relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27536/ title: Evaluating drug policy: a seven-step guide to support the commissioning and managing of evaluations. subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Programme evaluation subject: Research organization and management subject: Research and evaluation subject: International aspects publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27536/1/EMCDDA_Evaluating_policy.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Evaluating drug policy: a seven-step guide to support the commissioning and managing of evaluations. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 30 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/policy-evaluation_en relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28073/ title: Online policy and practice briefings: Older people with problematic opioid use. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Elderly / Older person subject: Europe description: People over the age of 40 make up an increasing share of those with an opioid problem in Europe. This is reflected in the increasing age of those in drug treatment and those dying of opioid overdoses. In this group of older opioid users, the physical ageing process may be accelerated by the cumulative effects of polydrug use, overdose and infections over many years. Older people with opioid problems have higher rates of degenerative disorders, circulatory and respiratory problems, pneumonia, breathlessness, diabetes, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis than their peers and younger people who use drugs. They may also be more susceptible to infection, overdose and suicide. In addition, their social networks may be reduced because of premature death and stigma, which can further increase social exclusion and isolation from families. The stigma and shame of still using drugs may also act as a barrier to help-seeking. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Online policy and practice briefings: Older people with problematic opioid use. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/briefings/older-people-with-problematic-opioid-use relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28010/ title: Drug treatment expenditure: a methodological overview, EMCDDA Insights 24. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28010/1/Drug%20treatment%20expenditure%20a%20methodological%20overview%20EMCDDA%20Insights%2024.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Drug treatment expenditure: a methodological overview, EMCDDA Insights 24. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28040/ title: Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Communicable disease control subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Research and evaluation subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/28040/1/TI_PUBPDF_TD0117699ENN_PDFWEB_20171009153649.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 188 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/responses-guide relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27881/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27881/1/emcddareport.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA). Luxembourg: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union. 15 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27887/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide (4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl; 4F-iBF). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27887/1/52017.4967_TDAS17007ENN_PDFWEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide (4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl; 4F-iBF). Luxembourg: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union. 14 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27884/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide (tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl; THF-F). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27884/1/32017.4968_TDAS17008ENN_PDFWEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide (tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl; THF-F). Luxembourg: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union. 13 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27888/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PINACA; 5F-ADB). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27888/1/62017.4963_TDAS17003ENN_PDFWEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-MDMB-PINACA; 5F-ADB). Luxembourg: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union. 16 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27514/ title: EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-furan-2-carboxamide (furanylfentanyl). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Pharmacology and toxicology subject: risk factors subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-07 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27514/1/JOINT_REPORT_furanylfentanyl_web.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-furan-2-carboxamide (furanylfentanyl). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27643/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2016 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Pharmacology and toxicology subject: Public health subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27643/1/PDFWEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol 2016 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27404/ title: Ireland, country drug report 2017. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Communicable disease subject: risk factors subject: Needle distribution and exchange subject: Prison-based health service subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Ireland description: This report presents the top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in Ireland, covering drug supply, use and public health problems as well as drug policy and responses. The statistical data reported relate to 2015 (or most recent year) and are provided to the EMCDDA by the national focal point, unless stated otherwise. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2017-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27404/1/Ireland%2C%20Country%20Drug%20Report%202017.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland, country drug report 2017. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27401/ title: European drug report 2017 trends and developments. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: risk-taking behaviour subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: risk factors subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27401/1/European_Drug_Report_2017_FINAL.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) European drug report 2017 trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27398/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27398/1/POD_Synthetic%20cannabinoids_0.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 9 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27397/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study. subject: Identification and screening subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27397/1/POD_Wastewater%20analysis.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 9 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27400/ title: Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe’s cannabis resin market. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27400/1/POD_Cannabis%20resin%20market.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe’s cannabis resin market. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27399/ title: Perspectives on drugs: preventing overdose deaths in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27399/1/POD_Preventing%20overdose%20deaths.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Perspectives on drugs: preventing overdose deaths in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15311/ title: EMCDDA Best practice portal. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Treatment outcome subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Prevention outcome subject: Prevention approach subject: Health care delivery subject: Health care quality control subject: Information transfer from research to practice subject: Recommendations or guidelines subject: Research outcome subject: Drug or health care worker subject: Doctor subject: Nurse subject: Prevention worker subject: Social worker description: The Best practice portal is a resource for professionals, policymakers and researchers in the areas of drug-related prevention, treatment, harm reduction and social reintegration. The portal concentrates on illicit drugs and polydrug use and has a clear European focus. It is continuously updated as information and research on interventions emerges. You can find the latest evidence (what works and what doesn't work) - guidelines, standards and tools (instruments and questionnaires). ‘Best practice is the best application of available evidence to current activities in the drugs field. • underlying evidence should be relevant to the problems and issues affecting those involved(professionals, policymakers, drug users, their families); • methods should be transparent, reliable and transferable and all appropriate evidence should be considered in the classification process; • experience in implementation, adaptation and training should be systematically collected and made available; • contextual factors should be studied by modelling different prevalence levels so as to assess the impact of an intervention on the population; and • evidence of effectiveness and feasibility of implementation should both be considered for the broader decision-making process.' publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) EMCDDA Best practice portal. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27293/ title: Legal approaches to drugs and driving. subject: Drug use and driving subject: Transportation safety laws (driving) subject: Ireland description: Drug use can reduce the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely on the public road. European countries have developed various legal mechanisms to address this issue, using laws on road traffic or on drug control. This topic overview briefly describes the national laws in EU Member States and Norway, along with EU legislation, on drugs and driving. Here you can find out for each country whether the legal provisions exist in drug control laws or road traffic laws, the substances addressed, the levels of penalties, any blood-drug or impairment levels established, and whether drivers can be stopped and tested at any time or if the police require some form of suspicion beforehand. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Legal approaches to drugs and driving. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/legal-approaches-to-drugs-and-driving/html#panel12 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26990/ title: Monitoring hospital emergencies and acute drug toxicity in Europe: Euro-DEN Plus network expands reach by welcoming eight new centres subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: emergency care subject: Hospital subject: Europe description: Data from hospital emergency departments show that every year in Europe thousands of individuals experience drug-related toxicity and other harms, resulting in emergency presentations to hospital (1). Supported by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN Plus) monitors drug-related emergency presentations across Europe to provide unique insight into acute health harms related to drug use (2). In the course of 2017, the network will be expanding its reach by collecting data from new hospital ‘sentinel’ centres in eight European cities......... date: 2017-03-09 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] Monitoring hospital emergencies and acute drug toxicity in Europe: Euro-DEN Plus network expands reach by welcoming eight new centres. (09 Mar 2017) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2017/fs2/euro-den-expands#newsDownloads relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26931/ title: Communities That Care (CTC): a comprehensive prevention approach for communities. subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Prevention outcome subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Community-based prevention subject: Community involvement subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Prevention worker description: Community coalitions are a strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behaviour. They can help mobilise communities in prevention and health promotion initiatives. The Communities That Care (CTC) approach sets out to reduce adolescent health and behaviour problems. It does so by identifying strong risk factors and weak protective factors experienced by this group and then selecting tested and effective prevention and early intervention programmes to address them. In this EMCDDA Paper we make an analysis of five studies evaluating the effectiveness of CTC, mainly from outside the EU. The results of our analysis lead us to conclude that further investigation of this prevention model within the European context appears to be merited. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26931/1/EMCCDA_Communities_That_Care.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Communities That Care (CTC): a comprehensive prevention approach for communities. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 28 p. DOI:10.2810/972747 relation: DOI:10.2810/972747 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27035/ title: Report on the risk assessment of methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Risk assessment subject: Drug laws subject: Europe description: This publication presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA), carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 22 July 2016. MDMB-CHMICA is the first synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist to be risk-assessed by the EMCDDA. On the basis of the Risk Assessment Report — and on the initiative of the European Commission — on 27 February 2017, the Council decided that MDMB-CHMICA should be subject to control measures across the Member States. Table of contents: • Foreword • EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs • EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on MDMB-CHMICA — a summary • Risk Assessment Report on a new psychoactive substance: MDMB-CHMICA • Annex 1: Technical report on MDMB-CHMICA • Council Decision on subjecting MDMB-CHMICA to control measures • Participants of the risk assessment meeting publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27035/1/EMCDDA_risk_assessment_of_methyl%202.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Report on the risk assessment of methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 51 p. Risk Assessments 19 relation: Risk Assessments 19 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27071/ title: Cannabis legislation in Europe: an overview. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Drug laws subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-03 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27071/1/TD0217210ENN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Cannabis legislation in Europe: an overview. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27079/ title: European Facility Survey Questionnaire (EFSQ) package. subject: Health care programme or facility subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment unit subject: Community-based treatment (primary care) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27079/1/Survey-EFSQ.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27079/2/Manual-EFSQ.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27079/3/Limesurvey-manual-online-EFSQ.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) European Facility Survey Questionnaire (EFSQ) package. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/technical-reports/european-facility-survey-questionnaire-efsq relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26919/ title: EMCDDA Programming document 2017–19. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Information use and impact subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA Single Programming Document (SPD) for the period 2017–19, which includes the 2017 work programme, is the first work programme to be implemented under the new EMCDDA Strategy 2025. Priority in 2017 will be given to improving core monitoring tasks and to operating the EU Early Warning System under a new regulation on new psychoactive substances, which is expected to enter into force in the course of the year. Table of contents: • Foreword by the Director • Mission statement • Section I: General context • Section II: Multiannual programming 2017–19 • Section III: Work programme 2017 • Annexes publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26919/1/EMCDDA%20Programming%20document%202017.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA Programming document 2017–19. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: DOI: 10.2810/450240 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26890/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacrylamide (acryloylfentanyl). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Europe subject: Ireland publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26890/1/PUBPDF_TDAS17001ENN_PDFWEB_20170221105322.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacrylamide (acryloylfentanyl). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26725/ title: Healthy nightlife toolbox. subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Social context subject: Context of initiation of drugs and alcohol use subject: Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use subject: International aspects description: Hosted by the EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), the Healthy Nightlife Toolbox (HNT) is an international initiative that focuses on the reduction of harm from alcohol and drug use among young people. Alcohol and drug use are linked to health and safety problems. Commonly this substance use takes place in recreational settings, which makes nightlife an important setting for prevention measures. The Healthy Nightlife Toolbox is a website designed for local, regional and national policy makers and prevention workers, to help reduce harm from alcohol and drug use in nightlife settings. The core of the online Toolbox is comprised of three databases: evaluated interventions, literature on these interventions, and other literature within the field of nightlife alcohol and drug prevention. The HNT Info sheet summarises the available knowledge on creating a healthy and safe nightlife. date: 2017-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26725/1/EMCDDA-Nightlife--Infosheet.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2017) Healthy nightlife toolbox. relation: http://www.hntinfo.eu/ relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26686/ title: Drug supply reduction: an overview of EU policies and measures. subject: Organised crime subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Supply reduction policy subject: International aspects publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26686/1/Emcdda.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Drug supply reduction: an overview of EU policies and measures. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26668/ title: Drug trafficking penalties across the European Union: a survey of expert opinion. Technical report. subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Drug offence subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Criminal penalty subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Europe description: The results of a study on national drug trafficking laws and their application in the Member States of the European Union are presented in this report. It is based on an analysis of the national laws and on the opinions of legal practitioners — judges, prosecutors and defence lawyers — from 26 countries. The penalties set out in national laws for trafficking cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and heroin are compared with the sentencing outcomes expected by the legal practitioners, including penalties imposed and the estimated time likely to be spent in prison. Table of contents • Drug trafficking penalties — an introduction • National legislative context • Expected practice in drug trafficking scenarios • Discussion • Conclusion publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26668/1/EMCDDA_Trafficking-penalties.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Drug trafficking penalties across the European Union: a survey of expert opinion. Technical report. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27111/ title: EMCDDA strategy 2025. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27111/1/EMCDDA_STRATEGY_2025_web-1.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) EMCDDA strategy 2025. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27407/ title: High-risk drug use and new psychoactive substances. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: CNS stimulants subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2017 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27407/1/High-risk%20drug%20use%20and%20new%20psychoactive%20substances.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) High-risk drug use and new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 24 p. EMCDDA Rapid Communication relation: EMCDDA Rapid Communication relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27396/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour subject: Needle sharing subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Needle distribution and exchange subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2017 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27396/1/POD_Drug%20consumption%20rooms.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 8 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25286/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - drug markets and crime. subject: Crime subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25286/1/NRdrug%20market_crime2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - drug markets and crime. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25521/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - drugs. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25521/1/NRDrugsworkbook2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - drugs. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25259/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - harms and harm reduction. subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Communicable disease subject: HIV infection subject: Hepatitis C subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: HIV prevention subject: Harm reduction policy subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25259/1/NRHarms%20and%20harmreduction2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - harms and harm reduction. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25264/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - prevention. subject: Tobacco smoke (cigarette law / policy) subject: Universal prevention subject: Targeted prevention subject: Prevention approach subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25264/1/NRprevention2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - prevention. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25265/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - prison. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: risk-taking behaviour subject: Drug use subject: Health care delivery subject: Prison-based health service subject: Prison subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25265/1/NRPrison2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - prison. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25261/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 - treatment. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Drugs and alcohol replacement method (substitution) subject: Residential facility subject: Community-based treatment (primary care) subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25261/1/NRTreatment2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 - treatment. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25262/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 – drug policy. subject: Government and politics subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Financial management subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Economic policy subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25262/1/NRDrug%20policy2016.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 – drug policy. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25263/ title: Ireland: national report for 2016 – legal framework. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Drugs and alcohol laws subject: Criminal penalty subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2017 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25263/1/NRLegal%20framework.pdf identifier: Health Research Board. Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017) Ireland: national report for 2016 – legal framework. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18983/ title: National drug-related public expenditure online resource. subject: Ireland subject: Health care economics subject: Economic policy subject: Europe description: This is the first set of national profiles that the EMCDDA has produced on drug-related public expenditure. The profiles are based on the sections on public expenditure provided by the 27 EU Member States, Croatia, Turkey and Norway in the national reports. Information given in the replies to the 2011 structured questionnaire on ‘Drug policy, evaluation and coordination’ and the available literature on this topic have also been reviewed and incorporated. These profiles aim to provide information on four main topics for each country. First, whether governments have allocated specific budgets to drug policy documents; second, the latest and most comprehensive estimate of national public spending on drug-related activities as a percentage of GDP; third, the evolution of drug-related public expenditure over time; and fourth, what can be expected from national estimates of drug-related public expenditure in the near future. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-12 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) National drug-related public expenditure online resource. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/drug-related-public-expenditure relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26418/ title: Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Disease transmission factor subject: Communicable disease subject: HIV infection subject: Hepatitis C subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Communicable disease control subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-11 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26418/1/Drug%20related%20infectious%20diseases.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. Lisbon: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi:10.2810/139972 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26385/ title: New psychoactive substances in Europe: legislation and prosecution — current challenges and solutions. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drug laws subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe publisher: EMCDDA–Eurojust joint publication, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-11 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26385/1/NPS.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Eurojust. (2016) New psychoactive substances in Europe: legislation and prosecution — current challenges and solutions. Luxembourg: EMCDDA–Eurojust joint publication, Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi:10.2810/777512 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26213/ title: How can contingency management support treatment for substance use disorders? A systematic review. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: International aspects publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26213/1/Treatment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) How can contingency management support treatment for substance use disorders? A systematic review. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 46 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25938/ title: Hospital emergency presentations and acute drug toxicity in Europe — update from the Euro-DEN Plus research group and the EMCDDA. subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: emergency care subject: Hospital subject: Europe description: This rapid communication provides an update on drug related hospital emergency presentations in Europe with a specific focus on the latest results for acute drug toxicity presentations to the European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro-DEN). This report is primarily based on presentations and discussions at a two-day meeting of the Euro-DEN Plus network in Lisbon on 7 and 8 April 2016. The meeting provided a platform for the presentation of new analyses from the Euro-DEN dataset, and further development and analyses of the Euro-DEN project were also discussed. Data presented here relate to analysis of acute drug toxicity presentations to the 16 original sentinel centres in the Euro-DEN network for the first two years of data collection (October 2013 to September 2015). This review also includes highlights from the new findings discussed during the meeting and consideration of the further development of the work of the Euro-DEN network and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in this field. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-08 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25938/1/EMCDDA_Hospital_emergency.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Hospital emergency presentations and acute drug toxicity in Europe — update from the Euro-DEN Plus research group and the EMCDDA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 20 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25780/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2015 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Prevention through information and education subject: Europe description: This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2015, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2015, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. Table of contents: ◦Overview ◦Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the European Union Pharmacovigilance system ◦Core activities ◦Conclusions ◦Publications ◦Annex 1 ◦Annex 2 publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-07 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25780/1/EMCDDA%E2%80%93Europol_2015_Decision_2005387JHA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) EMCDDA–Europol 2015 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 26 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25896/ title: Hepatitis C among drug users in Europe: epidemiology, treatment and prevention. subject: Viral disease subject: Hepatitis C subject: Communicable disease control subject: Europe description: Hepatitis C among drug users in Europe: epidemiology, treatment and prevention provides a timely contribution to raising awareness of the hepatitis C epidemic in Europe and the opportunities now opening up to tackle this problem decisively. A state of the art review of the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Europe and an overview of the way preventive measures are currently implemented in European countries set the scene. International experts address the treatment of HCV infection among people who inject drugs, with an emphasis on how we encourage uptake and deliver effective outcomes. Implementation issues are also explored, as are the complementary roles of treatment and prevention. The new medicines and treatment regimens driving the transformation in the HCV treatment landscape are reviewed in detail. The challenges of scaling up HCV treatment and successfully involving drug using patients is explored from different viewpoints, including that of the drug user. Table of contents • Foreword • Executive summary • Acknowledgements • Introduction • Chapter 1: Hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs • Chapter 2: Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs • Chapter 3: Strategies to improve hepatitis C care and to enhance treatment uptake and adherence • Chapter 4: Hepatitis C prevention among people who inject drugs • Chapter 5: Antiviral medications for hepatitis C virus infection • Chapter 6: Scaling up hepatitis C treatment • Chapter 7: A framework for evaluating scale up of hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention for people who inject drugs • Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-07 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25896/1/EMCDDA_Hepatitis_C_among_drug_users.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Hepatitis C among drug users in Europe: epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 104 p. EMCDDA Insights 23 relation: EMCDDA Insights 23 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25849/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP). subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-07 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25849/1/EMCDDA_risk_assessment_a-pvp.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Report on the risk assessment of 1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 48 p. Risk Assessments 18 relation: Risk Assessments 18 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25763/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Organised crime subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25763/1/joint%20report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-[[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (MDMB-CHMICA). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25726/ title: Health responses to new psychoactive substances. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: State of health subject: Health care delivery subject: Europe description: While prevalence levels of NPS use remain low in the general European population, there are important concerns with more problematic forms of use and harms. This short report provides an overview of the current situation in terms of NPS use and harms across Europe and reviews the available health- and drug-related interventions in that area. Table of contents • Executive summary • Introduction • School and family settings • Nightlife settings • Sexual health settings • Emergency and clinical services • Specialised treatment settings • Low-threshold settings • Prisons and custodial settings • Internet and digital devices as platforms for the delivery of health responses and interventions • Conclusion • Consultation participants • Project examples publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25726/1/EMCDDA_Health_responses_to_new_psychoactive_drugs.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Health responses to new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 30 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24050/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour subject: Needle sharing subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Needle distribution and exchange subject: Harm reduction policy subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe description: Supervised drug consumption facilities, where illicit drugs can be used under the supervision of trained staff, have been operating in Europe for the last three decades. These facilities primarily aim to reduce the acute risks of disease transmission through unhygienic injecting, prevent drug-related overdose deaths and connect high-risk drug users with addiction treatment and other health and social services. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24050/7/EMDDDA_Drug%20consumption%20rooms_update%202016.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Perspectives on drugs: Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 8 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/drug-consumption-rooms relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25851/ title: Perspectives on drugs: health responses to new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: State of health subject: Europe description: The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) over the last decade has posed a major challenge to drug policy. While the limited available data indicates that prevalence levels of NPS use are relatively low in the general European population, there are concerns around more problematic forms of use and harms in particular drug using populations. A number of public health concerns have arisen as a consequence of their use, although the real extent of these harms across Europe remains unknown. Initial responses to NPS availability in Europe have largely been regulatory, focusing on their supply using legislative tools but, as the phenomenon evolves, it has increasingly become a priority to formulate and implement effective public health responses. This analysis takes a look at some of the key risk groups among which NPS are being used and the health responses currently being employed across various intervention settings. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series and launched to mark the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on June 26 2016, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. This POD is based on an in-depth EMCDDA report on ‘Health responses to new psychoactive substances’. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25851/1/EMCDDA_NPS%20health%20responses_POD2016.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Perspectives on drugs: health responses to new psychoactive substances. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/health-responses-to-nps relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25646/ title: EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-l]acetamide (acetylfentanyl), subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: Acetylfentanyl belongs to the phenylpiperidine class of synthetic opioids. This class also includes fentanyl which is controlled under the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 (Schedule I). Structurally, acetylfentanyl differs from fentanyl by one methyl group (-CH3). Commonly used names: acetylfentanyl or acetyl fentanyl. In total, 78 seizures (15) have been reported to the EMCDDA by seven Member States and Norway: Belgium (4 seizures), Finland (5), France (2), Germany (1), Poland (2), Sweden (62), the United Kingdom (1), and Norway (1). Case-level data for 40 serious adverse events (19) associated with acetylfentanyl were reported to the EMCDDA by four Member States (Germany, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). These cases comprised 8 acute intoxications and 32 deaths. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25646/1/EMCDDA_Acetylfentanyl.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-l]acetamide (acetylfentanyl),. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 21 p. Joint reports relation: Joint reports relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25669/ title: General report of activities 2015 — Key achievements and governance: a year in review. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25669/1/General%20Report%20of%20Activities.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) General report of activities 2015 — Key achievements and governance: a year in review. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25579/ title: European drug report 2016: trends and developments. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: risk-taking behaviour subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: risk factors subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25579/1/Final_EDR_report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) European drug report 2016: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25582/ title: Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe’s cannabis resin market. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25582/1/Cannabis%20resin%20market_POD2016%20%282%29.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Perspectives on drugs: changes in Europe’s cannabis resin market. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cannabis-resin-market-europe relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25583/ title: Perspectives on drugs: cocaine trafficking to Europe. subject: Cocaine subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25583/1/Cocaine%20trafficking_POD2016.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Perspectives on drugs: cocaine trafficking to Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25585/ title: Perspectives on drugs: strategies to prevent diversion of opioid substitution treatment medications. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Methadone subject: Drugs and alcohol replacement method (substitution) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2016-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25585/1/OST%20medications_POD2016.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Perspectives on drugs: strategies to prevent diversion of opioid substitution treatment medications. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 9 p. relation: http://emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/preventing-diversion-of-opioid-substitution-treatment relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25469/ title: Recent changes in Europe’s MDMA/ecstasy market. EMCDDA rapid communication. subject: MDMA subject: Ecstasy subject: Risk and protective factors subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25469/1/RecentchangesinEuropeMDMA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Recent changes in Europe’s MDMA/ecstasy market. EMCDDA rapid communication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25441/ title: Drugnet Europe 94. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: Contents: • 2016 EU Drug Markets Report • Monitoring illicit drugs in wastewater • UNGASS 2016 • Strengthening early warning on new synthetic opioids • New EMCDDA products and services • Upcoming ESPAD report • EMCDDA scientific paper award publisher: EMCDDA date: 2016-04 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25441/1/Drugnet_Europe_94.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Drugnet Europe 94. April–June . Lisbon: EMCDDA. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25357/ title: EU drug markets report: in-depth analysis. subject: Organised crime subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Internet retailing (online sales) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-04 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25357/1/EUdrugmarketsreport.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25357/2/EUStrategic%20Overview.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Europol. (2016) EU drug markets report: in-depth analysis. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25301/ title: Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Identification and screening for drugs and alcohol use subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe description: Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology reviews a new approach to estimating drug use in populations, based on the detection and quantification of drugs and their metabolic products in community wastewater. Strengths of the wastewater-based approach include avoiding the problems associated with questionnaire-based research, better identification of the drugs being used and being able to provide near-real-time results, with the power to identify trends in drug use patterns, over time and geographically. Novel uses of the approach are explored, such as the early detection of new psychoactive substances on the drug market. The report also looks at the limitations to the approach and how these can be overcome for this new tool to take its place in the drug epidemiologist’s toolkit. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25301/1/EMCDDA_Insights_22_Wastewater.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2016) Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 18 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25255/ title: The Internet and drug markets. subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Internet retailing (online sales) subject: Europe description: The last decade has seen the emergence of new internet technologies that have acted as important facilitators of online drug markets. The internet now hosts a range of virtual marketplaces (both on the surface and deep web) for selling and buying illicit substances, as well as representing a new arena for health and law enforcement interventions. This first EMCDDA investigation into the world of online drug markets brings together state-of-the-art input from over 20 experts — from academia, journalism and frontline practice — and contributes to the knowledge base on this part of the supply chain. This 2.5 minute video gives a short introduction to the internet and drug markets. The related 'organisation' link below leads to the EMCDDA utube channel, with related videos about drugs and the internet. publisher: EMCDDA date: 2016-03 type: Video type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) The Internet and drug markets. EMCDDA. relation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG9_Z_ze-9Q&feature=youtu.be relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25187/ title: The internet and drug markets. subject: Organised crime subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Internet retailing (online sales) subject: International aspects description: The last decade has seen the emergence of new internet technologies that have acted as important facilitators of online drug markets. The internet now hosts a range of virtual marketplaces (both on the surface and deep web) for selling and buying illicit substances, as well as representing a new arena for health and law enforcement interventions. This first EMCDDA investigation into the world of online drug markets brings together state-of-the-art input from over 20 experts — from academia, journalism and frontline practice — and contributes to the knowledge base on this part of the supply chain. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-02 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25187/1/drug%20markets.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) The internet and drug markets. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 136 p. EMCDDA Insights 21 relation: EMCDDA Insights 21 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25045/ title: Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Naloxone subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Targeted prevention subject: Europe publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Strang, John contributor: McDonald, Rebecca date: 2016-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25045/1/Naloxone.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25045/7/Summary_of_Strang_J_32_findings.pdf identifier: Strang, John and McDonald, Rebecca , eds. [EMCDDA] (2016) Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 104 p. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 20 relation: EMCDDA Insights Series no. 20 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25062/ title: EMCDDA Strategy and work programme 2016–18: annual work programme 2016. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA strategy and work programme for 2016–18 and the 2016 annual work programme is based on the EMCDDA’s vision to contribute to a more secure and a healthier Europe. A more proactive approach, combined with a greater emphasis to knowledge transfer, strategic analysis and threat assessment will be the main drivers to achieve this goal. Table of contents • Foreword by the EMCDDA Director • Mission statement • General context: setting the scene • Chapter 1: 2016–18 strategy and work programme • Chapter 2: 2016 annual work programme • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25062/1/EMCDDA_Work_Programme_2016.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) EMCDDA Strategy and work programme 2016–18: annual work programme 2016. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25032/ title: Emergency department-based brief interventions for individuals with substance-related problems: a review of effectiveness. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Brief intervention subject: Hospital subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2016-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25032/1/ED%20brief%20interventions.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25032/7/Fountain_J_6_findings.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Emergency department-based brief interventions for individuals with substance-related problems: a review of effectiveness. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 20 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/ title: Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2015. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Communicable disease subject: Universal prevention subject: Targeted prevention subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Drug offence subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Ireland publisher: Health Research Board date: 2016 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/1/NRDrug%20policy2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/2/NRDrugsworkbook2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/3/NRdrug%20market_crime2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/4/NRHarms%20and%20harmreduction2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/5/NRLegal%20framework2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/6/NRprevention2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/7/NRPrison2015.