateway transitions in rural Irish youth: implications for culturally appropriate and targeted drug prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15182/ %V 55 %X In recent times rural areas in Ireland are indicating comparable drug availability and prevalence of use to urban settings, with the recognition of development of unique rural drug subcultures (NACD, 2008). Additionally, there is a dearth of research on drug-use initiation and transitions among Irish youth, and most particularly outside of the urban context. This letter presents snapshot quantitative findings from a large scale concurrent mixed method study on rural youth substance use in the South East of Ireland. It aims to discuss the observed quantitative findings with reference to potential implications for the design of culturally appropriate and drug specific drug education initiatives in rural Ireland. %0 Generic %A Suhrcke, Marc %A de Paz Nieves, Carmen %C Copenhagen, %D 2011 %F ndc:16564 %I World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe %T The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16564/ %X While the importance of education is widely appreciated as a public policy priority in industrialized countries and cross-country comparative rankings of educational performance typically provoke major national debates, comparably little attention, outside of health, is paid to the impact of child and adolescent health on education. Part of the reason could be the perception that child health is but a by-product of education rather than a factor that could determine educational outcomes. This report casts doubt on this perception by critically examining the evidence on the effect of health on education in industrialized countries. Based on seemingly under-recognized evidence, our overall finding is that there is reason to believe health does have an impact on education. This finding should serve as a basis for raising the profile of child health in the public policy debate, and by illustrating the potential for mutual gains, it should help stimulate cross-sectoral collaboration between the health and education sectors. Education and health are known to be highly correlated – that is, more education indicates better health and vice versa – but the actual mechanisms driving this correlation are unknown. The effect of health on education has been well researched in developing countries, as has the effect of education on health in both developing and industrialized countries. Such imbalance could signal lack of attention not only in research but also in the public policy debate. While children in developing countries face more serious health challenges than those in industrialized ones, the potentially relevant effect of health on their educations (and perhaps on labour force participation) cannot be ruled out. The analytical framework we used to guide our research posits a path leading from health behaviours (e.g. smoking) and health conditions (e.g. asthma) to educational attainment (level of education) and educational performance (e.g. grades). We searched literature in the fields of health, socioeconomic research, and education and ultimately narrowed our selected publications to 53, all of them based in countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Based on the evidence reviewed, some of our more important findings are the following. • Overall child health status positively affects educational performance and attainment. For example, one study found that very good or better health in childhood was linked to a third of a year more in school; another concluded that the probability of sickness significantly affected academic success: sickness before age 21 decreased education on average by 1.4 years. • The evidence indicates that the negative effect on educational outcomes of smoking or poor nutrition is greater than that of alcohol consumption or drug use. • Initial research has found a significant positive impact of physical exercise on academic performance. • Obesity and overweight are associated negatively with educational outcomes. • Sleeping disorders can hinder academic performance. • Particularly under-researched, especially considering their growing significance, is the effect of anxiety and depression on educational outcomes. • Asthma on average has not been shown to affect school performance. • The preponderance of research was based in the United States of America, but overall this field has grown markedly since 2001, including in Europe. • From a methodological perspective it is important to note that several papers undertake serious efforts to tackle the challenge of proving causality in the relationship. %0 Journal Article %A Lillis, Rachel %D 2010 %F ndc:16536 %I The Probation Service & Probation Board for Northern Ireland %J Irish Probation Journal %P 162-167 %T Ballyrunners. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16536/ %V 7 %X This paper describes the author’s experience of the development of an initiative in the Ballymun area1 that began as a simple idea of engaging young people in structured activities over the summer months and grew into a 10-week accredited health and fitness programme called ‘Ballyrunners’. The programme was facilitated by existing interagency networks. %0 Report %9 Other %A Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:13490 %I Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs %T National quality standards framework (NQSF) for youth work. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13490/ %X The NQSF is intended to be both practical and developmental, in that it will enable youth work organisations to assess service provision and to identify areas for development. As engagement in the NQSF is a continuous process, it is not expected that all organisations will be able to immediately and fully achieve all the standards as set out in this document. Neither is it the intention that the NQSF would require uniformity of provision. Rather, it aims to ensure that youth work providers continue to offer a rich and varied service, and commit to a process of continuous development through engagement in the NQSF. The NQSF is primarily a support and development tool for youth work organisations. Self-assessment is fundamental to the process. In addition, there is also an external assessment function, which serves to validate the self-assessment process and which is performed by VEC (Youth/Liaison) Officers for local youth work services or by the NQSF Standards Officer for national youth work organisations. %0 Generic %9 Government Publication %A Forkan, Cormac %A Canavan, John %A Devaney, Carmel %A Dolan, Pat %A Child and Family Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, %A Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:13317 %I Stationery Office %T Youth café toolkit: how to set up and run a youth café in Ireland. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13317/ %X This toolkit is designed for anybody involved in a youth café – you might just be starting out on the road to setting one up, you might be in the early stages of working on one and have some things already happening, or you might be involved in a well-established youth café. This toolkit offers advice on 11 areas that are core to youth cafés, namely: • involving young people in a youth café; • partnership between adults and young people in a youth café; • mission and activities/programmes for a youth café; • role of staff and volunteers in a youth café; • training for staff, volunteers and young people; • design and location of the youth café building; • management of a youth café; • funding and sustainability of a youth café; • promotion of a youth café; • evaluation and monitoring of a youth café; • policies for a youth café. %0 Generic %9 Government Publication %A Forkan, Cormac %A Canavan, John %A Dolan, Pat %A Bradley, Ciara %A Brady, Bernadine %A Carty, Catherine %A Coen, Liam %A Devaney, Carmel %A Kearns, Noreen %A Kenny, Anne %A Merriman, Brian %A O'Regan, Connie %A Child and Family Research Centre,, %A Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:13315 %I Stationery Office %T Youth cafés in Ireland: a best practice guide. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13315/ %X Conceptual model and framework for youth cafés By grounding the ‘youth café’ idea in a conceptual base, it is possible to set out what is unique to the model of youth care provided by such cafés and how it differs to the ‘youth club’ model. Considering this, a youth café can be conceptualised as: offering support, ranging from practical to advisory, for young people in a non-stigmatising way; being based on well-established youth work principles; providing a forum for young people to develop their social networks and thus their social support; playing an important role in offering a secure base for young people; being central in its potential to enable a young person to become or stay resilient; helping connect resilience to civic engagement. One of the most attractive features of a youth café is that it can work with young people across all levels of need, including universal populations through to those ‘at risk’. The 2007 Youth Café Survey commissioned by the OMCYA estimates that there are more than 20 youth cafés in operation around Ireland, with the highest density in Co. Wexford (Donnelly et al, 2009). In the Request for Tender for this research, the OMCYA described the main types of youth cafés found in Ireland as: Type 1 – A place or space to simply ‘hang out’ with friends, to chat, drink coffee or a soft drink, watch TV or movies, surf the Internet, etc. Type 2 – All the above but also with the inclusion of entertainment or leisure services chosen by the young people themselves, together with information on State and local services of interest and relevance to young people. Type 3 – This is perhaps the ideal model and the one that should be aimed for in the medium to long term, where all the above activities and facilities are augmented by the actual provision of services targeted directly at young people. This can include education and training, healthcare (both physical and emotional) and direct targeted assistance. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme, %B %D 2010 %F ndc:12821 %I Garda Siochana %T Annual report of the Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2008 %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12821/ %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Alcohol Marketing Communications Monitoring Body, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:14515 %I Department of Health and Children %T Limiting the exposure of young people to alcohol, fourth annual report 2009. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14515/ %X Our task, as a Monitoring Body, is to oversee the implementation of and adherence to Voluntary Codes of Practice to limit the exposure of young people under the age of 18 years to alcohol advertising. As this Fourth Annual Report shows, there was overall compliance in 2009 by television, radio, cinema, outdoor advertisers and newspapers and magazines with the obligations set down in the Codes. In that context, I would like to thank the television stations, the radio stations, the cinema contractors, the Outdoor Media Association and the print media for their cooperation with the monitoring process and their prompt response to our requests for information. There were, however, a number of breaches of the Codes during the year. Where breaches were identified, the Monitoring Body requested that immediate remedial action be taken to rectify the position. We also asked that procedures be put in place to prevent further breaches occurring. Arising from questions about the interpretation of certain obligations under the Codes, we drew the attention of media players, in a number of cases, to the need to adhere to the ‘spirit of the Codes’. The aim of the Codes is to limit the exposure of young people to alcohol advertising. This overall obligation should take precedence when doubts arise about the meaning of certain sections of the Codes. The Codes run for a two-year period up to the end of June 2010. The Monitoring Group is aware that there will be an overall review of the Codes by the parties at that stage. In light of that, we have highlighted in this Report a number of areas where we believe the Codes could be strengthened and/or clarified. %0 Report %9 Other %A Ballymun Network, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:17336 %I Ballymun Network %T More than the sum of its parts : an evaluation of Ballymun Network for assisting Children and young people (2005-2010). An interagency initiative for the coordination of children’s services in Ireland. Summary report. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17336/ %X The rationale for this evaluation, as of any evaluation of public services, is simple. The provision of public services involves a tripartite relationship between the Government which commissions and funds services, the agencies paid to deliver them, and the people who use them. The quality of public services depends on the quality of these relationships, and on the existence of systems and processes to ensure that these relationships are transparently accountable, responsive to need, and effective in their outcomes. In an area like Ballymun where the level of need is extremely high, and where each agency is usually the sole provider of its service, it is even more important to establish that services are effective and properly coordinated. The report shows that Ballymun Network has achieved its objectives and has been a success in terms of helping to put in place robust systems for inter-agency cooperation. Ballymun now has good systems to facilitate inter-agency cooperation in responding to the needs of vulnerable young people. The report also shows that the Network has been a success in promoting other aspects of inter-agency cooperation including the joint delivery by agencies of programmes such as the Strengthening Families Programme, and the provision of joint training for front-line staff in both the therapeutic and legal aspects of caring. Beyond that, it has created considerable social capital in terms of creating constructive and friendly working relationships between managers and front-line workers across all agencies in the area. %0 Generic %A Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, %C Ottawa %D 2010 %F ndc:19992 %I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse %T Building on our strengths: Canadian standards for school-based youth substance abuse prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19992/ %X The Standards aim to support these workers by providing them with: • a benchmark of optimal performance for school teams; • support and guidance to pursue continuous improvements; and • practical resources and examples to support change. These are standards of excellence that strive towards optimal substance abuse prevention programs in schools. This is a destination that may seem difficult to reach, but it is attainable by building upon a school’s existing strengths and current prevention programming. To begin this journey, the Standards serve as a roadmap to help schools reflect on where they are now, where they wish to go and what areas of program development will prove beneficial in their prevention efforts. %0 Generic %A Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, %C Ottawa %D 2010 %F ndc:19993 %I Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse %T Stronger together: Canadian standards for community-based youth substance abuse prevention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19993/ %X These Standards have been prepared to support the prevention efforts of all those considering or currently engaged in community-based prevention work. Communities play a key role in preventing substance abuse and promoting the health of community members. How various members of the community go about their business can affect youth health—either promoting or hindering it. Youth substance abuse prevention is a long-term process, but the potential rewards are great: fewer substance use problems occur among local youth, more youth experience positive development and quality of life in the community improves. The Standards aim to support community prevention workers by providing them with: • a benchmark of optimal performance for school teams; • support and guidance to pursue continuous improvements; and • practical resources and examples to support change. These are standards of excellence that strive towards optimal substance abuse prevention initiatives in communities. This destination may be reached by building upon existing strengths within the community and current prevention initiatives. To begin this journey, the Standards serve as a roadmap to help communities reflect on where they are now, where they wish to go and what areas of program development will prove beneficial in their prevention efforts. The Standards are divided into four sections. The first section provides an introduction to the Standards initiative and highlights the importance of addressing youth substance abuse in the community. The second section outlines the guiding concepts that form the foundation of the Standards and details each of the 18 Standards. The third section provides a workbook with options for a 20-minute self-assessment, an in-depth self-assessment or an external review by a National Review Panel to further strengthen an initiative. Additionally, the third section provides further information regarding how to build a logic model and further elaborates on monitoring and evaluation. Lastly, the fourth section includes appendices that contain further information on risk and protective factors, the theoretical framework for the Standards and the methods used in the development of the Standards. The Standards are based on the principle of continuous improvement and will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis, based on evidence and feedback from those who have implemented them. The Standards address the life cycle of an initiative, which is divided across five phases: • Assess the situation. • Organize the team and build capacity. • Plan a logical and sustainable initiative. • Coordinate and implement evidence-based activities. • Evaluate and revise the initiative accordingly. %0 Report %9 Annual Report %A Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme, %B %D 2010 %F ndc:14023 %I Garda Siochana %T Annual report of the Committee appointed to Monitor the Effectiveness of the Diversion Programme 2009. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14023/ %X Summary: • The total number of incidents referred to the Diversion Programme during 2009 was 23,952. • The total number of individual children referred to the programme was 18,519. • 14,047 (76%) children were admitted to the Diversion Programme. • 10,059 (54%) children had their cases dealt with by way of informal caution. • 3,988 (22%) children had their cases dealt with by formal caution. • 482 (3%) children had a decision in their case pending. • 1,024 (6%) children required no further action. • 2,966 (16%) children were considered not suitable for inclusion in the programme. • The types of offences for which children were referred to the programme were similar to those of 2008. • Alcohol related offences (17.6%), theft (16.6%) and road traffic offences (13%) constitute the three main categories of offence for which children were referred. • There were 1,401 (5.8%) referrals from the Fixed Charge Penalty System. • The Garda programme of restorative justice continues to evolve with Juvenile Liaison Officers facilitating 416 restorative events. • There were 7 new Juvenile Liaison Officer posts created and filled in 2009. • There are 108 Garda Juvenile Liaison Officers and 8 Juvenile Liaison Officer Sergeants working on the programme. %0 Report %9 Other %A Forkan, Cormac %B %C Galway %D 2010 %F ndc:18226 %I Child and Family Research Centre %T Brief guide to recent youth café publications. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18226/ %0 Report %9 Other %A Foróige, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:15244 %I Foróige %T Tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Foróige policy and guidelines. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15244/ %X This document provides guidelines for Foróige leaders regarding tobacco, alcohol and drug use. It outlines practices for education and prevention and the management of situations where suspected substance misuse is taking place, procedures for medical emergencies and guidelines for meeting with parents or guardians. This booklet also outlines some basic facts about drug use, street names and effects of the substance. %0 Report %9 Other %A Headstrong, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:15080 %I Headstrong – The National Centre for Youth Mental Health %T Jigsaw annual report 2009 %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15080/ %X 2009 was significant in the life of Jigsaw with another two projects being awarded project grants in Counties Kerry and Meath to implement their community business plans over the next three years. County Roscommon developed their business plan during the course of the year and will seek Headstrong Board approval in 2010. Jigsaw youngballymun has been implementing its Jigsaw wraparound facilitator programme and has developed its universal strand of work to encompass a youth café and peer mentoring support programs. Jigsaw Galway had its first full year of operation which saw over 500 young people supported through both the Jigsaw hub in Mary Street and outreach. %0 Report %9 Other %A Irish Penal Reform Trust, %A Barnardos, %A Irish Association of Young People in Care, %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:15376 %I Irish Penal Reform Trust; Barnardos; IAYPC %T Shifting focus:from criminal justice to social justice. Building better and safer communities. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15376/ %X Crime cannot be viewed as a social problem in isolation from deeper social and economic issues. Understanding and responding to offending behaviour is a complex issue. There is no one ‘cause’ and no single solution; consequently one dimensional approaches are unlikely to produce results. Currently, the Irish criminal justice system is spending increasing and wasteful amounts of scarce resources with poor results in reducing crime, when modest investments in under-resourced communities would have greater positive effects in reducing offending, as well as producing wider social benefifits. In this policy document, IPRT, Barnardos and IAYPIC present the case for making the shift in resources from criminal justice to social justice, thereby creating better communities and a safer society for all. %0 Report %9 Other %A Murphy, Brendan %B %C Ireland %D 2010 %F ndc:13879 %I GAA./Cumann Luthchleas Gael %T GAA club manual for dealing with drug and alcohol related issues. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13879/ %X Since the release of the 3rd edition of the GAA Club Manual for Dealing with Drug and Alcohol Related Issues, the ASAP Programme has become embedded in the daily life of clubs all across the country. With our range of resources including information leaflets, pitchside signage, posters, DVD, website on www.gaa.ie/asap and now this new edition of our Manual, clubs are finding that they have significant guidance when it comes to the area of responding to issues relating to alcohol and other drugs. %0 Report %9 Other %A Murphy, Candy %B %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:15375 %I Irish Prison Reform Trust; Barnardos; IAYPIC %T From Justice to Welfare: the case for investment in prevention and early intervention. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15375/ %X This report is based on a literature review, commissioned by IPRT, Barnardos and IAYPIC and carried out in late 2009 and early 2010 by Candy Murphy, CMAdvice Ltd. The three commissioning organisations are responsible for the content of the report. The commissioning of this literature review was the first stage in a joint programme of work for our three organisations which seeks to illustrate the potential for the policies and practices of prevention and early intervention identified in this report. The literature review provided a platform for our three organisations to develop a joint Position Paper, Shifting Focus: From Criminal Justice to Social Justice (published September 2010) and for a joint conference hosted by the three organisations on September 23rd 2010 in Dublin. %0 Generic %9 Other %A Youth Work Ireland, %C Dublin %D 2010 %F ndc:12999 %I Irish Youth Work Press %T Dealing with drugs, alcohol and tobacco in youth work settings: guidelines for youth workers. %U http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12999/ %Z Drafted & edited by Fran Bissett