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26690/8/NRTreatment2015.pdf identifier: Health Research Board, Irish National Focal Point to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016) Focal Point Ireland: national report for 2015. Dublin: Health Research Board. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24510/ title: Best practice in drug interventions: prescription medicines. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Benzodiazepine subject: Prescription drug (medicine / medication) subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-09-15 type: FactSheet type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Best practice in drug interventions: prescription medicines. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice#view-answer19 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24553/ title: EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP). subject: CNS stimulants subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: In May 2015, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone, commonly known as α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), through a joint assessment. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on α-PVP as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. α-PVP is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring substance cathinone, which is internationally controlled (5), and one of the psychoactive principles in khat (Catha edulis Forsk). publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24553/1/EMCDDA_a_pvp.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. [EMCDDA] (2015) EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 26 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24540/ title: Prevention of addictive behaviours. creator: Buhler, Anneke creator: Thrul, Johannes subject: Alcohol subject: Tobacco smoke (cigarette law / policy) subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder relapse prevention method subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Prevention outcome subject: Universal prevention subject: Targeted prevention subject: Prevention programme or service subject: School-based prevention subject: Youth-club / cafe based prevention subject: Sports-based prevention subject: Community-based prevention subject: Family-focused prevention subject: Prevention through information and education subject: gambling subject: Prevention worker subject: Europe subject: Germany description: This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling. Table of contents: • Foreword to the English version • Summary • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2: Methodology • Chapter 3: Results • Chapter 4: Discussion • References / Glossary publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-09 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24540/1/EMCDDA%20Prevention%20of%20addictive%20behaviours.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Buhler, Anneke and Thrul, Johannes [EMCDDA] . (2015) Prevention of addictive behaviours. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 104 p. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 18 relation: EMCDDA Insights Series no. 18 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24529/ title: Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. subject: Communicable disease subject: HIV infection subject: Hepatitis C subject: risk factors subject: Communicable disease control subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-09 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24529/1/drugrelatedinfectious.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24320/ title: Alternatives to punishment for drug-using offenders. subject: Criminal penalty subject: Probation or parole subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Court system subject: Offender subject: Europe description: Based on the options provided by the international drug control legal framework, this paper considers the rehabilitative measures of treating, educating or reintegrating drug users as alternatives or additions to conviction or punishment that are established in the laws of many countries in Europe today. Table of contents: • Introduction • Context and definitions • Overview • Coverage, implementation and common issues • Evaluation • Conclusions • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24320/1/EMCDDA_Alternatives_to_punishment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Alternatives to punishment for drug-using offenders. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24199/ title: EMCDDA-Europol 2014 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2014, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2014, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24199/1/patience.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) EMCDDA-Europol 2014 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24173/ title: Drugs policy and the city in Europe. subject: urban society subject: Crime prevention subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: Illicit drug problems and responses and the different forms they can take in the city environment are explored in this paper. It addresses four areas: urban spaces and drug use, responses to city-level drug problems, city-level drugs strategies, and the coordination and funding of city-level policies. Table of contents: • Summary • Drug problems at city level: an introduction • Urban spaces and drug use • Businesses and recreational drug use • City-level drugs policies • Coordinating and funding city-level drugs policy • Conclusions • References publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24173/1/EMCDDA_Drugs_policy_and_the_city.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Drugs policy and the city in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 25 p. EMCDDA Papers relation: EMCDDA Papers relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24183/ title: New psychoactive substances in Europe: Innovative legal responses. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drug laws subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Europe description: This short report provides an overview of how European countries are developing innovative legal responses to the challenges presented to public health and drug policy by the rapidly evolving market for new psychoactive substances. Table of contents • Introduction • The challenge • The legal responses • Innovative legal responses • Innovative laws: key elements • Conclusion • References • Resources publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24183/1/EMCDDA_New_Psychoactive_Drugs.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) New psychoactive substances in Europe: Innovative legal responses. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 14 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21975/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Legal approaches to controlling new psychoactive substances. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21975/1/Legal.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Legal approaches to controlling new psychoactive substances. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 4 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/controlling-new-psychoactive-substances relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21982/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Models for the legal supply of cannabis: recent developments. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Drug decriminalisation or legalisation subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21982/1/cannabis.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Models for the legal supply of cannabis: recent developments. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 4 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/legal-supply-of-cannabis relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24052/ title: Perspectives on drugs: The misuse of benzodiazepines among high-risk opioid users in Europe. subject: Benzodiazepine subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Prescription drug (medicine / medication) subject: risk-taking behaviour subject: Multiple drugs and alcohol use (Polydrug) subject: Europe description: Benzodiazepines are a widely prescribed group of medicines with a range of clinical uses, including the treatment of anxiety and insomnia and the management of alcohol withdrawal. For a number of reasons this group of medicines are often misused by high-risk opioid users and are associated with morbidity and mortality among this group. This analysis considers the significance of this problem and its impact for the health and drug treatment of opioid users. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24052/1/Misuse%20of%20benzos_POD2015.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: The misuse of benzodiazepines among high-risk opioid users in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 8 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/benzodiazepines relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24051/ title: Perspectives on drugs: The role of psychosocial interventions in drug treatment. subject: Psychosocial treatment method subject: Brief intervention subject: Family or marital therapy subject: Treatment outcome subject: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) subject: Motivational interviewing subject: Treatment factors subject: Europe description: Psychosocial interventions are structured psychological or social interventions used to address substance-related problems. They can be used at different stages of drug treatment to identify the problem, treat it and assist with social reintegration. Psychosocial interventions are used to treat many different types of drug problems and behavioural addictions. This analysis explains what the main psychosocial interventions are and to whom they are provided. Part of the Perspectives on Drugs (PODs) series, launched as part of the European Drug Report package, these designed-for-the-web interactive analyses provide deeper insights into a selection of important issues. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24051/1/Psychosocial%20interventions_POD2015.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: The role of psychosocial interventions in drug treatment. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 7 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/psychosocial-interventions relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21972/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study. subject: Identification and screening subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21972/1/wastewater.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/waste-water-analysis relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24039/ title: Perspectives on drugs: opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe subject: Asia description: Imported heroin has historically been available in Europe in two forms, the most common being brown heroin (its chemical base form), originating mainly in Afghanistan and other countries in south-west Asia. Less common is white heroin (a salt form), which historically came from south-east Asia but is now also produced in Afghanistan and probably in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This region, sometimes referred to as the Golden Crescent, dominates production for the European market. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24039/1/Opioidtrafficking.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 7 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/opioid-trafficking-routes relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24258/ title: EMCDDA general population survey presentations. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Alcohol consumption subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Alcohol subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe date: 2015-06 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) EMCDDA general population survey presentations. In: General population surveys annual expert meeting, 17–18 June 2015, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/expert-meetings/2014/gps relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24029/ title: European drug report 2015: trends and developments. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: General treatment method concepts subject: Universal prevention subject: Targeted prevention subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe description: Table of contents Preface Introductory note and acknowledgements Summary: Drug market dynamics in Europe: global influences and local differences Chapter 1: Drug supply and the market Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems Chapter 3: Health and social responses to drug problems Annex: National data tables publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2015-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/msword language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24029/2/HRB%20European_Drug_Report_Media%20brief%202015%20_04_June.docx format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24029/5/EDR2015.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) European drug report 2015: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21979/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. subject: Hepatitis C subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Treatment factors subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe description: Transmitted through the sharing of needles, syringes and other injecting equipment, hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease among injecting drug users in Europe today.In this analysis, the EMCDDA looks at some of the positive advances in treating the disease, including a new generation of medicines. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. New medicines publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21979/1/hepatitis.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 7 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/hepatitis-c-treatment relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21967/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Injection of synthetic cathinones. subject: Synthetic cathinones subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21967/1/injection.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Injection of synthetic cathinones. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 7 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cathinones-injection relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21976/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Preventing overdose deaths in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe description: It is estimated that over 70 000 lives were lost to drug overdoses in Europe in the first decade of the 21st Century. Reducing drug-related deaths, therefore, remains a major challenge for public health policy. This analysis describes some of the factors that increase the risk of fatal and non-fatal overdoses and a number of interventions developed to prevent these events. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Peer naloxone publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21976/1/preventing.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Preventing overdose deaths in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/preventing-overdose-deaths relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21977/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Europe description: Synthetic cannabinoids represent the largest group of compounds currently monitored in Europe by the EU Early warning system on new psychoactive substances. Current knowledge on these substances, as well as trends in production, availability and use, are presented in this analysis 1. Analysis 2. Interactive 3. Facts and figures 4. Synthetic cannabinoid code names publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21977/1/cannabinoids.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21974/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic drug production in Europe. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Illegal production of drugs subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21974/1/synthetic.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Synthetic drug production in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-drug-production relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21980/ title: Perspectives on drugs: The EU drugs strategy (2013–20). publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21980/1/strategy.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Perspectives on drugs: The EU drugs strategy (2013–20). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 4 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/eu-drugs-strategy-2013-20 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24054/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Characteristics of frequent cannabis users with and without dependence. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24054/1/Characteristics.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Perspectives on drugs: Characteristics of frequent cannabis users with and without dependence. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/frequent-cannabis-users#panel4 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23823/ title: Treatment of cannabis-related disorders in Europe.EMCDDA insights series no 17. creator: Schettino, Jonathan creator: Leuschner, Fabian creator: Kasten, Lorenz creator: Tossmann, Peter creator: Hoch, Eva creator: Ferri, Marica creator: Guarita, Bruno creator: Simon, Roland subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-04 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23823/1/Cannabistreatment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Schettino, Jonathan and Leuschner, Fabian and Kasten, Lorenz and Tossmann, Peter and Hoch, Eva and Ferri, Marica and Guarita, Bruno and Simon, Roland . (2015) Treatment of cannabis-related disorders in Europe.EMCDDA insights series no 17. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 73 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23567/ title: New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System March 2015. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Ireland description: This short report provides an update on new psychoactive substances (NPS) in Europe for 2014. It highlights recent developments, including the growth of the market over the past few years, as illustrated by seizures by law enforcement and other indicators, as well as the growing number of serious harms that are being reported as a result. Table of contents: • Introduction • At a glance • The market in new psychoactive substances • Synthetic cannabinoids • Opioids • Monitoring and responding to serious harms • Summary publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-03 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23567/1/EMCDDA%20Early%20warning%20New%20psychoactive%20substances%20in%20Europe.%20An%20update%20from%20the%20EU%20Early%20Warning%20System.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23567/2/EMCDDA%20Poster%20Psychoactive%20Substance.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System March 2015. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23375/ title: Mortality among drug users in Europe: new and old challenges for public health. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe subject: Ireland description: This paper examines the overall number of lives lost due to drug use. All-cause mortality among problem drug users is investigated by means of cohort studies, which link data from death registries to drug treatment records. Building on earlier work, the paper presents data from nine European countries not previously studied using the same methodology. The study finds that the risk of death among problem drug users is typically 10 or more times that among their peers in the general population. The analysis shows that the deaths of problem drug users are overwhelmingly premature and preventable. Table of contents: • Introduction • Methods and data sources • Key findings from recent mortality cohorts in Europe • Public health perspectives and implications • Conclusion • Glossary • References publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2015-02 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23375/1/EMCDDA%20Mortality%20among%20drug%20users%20in%20Europe.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2015) Mortality among drug users in Europe: new and old challenges for public health. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 21 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23434/ title: Internal statistics code of practice. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Research organization and management subject: Europe description: One of the three core principles of the EMCDDA 2013–15 strategy is a commitment to efficiency. This is to be achieved, among others, via an improved quality assurance framework for the statistical procedures employed by the agency. In this light, an EMCDDA Internal statistics code of practice was developed in 2014. The code was drawn up in consultation with the EMCDDA Scientific Committee, the Reitox network and Eurostat, whose European statistics code of practice formed the basis of the work, and adopted by the EMCDDA Management Board. The EMCDDA code establishes a set of principles that provide the agency with guidance and objectives for its own work. It serves as a declaration of the EMCDDA’s intent to pursue a programme of continuous improvement and evaluation of efforts in order to provide ‘factual, objective, reliable and comparable information’. The EMCDDA code, in line with Eurostat’s, is based on 15 principles covering: the institutional environment; statistical production processes; and the output of statistics. A set of statements on good practice for each of the principles provides guidance for the implementation of the code. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2015-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23434/1/EMCDDA%20Internal%20statistics%20code.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Internal statistics code of practice. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23289/ title: Preventing fatal overdoses: a systematic review of the effectiveness of take-home naloxone. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Naloxone subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2015-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Preventing fatal overdoses: a systematic review of the effectiveness of take-home naloxone. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 37 p. EMCDDA Papers relation: EMCDDA Papers relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24690/ title: Presentations from the Lisbon addictions conference 2015. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: B Drugs and alcohol substances subject: General treatment method concepts subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe date: 2015 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Presentations from the Lisbon addictions conference 2015. In: EMCDDA Conference on 20 years of monitoring and communicating evidence on drugs, 21-22 September, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/expert-meetings/2015/key-indicators-20-years#posters relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24672/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (MT-45) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This publication presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1, 2-diphenylethyl)piperazine), carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 16 September 2014. The main part of the publication, the Risk Assessment Report, examines the health and social risks of the drug, information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime, and the potential implications of subjecting the drug to control measures. On the basis of this report the Council decided on 8 October 2015 that MT-45 should be subject to control measures across the Member States. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2015 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24672/1/Emcdda1.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Report on the risk assessment of 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (MT-45) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24673/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4′-dimethylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2015 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24673/1/EMCDDA2.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015) Report on the risk assessment of 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4′-dimethylaminorex, 4,4′-DMAR) in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23190/ title: Video: Take-home naloxone programmes in Europe — overdose prevention. subject: Naloxone subject: Drugs and alcohol poisoning (overdose) subject: Targeted prevention subject: Europe date: 2014-12-18 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [YouTube] Video: Take-home naloxone programmes in Europe — overdose prevention. (18 Dec 2014) relation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2XoQExPCw&feature=youtu.be relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23115/ title: Financing drug policy in Europe in the wake of the economic recession. subject: Health care economics subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Economic policy subject: Europe subject: Ireland description: The economic crisis that Europe experienced in 2008 and later presented a grave challenge to public finances. Countries responded to this by undertaking fiscal consolidation. By examining public expenditure in the areas where most drug-related activities are provided, this report looks at how austerity affected responses to the drugs problem. While the full effect of austerity on drug policy is not yet clear, one of the tentative conclusions is that the countries hardest hit by the recession are the ones in which drug policy is most heavily impacted. Table of contents: • Introduction • Methods and analytical approaches • Impact on public spending • Impact on overall expenditure covering drug-related activities • Variation in impact between countries and sectors • Impact on drug-related public expenditure Conclusion • Glossary • Appendix • References publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23115/1/Financing%20drug%20policy%20in%20Europe%20in%20the%20wake%20of%20the%20economic%20recession.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Financing drug policy in Europe in the wake of the economic recession. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22285/ title: EMCDDA-Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2013, with details on all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances notified in 2013, Joint Reports produced, risk assessments conducted and public health alerts and advisories issued. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22285/1/patience.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA-Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22327/ title: EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4,4′-DMAR (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Europe description: In February 2014, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance, 4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (commonly known by the abbreviation 4,4′-DMAR). The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 4,4′-DMAR as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. Table of contents Introduction Information collection process Information required by Article 5.2 of the Council Decision Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Council Decision Conclusion References Annexes publisher: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22327/1/patience.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4,4′-DMAR (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine. Luxembourg: Joint Reports, Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22136/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Risk assessment subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe description: As part of the response to new psychoactive substances within the European Union (EU), the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (hereafter 'the Council Decision') established a mechanism for the rapid exchange of information on substances that may pose public health and social threats, including the involvement of organised crime. This provides a legal basis for the institutions of the EU and the Member States to monitor all new narcotic and psychotropic substances that appear on the European drug scene. Where necessary, the Council Decision also provides for an assessment of the risks associated with these new substances, so that control measures deriving from Member States' obligations to the United Nations drug control conventions (1) can also be applied to new psychoactive substances. Under Article 4 of the Council Decision, the EMCDDA and Europol, in close collaboration with their respective expert networks, the Reitox National Focal Points and Europol National Units, are assigned a central role in detecting, notifying and monitoring new psychoactive substances. The information exchange element of the Council Decision has been implemented by the EMCDDA and Europol as the European Union Early Warning System on New Psychoactive Substances (hereafter ‘Early Warning System'). In addition, where necessary, and in cooperation with the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the EMCDDA and Europol may collect, analyse and present information on a new psychoactive substance in the form of a Joint Report (Article 5). This report provides evidence to the Council of the European Union and the European Commission on the need to request a risk assessment on a new psychoactive substance. Such a risk assessment examines the health and social risks posed by a new substance including: the use of, manufacture of, and, traffic in, a new psychoactive substance; the involvement of organised crime; and, the possible consequences of control measures. In order to conduct the risk assessment, the EMCDDA convenes a special meeting under the auspices of its Scientific Committee, extended with additional experts as necessary (Article 6). To ensure transparency in the implementation of the Council Decision, Article 10 stipulates that: 'The EMCDDA and Europol shall report annually to the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on the implementation of this Decision. The report will take into account all aspects required for an assessment of the efficacy and achievements of the system created by this Decision. The report shall, in particular, include experience relating to coordination between the system set out in this Decision and the Pharmacovigilance system'.’ In compliance with Article 10, the EMCDDA and Europol herewith present the eighth such annual report which covers the period 1 January to 31 December 2013. The report outlines the results of the implementation, describes key issues arising from accumulated experiences, and also serves as a monitoring tool. In order to facilitate the reading of the report, the reader is referred to the full text of the Council Decision (2). The report is written as a standalone document. Annex provides the list of new psychoactive substances notified for the first time in 2013. This includes the systematic chemical name, the reporting country, and date of notification for each substance. Further information on these substances is available from the EMCDDA and Europol. publisher: EMCDDA; Europol date: 2014-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22136/1/EMCDDA%20Europol%202013%20annua%20report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol 2013 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Brussels: EMCDDA; Europol. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21981/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. subject: Cocaine subject: State of health subject: emergency care subject: Europe description: Several thousands of cocaine-related emergencies are reported in Europe every year, representing a considerable burden on services. In this analysis, the EMCDDA studies the type of cocaine-related problems reported and the potential of using hospital emergency data for monitoring acute problems associated with this drug. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. A vignette of typical victims publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21981/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Emergency%20consequences%20of%20cocaine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) Perspectives on drugs: Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cocaine-related-emergencies relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21968/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Health and social responses for methamphetamine users in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Methamphetamine subject: Europe description: Methamphetamine is an established stimulant drug in many parts of the world (e.g. South-east Asia, US), where it has long caused major public health problems. While methamphetamine use in Europe has historically been confined to the Czech Republic and Slovakia, new pockets and patterns of use are now emerging elsewhere in the EU, in diverse populations. In this analysis, we look at challenges for the provision of health and social responses related to this drug today. 1. Analysis 2. Interactive 3. Terms and definitions 4. Forms of methamphetamine publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21968/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Methamphetamine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) Perspectives on drugs: Health and social responses for methamphetamine users in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/responses-for-methamphetamine-users relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21973/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Internet-based drug treatment. subject: Alternative medical treatment subject: Treatment factors subject: Information technology description: The Internet is now recognised as a plausible vehicle for delivering drug and alcohol education, prevention and treatment programmes in a range of settings. This 'Perspective on drugs' charts developments in Internet-based drug treatment (IBDT), which has expanded in Europe over the past 10 years, and explores some of the benefits it can offer. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Does it work publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21973/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Internet%20treatment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) Perspectives on drugs: Internet-based drug treatment. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/internet-based-drug-treatment relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21971/ title: Perspectives on drugs: New developments in Europe's cannabis market. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe description: Europe has long been one of the world’s largest consumer markets for cannabis, particularly resin imported mainly from Morocco. In this analysis, we report how Europe’s consumer market for cannabis is increasingly dominated by herbal products, with domestic herbal production supplying national markets. It also describes how imported cannabis resin appears to be getting stronger. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Facts and figures 4. Cannabis resin consumption publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21971/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Cannabis.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) Perspectives on drugs: New developments in Europe's cannabis market. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/cannabis-markets-developments relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21970/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Treatment for cocaine dependence — reviewing current evidence. subject: Cocaine subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder drug therapy subject: Treatment factors description: The EMCDDA has carried out a meta-analysis of six reviews examining the effectiveness of medications used in treating cocaine problems. The original reviews, undertaken by the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group, involved 92 studies (85 in the US) and over 7 000 participants. This 'Perspective on drugs' shows how some medications can reduce specific symptoms (e.g. cravings), yet no single pharmacological solution has been found for cocaine dependence overall. 1. Analysis 2. Video 3. Key definitions 4. Psychosocial interventions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21970/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Cocaine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) Perspectives on drugs: Treatment for cocaine dependence — reviewing current evidence. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/treatment-for-cocaine-dependence relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21957/ title: European drug report 2014: trends and developments. subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Public health subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Treatment factors subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe subject: Ireland description: How many new drugs were detected in Europe over the last year? Is cannabis getting stronger? How many Europeans have ever used an illicit drug? What are the latest drug policy developments in the region? These are just some of the questions explored in the European Drug Report: Trends and developments. This report provides a top-level overview of the long-term drug-related trends and developments at European level, while homing in on emerging problems in specific countries. Such a perspective is valuable, as it allows differing national experiences to be understood within the broader European context. Table of contents • Preface • Introductory note and acknowledgements • Summary: Charting the public health impact of drugs in a changing European market • Chapter 1: Drug supply • Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems • Chapter 3: Health and social responses to drug problems • Chapter 4: Drug policies • Annex: National data tables publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21957/1/EMCDDA%20drug%20report%202014.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) European drug report 2014: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21953/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: CNS stimulants subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. MDPV is a ring-substituted synthetic derivative of cathinone chemically related to pyrovalerone, both of which are subject to control under the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. MDPV has potent cocaine-like stimulant properties. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21953/1/Risk%20assessment%20MDPV%20RAR_with%20annexes.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21952/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: CNS stimulants subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this issociative drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. Methoxetamine is an arylcyclohexylamine substance which is chemically similar to ketamine and PCP and in common with these, has dissociative properties. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21952/1/Risk%20assessment%20Methoxetamine%20RAR_with%20annexes.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21955/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: CNS stimulants subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this hallucinogenic drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. 25I-NBOMe may be used on its own or in combination with other substances, including other psychoactive substances. Analysis of various seized and collected products has shown that the composition of the products can differ and the user is unlikely to be aware of the exact dose or compound(s) present. Detections reported by the Member States to the Early Warning System have highlighted that 25I-NBOMe may also be encountered in liquid or powdered form. These physical forms may affect the potential for acute toxicity as well as the clinical profile thereof. For example, due to its 8 high potency, nasal insufflation of powdered 25I-NBOMe may increase the risk of (serious) adverse events. In addition to the manifestation of psychoactive effects commonly observed with serotonergic hallucinogens (e.g. LSD, psilocybin or 2C-B (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine)), clinical case reports also indicate the potential for inducing severe agitation, confusion and a significant stimulant effect which may also be associated with serotonergic toxicity (serotonin syndrome). Reported street names include: ‘25I’, ‘dots’, ‘legal acid’, ‘solaris’, ‘cimbi-5’, ‘NBomb’, ‘NEBOME’, ‘smiles’, ‘INBMeO’, ‘BOM-CI’, ‘Hoffman’ and ‘N-boom’. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21955/1/Risk%20asssessment%2025I-NBOMe%20RAR_with%20annexes.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21954/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Sedatives or tranquillisers (CNS depressants) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over this synthetic opioid in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance in April 2014. AH-7921 is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a unique chemical structure. AH-7921 has appeared recently on the illicit drug market typically as a white powder. Another name of AH-7921 (7), used by Internet suppliers/retailers selling the substance, user websites and in the popular media, is ‘doxylam’. It is important to note that ‘doxylam’ can easily be confused with ‘doxylamine’ — sometimes abbreviated also as ‘doxylam’ publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21954/1/Risk%20assessment%20AH-7921%20RAR_with%20annexes.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21770/ title: Therapeutic communities for treating addictions in Europe. creator: Vanderplasschen, Wouter creator: Vandevelde, Stijn creator: Broekaert, Eric subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Treatment factors subject: Residential facility subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment unit subject: Programme evaluation subject: Europe subject: Ireland description: Therapeutic communities first developed in the 1960s and have continuing relevance in the world of drug treatment today. This report presents how therapeutic communities have developed over time, with reference to seven European countries, and provides an overview of research into their effectiveness as a treatment option and their impact on wider society. Table of contents: • Foreword • Acknowledgements • Executive summary • Introduction • Therapeutic communities: definition, history and key characteristics • The availability of therapeutic communities in Europe • Review of the effectiveness of therapeutic communities • Therapeutic community standards and guidelines • Therapeutic communities in Europe: recent developments and future challenges • References • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-04 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21770/1/EMCDDA%20Therapeutic%20communities%20for%20treating%20addictions.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Vanderplasschen, Wouter and Vandevelde, Stijn and Broekaert, Eric [EMCDDA] . (2014) Therapeutic communities for treating addictions in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 95 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21781/ title: Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. A review of the monitoring of drug-related acute emergencies in 30 European countries. creator: Giraudon, Isabelle creator: Mena, Guillermo creator: Matias, Joao creator: Vicente, Julian subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Cocaine subject: State of health subject: emergency care subject: Europe subject: Ireland publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014-04 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21781/1/EMCDDA%20Cocaine_emergencies_report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Giraudon, Isabelle and Mena, Guillermo and Matias, Joao and Vicente, Julian (2014) Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe. A review of the monitoring of drug-related acute emergencies in 30 European countries. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21734/ title: The levels of use of opioids, amphetamines and cocaine and associated levels of harm: summary of scientific evidence. subject: Cocaine subject: Crack cocaine subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Multiple drugs and alcohol use (Polydrug) subject: Amphetamines subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: This report presents the findings of a literature review to identify the most frequently occurring patterns of use and their relation to harm in users of opioids, powder and crack cocaine, and meth/amphetamine. The behavioural factors that were studied included: frequency of use, duration of use, routes of administration, drug type, dose, severity of dependence, and (the presence of) polydrug use. Research on stimulants covers a relatively broad spectrum of patterns and severity, and thus provides some indications of the levels of use that are more harmful than others. Similar evidence is relatively scarce for opioids, where the overwhelming majority of studies concentrate only on the most risky injecting and addictive use. For cocaine and amphetamines, it appears that weekly and higher frequency of use and patterns involving heavy periods of continuous use (bingeing) are related to increased prospective risk or actual existence of harms. Similar conclusion cannot be made for opioids, although research provides some indication of controlled use of heroin on a weekly and monthly (or less frequent) basis. Similarly, some evidence exists that crystal forms of stimulants — crystal methamphetamine and crack cocaine — are often positively associated with more harmful patterns of use and more severe consequences, whereas very little attention is paid in the literature to the different forms of heroin/opioids. Routes of administration range from injecting, through smoking and inhaling, to snorting and oral consumption when ranked from the riskiest to less risky routes, although the less risky routes of snorting and swallowing are not considered to be risk-free behaviours. Frequency and duration of use are likely moderators of harms associated with routes of administration. Injectors are at higher risk of transmission of drug-related infectious diseases and death, the former being a function of the frequency and patterns of injecting. Polydrug use, although not a primary concern of the present review, proved to be an extremely significant confounding factor of any harm associated with use of these substances. It indicates a particular level of compulsivity and is closely associated with higher levels of dependence and with the risk of overdose. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2014-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2014) The levels of use of opioids, amphetamines and cocaine and associated levels of harm: summary of scientific evidence. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 53 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21390/ title: EMCDDA. Work programme 2014. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21390/1/EMCDDA_Work_Programme_2014.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA. Work programme 2014. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21426/ title: Estimating public expenditure on drug-law offenders in prison in Europe. subject: Prison subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Ireland subject: Economic policy subject: Europe subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) description: This study estimates how much 22 European countries spent on drug-law offenders in prisons during the last decade. Based on this, an estimate for public expenditure on drug-law offenders at the European level was made. Table of contents: • Introduction • Available data • Estimating public expenditure on drug-law offenders in prison • Results • Conclusion • Annexes • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21426/1/EMCDDA_Estimating_public_expenditure_on_drug-law_offenders.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Estimating public expenditure on drug-law offenders in prison in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21460/ title: European questionnaire on drug use among prisoners (EQDP). creator: Montanari, Linda creator: Royuela, Luis creator: Rosa, Miriam creator: Vicente, Julian subject: Prison subject: Europe subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) description: This is a first common questionnaire on drug use among prisoners at European level. The questionnaire is the results of two years of work in the field of drugs and prison, which has included the agreement on a methodological framework or monitoring drug and prison in Europe, the analysis of existing questionnaires and a discussion among high level experts from several European countries and international organizations. Table of contents: • Introduction • (A) General information • (B) Drug use outside and inside prison • (C) Drug injecting and other health risk behaviours • (D) Health status • (E) Use of health and drug services • (F) Methodological comments • References • Annex: Methodological specifications. Principles and guidelines [See related link below for 'Drug use in prison: assessment report'] publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21460/1/Questionnaire_on_drug_use_among_prisoners_%28EQDP%29.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Montanari, Linda and Royuela, Luis and Rosa, Miriam and Vicente, Julian (2014) European questionnaire on drug use among prisoners (EQDP). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21427/ title: Drug use in prison: assessment report. creator: Royuela, Luis creator: Montanari, Linda creator: Rosa, Miriam creator: Vicente, Julian subject: Prison subject: Ireland subject: Europe subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21427/1/EMCDDA_Drug_use_in_prison_assessment_report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Royuela, Luis and Montanari, Linda and Rosa, Miriam and Vicente, Julian (2014) Drug use in prison: assessment report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21327/ title: Exploring methamphetamine trends in Europe. subject: Methamphetamine subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: Concerns about the availability and use of methamphetamine in Europe have been growing for some time. Historically, the use of methamphetamine has been confined largely to the Czech Republic and Slovakia; however, recent signs of the spread of methamphetamine linked to different European countries have sparked further investigation of this topic. The methodology used is based on the triangulation of data collected using a number of investigative approaches and from multiple sources. Table of contents: • Background and methods • Chemistry and pharmacology • International context • History • Trafficking and availability • Europe as a transit territory • Regional patterns • Methamphetamine-related harms • Health and social responses • Information and monitoring gaps • Conclusion • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21327/1/EMCDDA_methamphtamine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Exploring methamphetamine trends in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17168/ title: Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug users: a systematic review. subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Family role subject: Family-focused prevention subject: Family or marital therapy subject: Drugs and alcohol related family problems subject: Europe subject: Cannabis / Marijuana description: During adolescence, some young people may experiment with both licit and illicit substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drugs). This can have an impact on their behaviour, their relationships with others and how they function in society. For those who develop substance use disorders, family has a vital role to play in addressing this issue. This EMCDDA Paper focuses on a form of inclusive therapy that involves the young person, their family and their environment. Based on five studies carried out in the United States and the EU, the holistic approach encapsulated by Multidimensional family therapy delivers promising results that are visible both during therapy and after it has ended. However, the approach requires family engagement which cannot always be obtained, and may come at a higher cost than other therapeutic options. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17168/1/EMCDDA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug users: a systematic review. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21323/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 4-methylamphetamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Amphetamines subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 4-methylamphetamine, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over the availability and use of this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance, and, consequently, its control across the EU Member States. Table of contents: • Foreword • Introduction • EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs • EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on 4-methylamphetamine: a summary • Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylamphetamine • Annex 1: Technical report on 4-methylamphetamine • Annex 2: Computational analysis on the pharmacology of 4-methylamphetamine • Council Decision 2013/129/EU on subjecting 4-methylamphetamine to control measures • Abbreviations • Participants of the risk assessment meeting publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21323/1/Report_on_the_risk_assessment_4_methylamphetamine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 4-methylamphetamine in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21324/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Ireland description: This report presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on the new psychoactive substance, 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole, that was conducted by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA. Concerns over the availability and use of this stimulant drug in the European Union led to an assessment of the health and social risks posed by the substance, and, consequently, its control across the EU Member States. Table of contents: • Foreword • Introduction • EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs • EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole: a summary • Risk Assessment Report of a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole • Annex 1: Technical report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole • Annex 2: Study examining the inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) by the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT) • Council Implementing Decision 2013/496/EU on subjecting 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole to control measures • Abbreviations • Participants of the risk assessment meeting publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21324/1/Report_on_the_risk_assessment_of_5_-_2_Aminopropl.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Report on the risk assessment of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21299/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe. (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine, commonly known by the abbreviation ‘25I-NBOMe’, submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 25I-NBOMe as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. The following street names have been reported: ‘25I’, ‘dots’, ‘legal acid’, ‘NBomb’,‘NE-BOME’, ‘smiles’, ‘INBMeO’, ‘BOM-CI’, ‘Hoffman’ and ‘N-boom’. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21299/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Joint_Report_25I-NBOMe.pdf identifier: Europol, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe. (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21298/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: AH-7921. (3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on AH-7921 as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. The following street names have been reported: ‘AH-7921’ and ‘doxylan’. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21298/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Joint_Report_AH7921.pdf identifier: Europol, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: AH-7921. (3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]benzamide). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21300/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on methoxetamine as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Common names or codenames that have also been reported are: 3-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE, MXE, MXE100 and metoksetamiini (Finnish). The following street names have also been reported: ‘MXE’, ‘Mexxy’, ‘M-ket’, ‘MEX’, ‘Kmax’, ‘Special M’, ‘MA’, ‘legal ketamine’, ‘Minx’, ‘Jipper’ and ‘Roflcoptr’. Finally, the following ‘legal high’ product names have been associated with methoxetamine: ‘Kwasqik’, ‘Hypnotic’, ‘Panoramix’, ‘Magic’, ‘Lotus’, ‘Special K’ and ‘X’. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL date: 2014-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21300/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Joint_Report_Methoxetamine.pdf identifier: Europol, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22189/ title: Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. subject: Drug use and driving subject: Drinking-and-drug driving laws subject: Europe description: Table of contents Foreword Executive summary Chapter 1: Methodological issues in determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents Chapter 2: Prevalence of drugs among drivers Chapter 3: Effects and risks associated with drugs Overall conclusion Appendix References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22189/1/impaireddriving.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi:10.2810/26821 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23035/ title: Drugnet Europe. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: In this issue: Lisbon Addictions 2015: call for abstracts | Best practice: from guidelines to quality standards | Financing drug policy in Europe in the wake of the economic recession | Preventing opioid deaths — legal issues around the provision of naloxone | New EMCDDA products and services publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2014 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23035/1/Drugnet_N88.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Drugnet Europe. 88 , (October–December) . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21728/ title: EMCDDA and ECDC sub-regional exchange of knowledge and best practice in monitoring and preventing drug-related infections. subject: HIV prevention subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: HIV infection subject: Europe subject: Communicable disease control subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Harm reduction policy description: Monitoring and responding to HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs (PWID) is the focus of two new reports from the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The reports are the result of two expert meetings organised by the agencies last autumn which brought together key stakeholders from the areas of drug monitoring and infectious disease surveillance (1). The meetings had their roots in an ECDC–EMCDDA regional assessment of HIV trends, risks and prevention coverage among PWID conducted in mid-2013. This assessment had identified a low level of prevention coverage in at least one third of European countries, constituting a potential risk of increased HIV transmission among this group (2). The first expert meeting held in Bucharest (18–19 November 2013) — Detecting and responding to outbreaks of HIV among PWID — provided an important opportunity for sharing knowledge and best practice among experts from six countries in the south and south-east of the European region (Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Malta, Romania and Slovakia). The participants heard about the Greek response to an HIV outbreak among PWID, which started in 2011, and the subsequent scaling up of prevention interventions. This had been guided by monitoring data and research findings and resulted in significant progress in curbing the epidemic. Participants also discussed the situation in Romania, the second country to report an HIV outbreak since 2011. This outbreak has seen additional challenges associated with: high rates of co-infections; changing patterns of drug use among PWID; and the need to address funding gaps through a coordinated country-level response. The second meeting, a regional Reitox Academy held in Tallinn (21–22 November 2013) — Monitoring trends in and responses to drug-related infectious diseases among people who inject drugs — contributed to maximising synergies at national level between institutions and experts in the fields of drug monitoring and infectious disease surveillance in four countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland). The event helped participants from both fields to deepen their knowledge and mutual understanding of the situation; fostered joint initiatives at national level and further strengthened collaboration between neighbouring countries in the Baltic Sea region. Both meetings acknowledged the critical role and added value of collaboration between the EU agencies in assessing risk and providing technical support to countries as well as in informing policies with evidence-based guidance (3). Experts examined progress and defined common priorities regarding actions to be taken forward at national level (e.g. improvements in screening and prevention coverage) and recognised the key role of monitoring and surveillance for evaluating whether prevention efforts to are adequate to avert outbreaks. date: 2014 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21728/1/Report_Expert_Meeting_Romania_18_November_2013_FINAL.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21728/2/Report_Roundtable_Romania_19_November_2013_FINAL.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21728/3/Report_Reitox_Academy_Tallinn_21-22_November_2013_final.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2014) EMCDDA and ECDC sub-regional exchange of knowledge and best practice in monitoring and preventing drug-related infections. In: Meeting reports, November 2013, Bucharest and Talinn. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21350/ title: EMCDDA best practice portal: prevention interventions for partygoers. subject: Social drinking subject: Drinking and driving subject: Targeted prevention subject: Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use subject: International aspects subject: Crime prevention subject: Prevention through information and education subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction date: 2014 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA best practice portal: prevention interventions for partygoers. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/prevention/partygoers relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22582/ title: EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (‘MT-45’). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: In April 2014, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine, commonly known as MT-45. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on MT-45 as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision. Table of contents: • Introduction • Information collection process • Information required by Article 5.2 of the Council Decision • Information from the EMA (Article 5.3 of the Council Decision) • Conclusion • References • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22582/1/EMCDDA%20MT45%20TDAS14007ENN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine (‘MT-45’). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22098/ title: General report of activities 2013: Key achievements and governance: a year in review. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: he General Report of Activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Foreword Introduction Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance Part II: Management and internal control systems: annual activity report as per the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA Annex 1: EMCDDA Organisational chart Annex 2. Breakdown of EMCDDA staff as of 31 December 2013 Annex 3: Outputs and products Annex 4: Key external events, conferences and meetings, 2013 Annex 5: Implementation of the 2013 work programme by objectives, activities and expected outputs/results Annex 6: Members of the EMCDDA’s statutory bodies Annex 7: Use of the available resources in 2013 Annex 8: Monitoring the implementation of the follow-up action plan to the third external evaluation of the EMCDDA Annex 9: List of acronyms and abbreviations publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22098/1/general.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) General report of activities 2013: Key achievements and governance: a year in review. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23001/ title: Pregnancy and opioid use: strategies for treatment, EMCDDA Papers. subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Pregnancy subject: Reproductive effects of drugs and alcohol use subject: Treatment factors subject: Pregnant woman description: Illicit opioid consumption during pregnancy brings with it the risk of an increase in obstetric complications for the mother and a range of potential dangers for the child, both before and after birth. The primary goal when treating opioid dependence in pregnant women is to stabilise the patient and psychosocially assisted opioid substitution treatment is the preferred first-line therapy for this group. Several combinations of substitution medicines and psychosocial approaches are available. This paper reviews methadone, buprenorphine and slow-release oral morphine, used in a range of combinations with cognitive behavioural approaches and contingency management in order to identify the strengths of each medicine and method. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23001/1/Pregnancy.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Pregnancy and opioid use: strategies for treatment, EMCDDA Papers. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22294/ title: Residential treatment for drug use in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Treatment outcome subject: Residential facility subject: Europe description: In most European countries, residential treatment programmes form an important element of the range of treatment and rehabilitation options for drug users. The aim of this paper is to provide a Europe-wide overview of the history and availability of residential drug treatment within wider national drug treatment systems. Table of contents: • Summary • Introduction • Historical perspective of residential treatment for drug users • Extent and nature of residential treatment • Treatment elements in residential programmes • Residential treatment clients • Organisational structure of residential treatment • Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/22294/1/EMCDDA%20Residential%20treatment%20for%20drug%20use%20in%20Europe.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) Residential treatment for drug use in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: EMCDDA papers relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21301/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone). subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on new psychoactive substance MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), submitted in December 2013 to the Council of the EU, the European Commission and the EMA. After assessing the available evidence, the EMCDDA and Europol concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on MDPV as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Common names or codenames that have also been reported are: MDPK and metyleenidioksipyrovaleroni (Finnish). The following street names have also been reported: MDPK, Magic, Super coke, Peevee, New Ivory Wave, Kannibaldrogen, Apdamm, Aakkoset (meaning alphabet in Finnish), Bath salt, MP, MP4 and MP3. Finally, the following ‘legal high’ product names have been associated with MDPV: ‘Mojo’, ‘Yellow Submarine’, ‘Ivory Wave’, ‘Vanilla sky’, ‘NRG-3’, ‘Flower magic’, ‘Gumi cucoriedka’, ‘Kamikadze’, ‘Xtacy’, ‘Ivory wave’, ‘Extreme star dust’, ‘Hurricane Charlie’, ‘Dogs bollix’, ‘Doves red’, ‘Doves ultra’, ‘Sextasy’, ‘Orange orbits’, ‘Stardust’, ‘Blow’, ‘Recharge’, ‘Charge+’, ‘Lucky’, ‘Generation 2012’, ‘EL PADRINO’ (translation: the Godfather), ‘Coco Jumbo’, ‘Cherry Coco Jumbo’, ‘SUNRISE’, ‘TECHNO’, ‘Greenway Speedway’, ‘DANA’, ‘OLGA’, ‘LENA’, ‘EVA’, ‘CLARA’, ‘MARKETA’ and ‘JANA’. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL date: 2014 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21301/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Joint_Report_MDPV.pdf identifier: Europol, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2014) EMCDDA–Europol Joint report on a new psychoactive substance: MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21060/ title: Drug squads: units specialised in drug law enforcement in Europe. creator: Laniel, Laurent creator: Kasecker, Rainer creator: Groshkova, Teodora creator: Carpentier, Chloe subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Crime prevention subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Europe subject: Law enforcement agency description: Drug law enforcement activity targets the supply of drugs and is responsible for much of the key data that informs our understanding of drugs supply in Europe. This study looks, for the first time, at how drug law enforcement is organised in European countries. Table of contents: • Key findings • Introduction • Background, objectives and methods • Key figures and institutional affiliations • Mandates and supervision • Conclusions • References • Annex • Acknowledgements publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21060/1/EMCDDA_drug_squads.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Laniel, Laurent and Kasecker, Rainer and Groshkova, Teodora and Carpentier, Chloe (2013) Drug squads: units specialised in drug law enforcement in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21061/ title: Co-morbid substance use and mental disorders in Europe: a review of the data. creator: Montanari, Linda creator: Pasinetti, Manuala creator: Thanki, Danica creator: Vicente, Julian subject: Mental health subject: Dual diagnosis (comorbidity) subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol related mental disorder description: Identifying the co-occurrence of drug use and mental health disorders in the same individuals is essential for effective treatment of their drug use problems. Reviewing the available information on psychiatric co-morbidity among drug users in European countries, the paper shows that there is a need to establish guidelines to collect comparable information across Europe. Table of contents: • Introduction • Sources of information • Prevalence and nature of co-morbidity • Prisoners: an example of a vulnerable group • Limitations • Annex • References • Acknowledgements publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21061/1/EMCDDA_co_morbid.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Montanari, Linda and Pasinetti, Manuala and Thanki, Danica and Vicente, Julian (2013) Co-morbid substance use and mental disorders in Europe: a review of the data. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21063/ title: Drug policy advocacy organisations in Europe. creator: O’Gorman, Aileen creator: Quigley, Eoghan creator: Zobel, Frank creator: Moore, Kerri subject: Social support subject: Advocacy subject: Drug user subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: This study explores the civil society organisations that engage in drug policy advocacy in Europe. An Internet search in English, French and Spanish combined with information from national sources in 30 countries identified 218 organisations actively seeking to influence drug policy. The paper categorises the organisations, looking at their advocacy objectives and orientations, how they pursue these, and at what political levels they operate. Table of contents: • Summary • Introduction • Advocacy • Identifying and categorising advocacy organisations • Overview of advocacy organisations in Europe • Exploring the forms of advocacy organisations in Europe • Advocacy organisations operating at the European or international level • Conclusions • Annex • References • Acknowledgements publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21063/1/EMCDDA_drug_policy_advocacy.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. O’Gorman, Aileen and Quigley, Eoghan and Zobel, Frank and Moore, Kerri (2013) Drug policy advocacy organisations in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21059/ title: Drug supply reduction and internal security policies in the European Union: an overview. creator: Quigley, Eoghan subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Crime prevention subject: European Union subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Europe description: The production and trafficking of illicit drugs poses complex and interlinked problems, which have a negative impact on public health and the security and stability of society. Focusing on actions directed at the EU’s internal security situation, this paper elaborates who is involved in setting policy, what legal and funding basis for action has been established, and what the main priorities are. Table of contents: • Summary • Introduction • Institutional arrangements • Legislation and financial programmes • Policy framework • Conclusions • Abbreviations • References • Acknowledgements publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21059/1/EMCDDA_Drug_supply_reduction_and_internal_security_policies_in_the_European_Union.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Quigley, Eoghan (2013) Drug supply reduction and internal security policies in the European Union: an overview. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20773/ title: European drug prevention quality standards: a quick guide. creator: Brotherhood, Angelina creator: Sumnall, Harry subject: Prevention approach subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Programme evaluation subject: Basic prevention categories subject: Needs assessment subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Europe subject: Workforce / staff skills and training description: The aim of this ‘quick guide’ is to make practical information on prevention quality standards available outside the European Union. A condensed version of EMCDDA Manual 7, it includes a description of the eight stages involved in the drug prevention cycle, along with a self-reflection checklist that can be used when planning and implementing prevention activities. It has been designed for practitioners and those working in the field. • The standards and checklists Cross-cutting considerations Project stage 1: Needs assessment Project stage 2: Resource assessment Project stage 3: Programme formulation Project stage 4: Intervention design Project stage 5: Management and mobilisation of resources Project stage 6: Delivery and monitoring Project stage 7: Final evaluations Project stage 8: Dissemination and improvement • Self-reflection: action plan publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2013-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20773/1/EMCDDA_European_drug_prevention_quality_standards.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Brotherhood, Angelina and Sumnall, Harry [EMCDDA] . (2013) European drug prevention quality standards: a quick guide. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 38 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20551/ title: EMCDDA welcomes European Commission call for stronger EU action on new drugs. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drug laws subject: Europe description: The EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) welcomes the European Commission's proposal today to strengthen the EU’s response to new psychoactive substances (‘new drugs’)(1). The proposal follows an unprecedented rise in the number of new drugs detected in Europe in recent years and a Commission review of the EU’s current legal mechanism for monitoring and acting on these new substances (2). date: 2013-09-17 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20551/1/NewNPSmechanism_EN_FINAL.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA welcomes European Commission call for stronger EU action on new drugs. (17 Sep 2013) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2013/11 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20077/ title: Models of addiction. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Theory of drugs and alcohol use subject: Disease model subject: Disorder classification subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: Table of contents Foreword Acknowledgements Executive summary Chapter 1: Background, scope and aims Chapter 2: Defining addiction Chapter 3: Summarising theories and models of addiction — methods Chapter 4: Modelling in the individual Chapter 5: Modelling populations Chapter 6: Towards a comprehensive theory of addiction Chapter 7: Implications of theory for assessment and measurement of addiction and related constructs Chapter 8: Implications of the comprehensive theory for intervention strategies Chapter 9: Implications for policy and practice References publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2013-06 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20077/1/Models.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2013) Models of addiction. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 166 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21978/ title: Perspectives on drugs: Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs? subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Targeted prevention subject: Prevention through information and education subject: Information use and impact subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Europe description: The use of mass media campaigns in drug prevention is both relatively common and not without controversy. Both policymakers and practitioners have hotly debated the effectiveness of such campaigns to reduce young people’s drug use or their intention to use. This analysis aims to contribute to the debate via a review of available evidence on the topic. 1. Analysis 2. Interactive map 3. Terms and definitions 4. Background theories publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2013-05 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21978/1/EMCDDA%20POD%20Mass%20media%20campaigns.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2013) Perspectives on drugs: Can mass media campaigns prevent young people from using drugs? Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 5 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/mass-media-campaigns relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19915/ title: European drug report 2013: trends and developments. subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Ireland subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drugs and alcohol in general subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Drugs and alcohol offence subject: Rehabilitation subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The Trends and developments report presents a top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in Europe, covering drug supply, use and public health problems as well as drug policy and responses. Together with the online Statistical bulletin, Country overviews and Perspectives on drugs, it makes up the 2013 European Drug Report package. Table of contents • Preface • Introductory note and acknowledgements • Summary: Old and new drug problems — the European landscape in 2013 • Chapter 1: Drug supply in Europe • Chapter 2: Drug use and drug-related problems • Chapter 3: Responding to drugs • Chapter 4: Drug policies • Annex: National data tables publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19915/1/EMCDDA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) European drug report 2013: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2013 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19713/ title: Drug prevention interventions targeting minority ethnic populations: issues raised by 33 case studies. subject: Targeted prevention subject: Minority group (racial group, immigrant, Traveller) subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: risk factors subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Europe description: This Thematic paper contains the results of a study that examined drug prevention interventions for minority ethnic populations in 29 European countries. A total of 33 interventions were reported to the study and the issues they raise are presented and discussed in the paper. The results will inform the EMCDDA’s plans for 2013–15 in terms of monitoring drug prevention interventions particularly in three areas: data collection, design and quality, and the dissemination of knowledge. Table of contents  Introduction  Methods  Responses  Assessing needs: sources of information  Meeting needs  Generic and specialist services  Cultural competence  Sustainability  Monitoring and evaluation  Establishing and maintaining a database of drug prevention interventions for minority ethnic populations  Acknowledgements  References  Appendix 1  Appendix 2  Appendix 3 publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-04 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19713/1/EMCDDA_Drug_prevention_interventions_targeting_minority_ethnic_populations_issues_raised_by_33_case_studies.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Drug prevention interventions targeting minority ethnic populations: issues raised by 33 case studies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19453/ title: New drug 4-MA to be placed under control across the EU. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Europe subject: Legal availability or accessibility description: Europe has responded today to concerns over the use of the stimulant drug 4-methylamphetamine (4-MA) by subjecting it to ‘control measures and criminal penalties’ throughout the Union. The Decision of the Council of the EU (1) was adopted in the final stage of the three-step legal procedure designed to respond to potentially threatening new psychoactive drugs entering the market (2). The Council Decision is based on the findings of a formal risk-assessment report on 4-MA produced in 2012 by the extended Scientific Committee of the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), with participation of additional experts from the EU Member States, European Commission, Europol and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (3). The report, submitted to the Commission and Council in November 2012, assessed the health and social risks of the drug as well as international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. 4-MA belongs to the group of synthetic phenethylamines and is closely related to amphetamine. It has no established medical value and has no known legitimate purpose, aside from limited use in scientific research.The drug appears to be sold on the illicit market as amphetamine, being frequently mixed with it. Available information suggests that it is produced and distributed by the same organised crime groups involved in the manufacture and trafficking of amphetamine. The Council Decision states that the evidence available provides ‘sufficient grounds for subjecting 4-methyl-amphetamine to control measures across the Union’. Reasons for the conclusion include: the drug’s strong similarity to amphetamine and the health risks it poses. The risk-assessment report detailed 21 fatalities (4) in four EU Member States (Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, UK), where 4-MA was detected in post-mortem samples, either alone or in combination with other substances (particularly amphetamine). The adverse effects of 4-MA include: hyperthermia, hypertension, anorexia, nausea, paranoia and anxiety. Eight EU Member States (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, France, Cyprus, Lithuania, Netherlands, UK) already control 4-MA under drug control legislation (four doing so via generic legislation on phenethylamines). In addition, two countries (Hungary and Austria) have introduced new legal frameworks to prohibit the unauthorised supply of individual or groups of substances (4-MA is controlled under the generic definition of phenethylamines). One Member State (Finland) controls the drug under medicines legislation. date: 2013-03-07 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New drug 4-MA to be placed under control across the EU. (07 Mar 2013) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2013/2 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19452/ title: Women and drug use in Europe. subject: Woman (women / female) subject: Treatment factors subject: Gender differences subject: Drugs and alcohol related family problems subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder subject: Family relations description: For most people affected by drug use problem, there are family members who are affected also. The negative consequence can be more serious when it is a mother who is using drugs. date: 2013-03 type: Video type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Women and drug use in Europe. relation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6XzSzyvSyE&feature=youtu.be relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19396/ title: Drug policy profiles — Ireland. subject: Drugs and alcohol history subject: Ireland subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Drug laws subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: The national drug policy of Ireland comes under the spotlight in the second volume in the EMCDDA series of Drug policy profiles. Examining the evolution of Irish drug policy through four periods of historic development, the report explores: the country’s national strategies; the legal context within which they operate; the public funds spent, or committed, to implement them; and the political bodies and mechanisms set up to coordinate the response to the problem. The profile sets this information in context by outlining the size, wealth and economic situation of the country as a whole, as well as the historical development of the current policy. Also described is the manner in which events in Ireland bear similarities with, and differences from, developments in other European countries. Contents: • Introduction • Developing Irish drug control, 1921–1979 • Heroin use and the road towards a new drug policy, 1980–1995 • Changing policy frames and responses, 1996–2008 • Extending the policy, 2009–2012 • Conclusions • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19396/1/EMCDDA_Ireland.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Drug policy profiles — Ireland. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19227/ title: EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis. subject: Cocaine subject: Crime prevention subject: Heroin subject: European Union subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Methamphetamine subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Amphetamines subject: Ecstasy subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Organised crime subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: The EU drug markets report is the first comprehensive overview of illicit drug markets in the European Union. It covers issues such as production, consumer markets, trafficking, organised crime and policy responses, along with a review of the markets for heroin, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy and new psychoactive substances. It concludes with concrete action points for the areas where the current EU response to the drug market and its consequent harms may be improved. An essential reference tool for law enforcement professionals, policymakers, the academic community and the general public, the report combines Europol’s strategic and operational understanding of trends and developments in organised crime with the EMCDDA’s ongoing monitoring and analysis of the drug phenomenon in Europe and beyond. Table of contents • Foreword • Introduction • Acknowledgements • At a glance • Chapter 1: Context • Chapter 2: Heroin • Chapter 3: Cocaine • Chapter 4: Cannabis • Chapter 5: Amphetamine • Chapter 6: Methamphetamine • Chapter 7: Ecstasy • Chapter 8: New psychoactive substances • Chapter 9: Issues in focus • Chapter 10: Conclusions and recommendations • References • Abbreviations publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013-01 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19227/1/EMCDDA_Drug_markets.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2013) EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19098/ title: The second European conference on drug supply indicators: conclusions of the Chairs. subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Drug laws subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Organised crime description: The EMCDDA and the European Commission have been asked to prepare a proposal for key indicators for the drug supply area. Two technical conferences supported by expert working groups in three areas (drug markets, drug supply reduction and drug-related crime) recognised that: · we should build on the ongoing work in this area at the national, European and International level, adopting a developmental approach coherent with national realities and needs; · routine reporting needs at EU level should be based upon a restricted set of core data. publisher: Council of the European Union date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19098/1/emcdda.en13.pdf identifier: European Commission, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) The second European conference on drug supply indicators: conclusions of the Chairs. Bruxelles: Council of the European Union. relation: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/homepage relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20996/ title: Drug-related infectious diseases. subject: Communicable disease subject: HIV prevention subject: HIV infection subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction description: This key indicator collects data on the extent of infectious diseases — primarily HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection — among people who inject drugs (injecting drug users or IDUs). The data is collected from IDUs each calendar year using two main methods. These are: (a) surveys of IDUs that include serological testing and (b) the monitoring of routine diagnostic testing for HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection among IDUs. These two sources are the most useful as they can provide data on the proportion of those tested who are infected (i.e. prevalence). Repeated collection of data over time allows examination of trends in prevalence, whilst collection of data from young or new users can provide an insight into current levels of transmission (i.e. incidence). In addition to the prevalence data, data on case reports of new diagnosis, such as data from national HIV case reporting and notification systems of hepatitis B and C, also provides useful information. The collection of infectious diseases data is undertaken by the EMCDDA in close collaboration with the EU Member States and the ECDC and WHO. Guidance on how this data should be collected has been produced by the EMCDDA. In addition, the data can be used to generate indirect estimates of the incidence, prevalence and trends in drug injecting (see the EMCDDA key indicator on problem drug use). publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2013 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Drug-related infectious diseases. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/key-indicators/drid relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20093/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2012 Annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA (New drugs in Europe, 2012. subject: Drug intoxication subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Heroin subject: risk factors subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Internet retailing (online sales) description: This report presents the key activities performed by the EMCDDA and Europol in 2012 and includes details of all the relevant activities in support of the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. Table of contents • Introduction and background • Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the EU Pharmacovigilance system • Formal activities • Epidemiology and new approaches • Production and distribution of new psychoactive substances • Conclusions • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20093/1/newdrugs.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2013) EMCDDA–Europol 2012 Annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA (New drugs in Europe, 2012. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2012 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19242/ title: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: risk factors subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: At the end of September 2012, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (commonly known by the abbreviation ‘5-IT’), through a joint assessment. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Table of contents Introduction Information collection process Information required by Article 5.2 of the Decision Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Decision Summary of findings Conclusions Annexes Annex 1 — Main information sources Annex 2 — Details of seizures and collected samples of 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT) reported to the EMCDDA Annex 3 — Deaths associated with 5-(2-aminopropylindole(5-IT) reported to the EMCDDA publisher: EMCDDA–Europol date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19242/1/EMCDDATDAS13001ENN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2013) EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole. Luxembourg: EMCDDA–Europol. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/5-IT relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19623/ title: European exchange on Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing for people using drugs. subject: Brief intervention subject: Motivational interviewing subject: Psychosocial treatment method subject: Europe description: The EMCDDA page provides the minutes and four presentations from a meeting held to discuss brief interventions and motivational interviewing for people using drugs. ‘Early intervention’ is repeatedly mentioned in EU drugs strategies and is supported by evidence especially for alcohol users, but little is known about how and for which target groups it is actually being used in member states. Little known are also the possibilities of using established techniques for alcohol users like Brief Intervention and Motivational Interviewing in other settings and for users of other substances, even though a recent review found some evidence in reducing substance use if compared with no intervention. Policy makers and professionals might need to know more about how to implement these strategies in larger scale and about the obstacles to be expected when passing scientific findings into practice. The EMCDDA invited experts with experiences related to each of those questions. The objectives of the meeting were to share views and experience on • implementation barriers and effects, including issues of fidelity; • transferability to other settings and organisational contexts; • applicability for substances other than alcohol, above all cannabis and new drugs; • roll-out within primary health or prevention systems; • transferability across countries; • use in street work and outreach work settings. date: 2013 type: Conference or Workshop Item type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) European exchange on Brief Interventions and Motivational Interviewing for people using drugs. In: European exchange meeting, 23 January 2013, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index197136EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20016/ title: General report of activities 2012. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: The General Report of Activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents • Foreword • Introduction • Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance • Part II: Management and internal control systems • Annex 1: EMCDDA Organisational chart • Annex 2: Breakdown of EMCDDA staff as of 31 December 2012 • Annex 3: Outputs and products • Annex 4: Key external events, conferences and meetings, 2012 [PDF] • Annex 5: Implementation of the 2012 work programme [PDF] • Annex 6: Members of the EMCDDA’s statutory bodies • Annex 7: Use of the available resources in 2012 • Annex 8: List of acronyms and abbreviations publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20016/1/EMCDDA_activities_2012.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) General report of activities 2012. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20061/ title: North American drug prevention programmes: are they feasible in European cultures and contexts? subject: United States subject: Prevention approach subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Europe subject: Canada description: Some commentators argue that programmes developed in North America (Canada and the US) are unlikely to work in European countries, due to differing cultural contexts and because most of the evidence for their effectiveness comes from North America. This Thematic paper presents experiences of adapting and implementing four innovative and proven North American drug prevention programmes in Europe, showing the clear potential of transferring such programmes and avoiding the cliché of culture as a barrier to implementation. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20061/1/American_final.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) North American drug prevention programmes: are they feasible in European cultures and contexts? Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ relation: doi: 10.2810/41791 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19244/ title: Work programme 2013. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: This is the first of the three annual work programmes required to implement the activities and commitments set out in the EMCDDA’s new strategy for the 2013–15 period. The central challenge for the EMCDDA is to continue to deliver high-quality analyses on established topics at the same time as extending its work in less developed but strategically important areas. As the European drug problem evolves, the EMCDDA must also ensure that its tools and approaches keep pace with developments and remain fit for purpose. Table of contents Introduction and summary of key outputs Main areas of work in 2013 Cooperation and collaboration with key partners Supporting the achievement of results Annex I: Potential risk factors Annex II: Estimated allocation/use of the appropriations provided under the EMCDDA 2013 budget for the implementation of the EMCDDA 2013 work programme Annex III: List of the national focal points’ beneficiaries of the Reitox grant Annex IV: Template of the 2013 Reitox grant agreement List of abbreviations and acronyms publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2013 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19244/1/WP_2013.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013) Work programme 2013. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/work-programmes/2013 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19003/ title: Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines. New EMCDDA report reveals risks of substance use behind the wheel. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drinking and driving subject: Transportation safety laws (driving) subject: Drinking-and-drug driving laws subject: Prescription drug (medicine / medication) subject: Europe subject: Drug use and driving description: The use of illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines amongst drivers, particularly when combined with alcohol, is described today in a new report from the EU drugs agency(EMCDDA. The ‘state of the art’ review presents the results of the largest research project ever carried out in the EU on Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines (the ‘DRUID’ project), which ran between 2006 and 2011. Around 30 000 people die in traffic accidents in the EU every year, with alcohol still the number one substance endangering lives on Europe’s roads (around one quarter of road deaths). The European Commission funded the DRUID project in order to assess the scale of Europe’s drink- and drug-driving problem and contribute key evidence to road safety policy. It culminated in 50 project reports, running to several thousand pages. The new 50-page EMCDDA review summarises the findings of these reports. For the first time using comparable data, the project drew a map of the drink- and drug-driving problem across 13 European countries (Figure 2). Over 50 000 car and van drivers were tested in random roadside surveys for traces of 25 substances, including illicit drugs, alcohol and medicines. Alcohol was detected in 3.5 % of drivers, illicit drugs in 1.9 % and medicines in 1.4 %. Mixtures of drugs or medicines were found in 0.39 % of those stopped and combinations of alcohol with drugs or medicines in 0.37 %. A series of project recommendations are made to counter driving impaired by substance use. The roadside surveys revealed cannabis (THC) to be the most frequently detected illicit drug in drivers, followed by cocaine and amphetamines. Meanwhile, benzodiazepines were the most frequently found medicine, with medicinal opioids less common. Across Europe, the prevalence of alcohol, cocaine, cannabis and combined substance use was found to be higher in southern and western regions. Medicinal opioids were detected more in northern Europe, while substance use was relatively low in most of the eastern region. Alcohol and drugs were found more often in male drivers, while medicines were identified mainly in middle-aged and older female drivers. Commenting today Wolfgang Götz, EMCDDA Director, said: ‘The DRUID project has given policymakers the best available scientific evidence on levels of drug and alcohol use in drivers and the responses available today to improve road safety in Europe. The EMCDDA is proud to be associated with this project, which has set the standard for assessing drug driving in European countries in order to design more effective solutions in future’. Also examined in the study were data from nine countries on drivers seriously injured or killed in traffic accidents. In sharp contrast to the results of the roadside tests, between a quarter and a half of drivers involved in crashes in these countries (28 % to 53 %) tested positive for one or more psychoactive substance (Figure 3). Overall, 24.4 % of the injured driver population and 31.7 % of the killed driver population tested positive for alcohol, around 70 % of these being severely intoxicated (blood alcohol content 1.2 g/l). Among those testing positive for alcohol, the highest percentage of seriously injured drivers was found in Belgium and the highest percentage of drivers killed in accidents found in Portugal. Among those testing positive for cannabis, the highest percentage of seriously injured drivers was again found in Belgium and the highest percentage of drivers killed in accidents in Norway. Cocaine use appeared to be more common in southern Europe. date: 2012-12-14 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines. New EMCDDA report reveals risks of substance use behind the wheel. (14 Dec 2012) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/13 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16942/ title: Standards and guidelines for practices. Web resource. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Patient care management subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Health care delivery subject: Health care quality control subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe description: This page contains a listing of national drug prevention guidelines and standards in Europe. The title, the methodological basis and the types of treatment covered by each guideline are provided, along with a download link where available. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-12 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Standards and guidelines for practices. Web resource. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/best-practice/standards relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18976/ title: Mortality among drug users: guidelines for carrying out, analysing and reporting key figures 2011–12. creator: Buster, Marcel creator: Giraudon, Isabelle creator: Matias, Joao creator: Vicente, Julian subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Data collection method subject: Quantitative data analysis subject: Europe description: Drug-related mortality is a complex phenomenon, which accounts for a considerable percentage of deaths among young people in many European countries. The EMCDDA, in collaboration with national experts, has defined an epidemiological indicator with two components at present: deaths directly caused by illegal drugs (drug-induced deaths) and mortality rates among problem drug users. These two components can fulfil several public health and methodological objectives, notably as an indicator of the overall health impact of drug use and the components of this impact. This standard protocol focuses on the second component (mortality). It provides national focal points and experts with a guide for carrying out,analysing and reporting to the EMCDDA the key figures on mortality among drug users. It describes the features of the Fonte web-based interface which allow the Member States to report their mortality data to the EMCDDA. Each centre must adopt specific and effective procedures to ensure the absolute confidentiality of the information gathered and that the appropriate legislation on data protection, ethical approval and consent are respected. Table of contents: • Introduction/objectives • Carrying out mortality studies among drug users • Data analysis: rates, confidence intervals and adjustment for differences in age distribution • Strengths and limitations • References publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-11 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18976/1/Mortality_Cohorts_Guidelines_2012.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Buster, Marcel and Giraudon, Isabelle and Matias, Joao and Vicente, Julian (2012) Mortality among drug users: guidelines for carrying out, analysing and reporting key figures 2011–12. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: EMCDDA project CT.10:EPI.003 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18784/ title: Prisons and drugs in Europe: the problem and responses. subject: Prison subject: Prison-based health service subject: Offender subject: Rehabilitation subject: Europe subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) description: This Selected issue starts off by reviewing the available data on drug use among prison populations in Europe, focusing on injecting drug use and other health risk behaviours. Major health risks for drug-using prisoners, including blood-borne infections and infections that can affect all prisoners equally, such as tuberculosis, are discussed. Also mentioned is the role of prison environments, where overcrowding and unsanitary conditions are not uncommon, and the higher-than-average occurrence of psychiatric problems among prisoners. The first section concludes by describing the increased risk of death among prisoners, both in custody and after release. The second part of the report focuses on responses to the health needs of drug-using prisoners in European countries. The study looks at how the internationally recognised rights of prisoners and the European and international rules that set standards for the care of prisoners apply to those with drug problems. The administration of prison healthcare in European countries is examined, and national policies are reviewed. This is followed by an overview of the available information on drug-related service provision in Europe, from prison entry to prison release, addressing counselling, treatment of drug dependence and the prevention of infectious diseases and drug overdose. Table of contents • The context: prisoners in Europe • Drug use among the prison population • Health of drug-using prisoners • Mortality among prisoners using drugs • The European context • Responsibility for prison health in the European countries • Drug-related prison health policies • Provision of drug-related health services in prison • Release preparation and throughcare • Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-11 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Prisons and drugs in Europe: the problem and responses. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 36 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18783/ title: 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: Cocaine subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Commentary • Policies and laws • Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview • Cannabis • Amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens, GHB and ketamine • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Opioid use and drug injection • Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths • New drugs and emerging trends publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-11 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18783/1/EMCDDA_annual_report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2012 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18787/ title: Prevalence of daily cannabis use in the European Union and Norway. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: This report brings together, for the first time in Europe, an integrated overview of the prevalence of intensive cannabis use, defined as daily or almost daily cannabis use (use on 20 or more days in the month preceding survey). Self-reported data regarding frequency of cannabis use from large, probabilistic, nationally representative samples of general population surveys from 20 countries, representing more than 83 % of the population of EU and Norway, were collected through two rounds of ad hoc data collection in 2004 and 2007 and through a routine, standard data collection instrument since 2010. Table of contents Introductory note Executive summary • Introduction • Methodology and data collection • Results • Discussion: strengths and limitations of the data on daily cannabis use in Europe • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-11 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18787/1/emcdda-daily-cannabis-use-2012.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Prevalence of daily cannabis use in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18596/ title: Social reintegration and employment: evidence and interventions for drug users in treatment. creator: Sumnall, Harry creator: Brotherhood, Angelina subject: Drugs and alcohol recovery subject: Inclusion and exclusion subject: Vocational rehabilitation (employment / occupation) subject: Treatment factors subject: Europe subject: Community-based treatment (primary care) subject: Employment and unemployment description: In order to help drug users become full members of society following treatment, measures are needed that address the issues of housing, education, vocational training and employment as part of their recovery. This report considers existing interventions targeting this vulnerable social group. It also provides a set of conclusions targeted at policymakers and drug practitioners, in order to help them develop coherent and comprehensive social integration strategies. Examples of ‘what works’ in practice are a vital first step in developing evidence-based guidelines for future interventions. Table of contents: • Foreword • Acknowledgements • Executive summary • Part I: The need for social reintegration • Part II: Approaches to promote social reintegration • Part III: Conclusions • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-10 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18596/1/Social_reintegration_and_employment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Sumnall, Harry and Brotherhood, Angelina [EMCDDA] . (2012) Social reintegration and employment: evidence and interventions for drug users in treatment. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 208 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18705/ title: Pregnancy, childcare and the family: key issues for Europe’s response to drugs. subject: Role of child subject: Family role subject: Pregnancy subject: Ireland subject: Family-focused prevention subject: Pregnant woman subject: Child of drugs and alcohol user subject: Parent-child relations subject: Drugs and alcohol related family problems subject: Parent subject: Child subject: Role of parent subject: Family support subject: Family or marital therapy subject: Europe description: This Selected issue gives a broad overview on the extent of, and available responses to, the problems of pregnant drug users and families that are affected by drug use. In the first part of the report, a description of the available data on the extent of drug use during pregnancy and associated risks is followed by a review of responses to drug use among pregnant women across Europe. The second part of the publication focuses on children living in the care of drug users. Here, a review of the risks related to drug use in the family sets the scene for European overviews of responses targeting drug-using parents and responses aimed at the children of drug users. The policy and legal frameworks concerning the two situations are described, both for pregnant drug users and drug-using parents and their children. Table of contents: • Introductory note and acknowledgements • Introduction • Pregnant drug users • Drug users living with children • Conclusions • References publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-10 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18705/1/EMCDDA_Pregnancy%2C_childcare_and_the_family.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Pregnancy, childcare and the family: key issues for Europe’s response to drugs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18417/ title: EMCDDA 2013–15 strategy and work programme. subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: The 2013–15 strategy and work programme is the third one since the EMCDDA’s recast Regulation in 2006. It is built around three top-level commitments: (a) providing a relevant, timely and responsive analysis of the drug situation; (b) efficiency: deriving maximum value from activities and investments; (c) communication and a customer-orientated approach. The bedrock on which this three-year strategy and work plan rests is the recognition that the achievements the agency has made since its inception have been delivered by maintaining clarity of purpose, technical rigour and a long-term vision. Table of contents: • Foreword by the EMCDDA Director • Context • Information and analysis for policy and action: the EMCDDA's strategy and vision for 2013–15 • From strategic vision to getting results: the EMCDDA's work programme for 2013–15 • Risk assessment publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-09 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18417/1/EMCDDA_2013%E2%80%9315_strategy_and_work_programme.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) EMCDDA 2013–15 strategy and work programme. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi: 10.2810/72936 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18338/ title: Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review. subject: Social context subject: Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use subject: Sociocultural drugs and alcohol use subject: Recreational drug use subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: Little is known about the issue of drug use by travellers. This Thematic paper seeks to increase the interest in this topic both in terms of research and of developing adequate responses to problems related to drugs and travel. The paper aims to shed some light on this topic by investigating the following five questions: What is the profile of those who travel and use drugs? Which destinations have been associated with drug use among travellers? What is the prevalence of drug use among travellers? What are the risks associated with using drugs while travelling? What is the potential for prevention interventions? Table of contents: • Introduction • Travelling and using drugs • Examples of drug-related destinations • Prevalence of drug use among young travellers • Risks associated with drug use while travelling • Potential for prevention interventions • Conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-09 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18338/1/ThematicPaper_Travel_and_drug_use.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: Thematic Papers relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18436/ title: Treatment demand indicator (TDI) standard protocol 3.0: Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries. subject: Research organization and management subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: This Manual is a revised edition of the Treatment demand indicator (TDI) protocol version 2.0 and presents updated guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in Europe. The TDI is one of five key epidemiological indicators which provide a common European methodology for collecting and reporting core data on the number and profiles of those entering specialised drug treatment each year. TDI data are routinely used in EMCDDA analysis of the drug situation in Europe, helping to identify trends and patterns in problem drug use and to assess the use and uptake of treatment facilities. Table of contents: • Introduction • Guidelines • Methodological and ethical issues • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-09 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18436/1/EMCDDA-TDI-Protocol-3.0.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Treatment demand indicator (TDI) standard protocol 3.0: Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18187/ title: Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Research and evaluation subject: Programme evaluation subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe description: he EMCDDA first published the Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention in 1998 to respond to a need expressed by professionals and policymakers to have a tool and stimulus to evaluate prevention interventions in Europe. These guidelines aimed to facilitate and encourage project leaders to evaluate their own interventions and to design them accordingly. This second edition is an updated version of the original EMCDDA guidelines, which contains new methods, concepts and examples of currently available drug prevention interventions and which provides a framework for carrying out an evaluation. The content has also been updated with developments in online EMCDDA drug prevention and evaluation resources. Table of contents: • Acknowledgements • Preface • Introduction • Chapter 1: Assessing intervention planning • Chapter 2: Designing and carrying out a theory-driven evaluation • Chapter 3: Process evaluation and monitoring system • Chapter 4: Outcome evaluation • Chapter 5: Communicating the results • Chapter 6: Assessing intervention planning • Chapter 7: Designing and carrying out a theory-driven evaluation • Chapter 8: Process evaluation and monitoring system • Chapter 9: Outcome evaluation • Chapter 10: Communicating the results publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-07 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18187/1/EMCDDA_Guidelines.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 140 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17957/ title: Drug demand reduction: global evidence for local actions. Drugs in Focus 23. subject: Information transfer from research to practice subject: Demand reduction policy subject: Ireland subject: Europe description: This policy briefing considers the development of evidence-based drug demand reduction interventions. Following a definition of key terms used in the evidence-based drug demand reduction arena, the briefing then presents the main challenges involved in transferring scientific knowledge into practical applications, with a particular emphasis on 'best practice'. Table of contents: • Key issues at a glance • Definitions • Understanding best practice • Guidelines and standards: popular instruments to promote best practice • Accessing and using scientific evidence • Learning from each other — minimum quality standards for Europe • Implementing evidence through guidelines, standards and other tools • Next steps: identifying gaps and considering new issues • Conclusions and policy considerations • Key sources • Web information publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17957/1/EMCDDA_Drug_demand_reduction_global_evidence_for_local_actions.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Drug demand reduction: global evidence for local actions. Drugs in Focus 23. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18153/ title: Responding to drug use and related problems in recreational settings. subject: Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use subject: Problem drugs and alcohol use subject: Recreational drug use subject: Prevention by sponsor or setting subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Social context subject: Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe description: Drug and alcohol use in recreational settings are linked to a range of health and social problems. These include acute health problems, such as unconsciousness and unintentional injury, aggressive behaviour and violence, unsafe and unwanted sex, and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. In the 2009–12 EU drugs action plan and, more recently, through the adoption in 2010 of Council conclusions in this area, the EU has addressed drug and alcohol use in places where young people gather to socialise and dance. Reflecting these conclusions, this paper summarises some of the approaches used today to prevent and reduce the health and social risks associated with the use of illicit drugs and alcohol in recreational settings. Table of contents: Introduction The need for a balanced and evidence-based approach Prevention at the user level Environmental strategies Training of staff Interventions involving stakeholders Policing and law enforcement measures Conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-07 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18153/1/EMCDDA_Recreational_settings_WEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Responding to drug use and related problems in recreational settings. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17681/ title: Leading experts to review global developments in new drugs and ‘legal highs’. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Synthetic cathinones subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe description: The United States National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) bring together leading US, European and international experts this week to take stock of the global ‘new drugs’ phenomenon. In the framework of the 2012 NIDA International Forum, taking place in Palm Springs (CA) from 8–11 June (1), the organisations will co-host the Second interdisciplinary forum on new and emerging psychoactive substances gathering over 300 participants from 72 countries. Building on the First international multidisciplinary forum on new drugs (2), organised by the EMCDDA in Lisbon in May 2011, this year’s forum will focus on new and emerging synthetic and natural drugs, such as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (e.g. ‘Spice’) and stimulants (e.g. cathinones). EMCDDA Scientific Director Paul Griffiths, who will receive on 9 June the 2012 NIDA International Program Award for Excellence in International Leadership (3), will deliver a keynote speech on ‘New psychoactive substances — a growing challenge for drug policy and practice’. Other speakers include Volker Auwaerter of the University Medical Centre, Freiburg, who, in 2008, first identified the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 found in ‘Spice’ (4). date: 2012-06-07 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Leading experts to review global developments in new drugs and ‘legal highs’. (07 Jun 2012) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/4 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17754/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2011. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents: • Foreword • Introduction • Part I: Report of activities: key achievements and governance • Part II: Management and internal control systems: annual activity report as per the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA (adopted by the EMCDDA’s Management Board on 9 January 2009) publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17754/1/EMCDDA_2011_Report-web-revised.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2011. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17642/ title: New ESPAD study shows overall stable drug use among school students and a reduction in ‘heavy episodic drinking’, but no decrease in cigarette smoking. subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Student (secondary level) subject: Europe subject: Binge drinking subject: Tobacco (cigarette smoking) subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: Overall, the use of illicit drugs among 15–16-year-old school students appears to have stabilised, according to the latest European study of this group published today by the European school survey project on alcohol and other drugs (ESPAD). The report, based on a 2011 survey in 36 European countries, also reveals a reduction in ‘heavy episodic drinking’ (five drinks or more per occasion). But the survey highlights country differences and the need for vigilance where cannabis, inhalant and tobacco use has been seen to rise. This is the fifth data-collection wave conducted by the ESPAD project, with multi-national surveys carried out every four years since 1995 (1). Over 100,000 school students took part in the latest survey. Of the countries participating, 23 were EU Member States. The 2011 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 36 European countries, available in English, will be complemented by a multilingual summary produced with the support of the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) (2). The EMCDDA includes ESPAD data in its annual reporting on the drug situation and the two bodies work closely together under a cooperation agreement signed in 2007 (3). This cooperation was scaled up in 2011, with the partners vowing to boost joint work and technical cooperation to enhance understanding of long-term drug use trends among this population in Europe. The new survey results show that the increase seen in the use of illic¬it drugs among this age group in ESPAD countries between 1995 and 2003 has since stalled, with the average prevalence remaining unchanged at 18 % between 2007 and 2011 (11 % in 1995; 20 % in 2003). The vast majority of the students surveyed in 2011 who had ever tried an illicit drug, had used cannabis. Average lifetime cannabis use was reported by 17 % of the students (4), use in the last 12 months was reported by 13 % and use in the last 30 days by 7 % (all unchanged overall). But despite this overall stable picture, the proportion of stu¬dents who had ever tried cannabis increased significantly between 2007 and 2011 in 11 of the 36 ESPAD countries (and fell in five). The 2011 ESPAD data show that over three-quarters of school students (79 %) had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months and over half (57 %) in the last 30 days, continuing the small decreases witnessed since 2003. In total, 11 countries reported a fall in alcohol use over the past 30 days and in ‘heavy episodic drinking’ over the same period (the latter had increased by 8 per¬centage points between 1995 and 2007). Also reported is the small decrease to 38 % in this drinking pattern among girls, in contrast to the striking increase seen in the last round of the survey (29 % in 2003, rising to 41 % in 2007). Among boys, the figure was also slightly lower in 2011 (43 % compared with 45 % in 2007). Across 22 countries, more boys than girls still report ‘heavy episodic drinking’ in the past 30 days, although the gender gap shrank from 12 percentage points in 1995 to five in 2011. date: 2012-05-31 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] New ESPAD study shows overall stable drug use among school students and a reduction in ‘heavy episodic drinking’, but no decrease in cigarette smoking. (31 May 2012) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2012/3 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17629/ title: Early warning system - national profile. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Prevention through information and education subject: European Union subject: Information use and impact description: This publication presents 30 profiles, including Ireland's, of the national early warning systems on new psychoactive substances in operation in Europe in 2011. In Ireland an emerging trends sub-committee was originally set up in September 1997 by the Department of Health as the ad-hoc early warning Committee on New Synthetic Drugs to consider national issues arising from the 1997 Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs by the Council of the European Union concerning information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs where each Member State had to set up a system of early warning to monitor the emergence of this phenomenon. In 2001, the committee was placed on a formal basis within the National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) and its remit extended to include the monitoring of emerging trends. The functions of the early warning system for Ireland are to: identify new drugs; describe new trends in drug use, and report the serious and unusual consequences of drug use. 1. National drug trend monitoring system pilot (2007). The NACD developed and tested three new indicators for use in a Drug Trend Monitoring System (DTMS). The three indicators piloted were: • a media monitoring system to monitor current drug seizures, drug-related court cases, and local drug issues around the country; • a network of trend monitors consisting of frontline workers from around the country to complete a twice-yearly trend questionnaire on the drug situation in their area, and notify the DTMS when new trends arise; • a series of focus groups with drug users to assess latest drug trends. date: 2012-05-25 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Early warning system - national profile. (25 May 2012) relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17626/ relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17614/ title: Drug-related research in Europe: recent developments and future perspectives. subject: Research organization and management subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Research dissemination subject: Europe description: Scientific findings and up-to-date evidence are needed for sound policymaking at local, national and EU level. Research can help answer many policy questions by investigating which interventions or combination of interventions may be more appropriate to help reduce drug problems. Research can also assess the cost-effectiveness of various alternative interventions and suggest innovative ways to increase effectiveness. Both the European Commission and the Member States have been investing in drug-related research and promoting the development of a wider knowledge base to underpin drug policy. However, there has been no consistent approach at European level to identifying and prioritising research topics. The EMCDDA has been monitoring drug-related research since 2007, as part of its mandate to provide ‘the Community and its Member States with factual, objective, reliable and comparable information at European level concerning drugs and drug addiction and their consequences’ (1). The agency has developed a methodology to analyse research activity on the basis of the studies cited by Reitox national focal points in their Reitox national reports. This Thematic paper therefore draws from a variety of sources, which include analysis of the yearly national reports submitted to the EMCDDA by the Reitox national focal points over the period 2008–10, projects funded through different European Commission research and drug-related programmes, and Council and Commission documents focusing on this topic. It aims to update the EMCDDA Selected issue on national drug-related research in Europe (EMCDDA, 2008), by reporting on recent developments and current challenges, and by suggesting future opportunities in this field. ( publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17614/1/EMCDDA_research_europe.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Drug-related research in Europe: recent developments and future perspectives. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17626/ title: Early warning system: national profiles. creator: Gallegos, Ana creator: Sedefov, Roumen subject: Information dissemination subject: Ireland subject: Prevention through information and education subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Harm reduction policy description: This publication presents 30 profiles of the national early warning systems on new psychoactive substances in operation in Europe in 2011. The early warning system on new psychoactive substances is a multidisciplinary network consisting of 30 European countries which collect, appraise and rapidly disseminate information on new drugs and products that contain them. The publication aims to promote best practices and to enhance the exchange of experiences between different national early warning systems. Irish national profile - page 74 publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17626/1/EMCDDA_early_warning_national_profiles.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Gallegos, Ana and Sedefov, Roumen (2012) Early warning system: national profiles. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi: 10.2810/51894 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14065/ title: EMCDDA: Prevention profile: Ireland subject: Targeted prevention subject: Ireland subject: Universal prevention subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: What are countries in Europe doing to prevent illicit drug use? The prevention profiles section of the website tries to answer this question by providing information on the level of provision of different prevention measures in Europe (EU Member States, Croatia, Turkey and Norway). For more information, including methodology, definitions, data sources and technical information, please read the 'About prevention profiles' page. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) EMCDDA: Prevention profile: Ireland. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/country-data/prevention/2011/ireland relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16781/ title: Overviews of legal topics. subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Ireland subject: European Union subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Drugs and alcohol laws description: The European Legal Database on Drugs (ELDD) is the EMCDDA's online database of information on European drugs-related legislation for the Member States and Norway. Topic Overviews cover the following areas: • Classification of controlled drugs • Illegal consumption • Illegal possession of drugs • Illegal drug trafficking • Possession of cannabis for personal use • Medical purposes • Needle and Syringe Programmes • Treatment alternatives • Workplace drug testing • Hallucinogenic mushrooms • Driving • Substitution treatment • Controlled deliveries • Precursor penalties • Threshold quantities Classification of controlled drugs  How are drugs classified at international level and why?  Does the EU have a standardised classification system?  Do different types of drugs elicit different legal responses? Personal possession of cannabis  Is cannabis equal to other substances or not?  When are cannabis-related offences prosecuted? Illegal consumption of drugs and the law  Is drug consumption per se illegal?  Is it prosecuted? Legal status of drug testing in the workplace  In which conditions is testing permitted?  What are the rights and responsibilities of the employer and employee?  Are there privacy or data protection issues involved? Drugs and driving  What drugs are prohibited for drivers?  Can police stop drivers randomly, or do they need suspicion?  Should a driver be under influence, or does any trace of drugs lead to an offence? Illegal possession of drugs  Is possession of drugs 'for personal use' viewed differently from other forms of possession?  Do the quantities and nature of the drug(s) involved affect the legal response? Hallucinogenic mushrooms  Are these controlled in Member States?  What happens if they grow in the wild? Legal status of opioid substitution treatment  What drugs are permitted for substitution treatment in the countries?  Who can prescribe them? Who can dispense them?  How are the drugs and the patients monitored? Can they be taken home?  What happens if the patient fails a urine test? Illegal drug trafficking  Is there a difference between trafficking in drugs for personal use and trafficking for commercial purposes? Treatment alternatives to prosecution or prison  Are alternative measures to prosecution for drug offences available?  Does the offender have to be an addict?  Can they be used for theft offences?  Are they compulsory? Penalties for precursor offences  Are the penalties the same as for drug trafficking offences?  What happens if there is just a breach of labelling requirements? Supplying illicit drugs for medical purposes  Is substitution treatment in breach of the international Conventions against drugs?  What are the legal bases for methadone prescription?  Is prescribing heroin for medical purposes against international law? Legal Framework of Needle and Syringe Programmes  Are these programmes legal?  Can they be considered as facilitating drug use?  How do the police react? Controlled deliveries  If law enforcement officers want to watch a controlled delivery of drugs through the territory, who can authorise it?  What are the necessary requirements for authorisation?  Do the same laws apply to other illicit goods? Threshold quantities for possession and supply offences  Who defines a threshold quantity?  How much is a small, or large, quantity of a drug?  How do quantities vary between different drugs? publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-03 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Overviews of legal topics. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5036EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16951/ title: Work programme 2012. subject: Research organization and management subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: The 2012 EMCDDA work programme takes forward activities begun in 2010 to implement the EMCDDA's three-year strategy (2010–12). This strategy seeks to: consolidate and deepen the analysis of core datasets held at the EMCDDA; invest in more complex and policy-relevant analysis; and develop a small number of new areas of strategic importance. It also reflects on the obligations of the agency’s mission statement and is sensitive to the needs of the EU drugs strategy and action plan (2009–12). The 2012 work programme presents specific objectives accompanied by their related activities and expected outcomes. This new structure is the result of the ongoing rationalisation of planning processes and procedures taking place within the EMCDDA. Table of contents • Introduction and summary of outputs • Monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem in Europe • Cooperation and collaboration with key external partners • Supporting the achievement of results • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012-02 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16951/1/emcdda_Work_programme_2012.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Work programme 2012. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16780/ title: Legal topic overviews: classification of controlled drugs. subject: Cocaine subject: Over the counter drug (medicine / medication) subject: Sedatives or tranquillisers (CNS depressants) subject: European Union subject: Drug laws subject: Methadone subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: MDMA subject: Controlled substance subject: Amphetamines subject: International aspects subject: Drugs and alcohol in general subject: Prescription drug (medicine / medication) subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Europe subject: Codeine description: EU Member States classify drugs and precursors according to the three UN Conventions of 1961, 1971 and 1988 (abbreviated below to UN61, UN71 and UN88), controlling and supervising their legitimate scientific or medical use while taking into account the particular risks to public or individual health. This Topic Overview looks at the UN system, the EU’s system of pan-European control, and finally gives a table outlining the similarities and differences of the national systems in the EU and Norway. • How are drugs classified at international level and why? • Does the EU have a standardised classification system? • Do different types of drugs elicit different legal responses? publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Legal topic overviews: classification of controlled drugs. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index146601EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16790/ title: Legal topic overviews: penalties for illegal drug trafficking. subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Criminal penalty subject: Europe description: What we have here called 'trafficking' offences may include production or cultivation, import and export, transporting, offering, selling and/or possession, with intent to distribute or supply, or the concept of acting 'for gain' or 'on a commercial basis'. Therefore, we have not included production or cultivation for personal use. Various aggravating factors in the offence may include the involvement of large quantities, drugs considered very dangerous to health, the aim to make substantial profit, involvement of (organised) groups or gangs, abuse of position by a professional person, or recidivism. Selling drugs to acquire money to finance a drug habit is a recognised behaviour among drug users and is considered an offence in all EU Member States. In some, these 'user-dealers' or 'addict-pushers' occupy a middle ground between the serious offence of drug distribution and the more medical problem of drug addiction. As such, they may be specifically identified in national laws – if not, it is usual for the judge to take this situation into account when sentencing. Addiction is seen as a mitigating circumstance, but on the other hand the type and quantity of the drug sold or distributed, and recidivism, may be seen as aggravating factors. In general, selling drugs is always prosecuted, but wide ranges are prescribed for sentencing. At European level, following the conclusions of the 1999 Tampere European Council that called on the Member States to adopt additional legal provisions to combat trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the Council adopted in October 2004 a Framework-Decision laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking. This overview contains penalties by country and a table: EU Framework-Decision laying down minimum provisions on the constituent elements of criminal acts and penalties in the field of illicit drug trafficking. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012-01 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Legal topic overviews: penalties for illegal drug trafficking. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index146646EN.html#intro relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18786/ title: EMCDDA Trendspotter study on fentanyl in Europe. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The EMCDDA Trendspotter case study on Fentanyl in Europe was undertaken during September and October 2012. It culminated in an expert meeting in Lisbon on 9–10 October 2012. The aim of the study was to increase understanding of the availability and illicit use of fentanyl in Europe, with a specific focus on: the extent and patterns of use; illicit production and diversion; harms and deaths; and, responses to the problem. Twelve experts from 10 EU Member States (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, Sweden, Finland, United Kingdom) attended the meeting, presenting their experiences and contributing to an analysis of the topic, providing insights from law enforcement, forensics, treatment, research and monitoring, and drug user perspectives. Table of contents • Rationale and methods • Multiple sources of supply • Divergent situations regarding use • Why more fentanyl use? • High levels of harm • Responding to fentanyl problems • Discussion • Conclusion publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18786/1/EMCDDA_Fentanyl.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) EMCDDA Trendspotter study on fentanyl in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 14 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18785/ title: EMCDDA-Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylamphetamine. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: CNS stimulants subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: At the end of 2011 and in 2012, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance, 4-methylamphetamine. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 4-methylamphetamine as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. Table of contents • Introduction • Information collection process • Information required by Article 5.2 of the Decision • Information from the EMA as requested by Article 5.3 of the Decision • Summary of findings • Conclusions • Annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18785/1/EMCDDA_EUROPOL_methylamphetamine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) EMCDDA-Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylamphetamine. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 40 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16757/ title: Legal topic overviews: possession of cannabis for personal use. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: Drug laws subject: Europe subject: Cannabis / Marijuana description: The legal status of cannabis for personal use is one of the most controversial policy issues in the European Union. Although cannabis is a classified narcotic drug placed under control by the United Nations and by all EU Member States, the measures adopted to control it at national level vary considerably, as shown in the table below. Cannabis extracts — marijuana, hashish and cannabis oil — are classified as narcotic drugs under both Schedules I and IV of the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Art. 36 requests State Parties to “adopt such measures as will ensure that …possession… of drugs contrary to the provisions of this Convention… shall be punishable offences when committed intentionally...”. The active principles of cannabis, the cannabinoids THC and specifically dronabinol (delta-9-THC), are classified as psychotropic substances under Schedules I and II respectively of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Art 22 of this echoes the terms of the 1961 Convention above, stating that “each Party shall treat as a punishable offence, when committed intentionally, any action contrary to a law or regulation adopted in pursuance of its obligations under this Convention… “. Finally, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic of 1988, Art. 3 requests establishment of a criminal offence for possession of drugs for the purposes of trafficking (Art. 3.1(a)(iii)), and for the possession for personal consumption (Art.3.2). This latter has been the subject of a wide range of interpretations and analyses; see ELDD’s Legal Reports for example the EMCDDA thematic paper “Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches”, section 1, and Chapter 7 of A Cannabis Reader, EMCDDA Monograph 8; Cannabis Control in Europe. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2012) Legal topic overviews: possession of cannabis for personal use. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/legal-topic-overviews/cannabis-possession-for-personal-use relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17830/ title: Cannabis production and markets in Europe. subject: Illegal production of drugs subject: Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) subject: Europe subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: This study brings together available evidence to provide a comprehensive analysis of cannabis production and markets across the EU. It combines information from EMCDDA routine reporting — data on patterns of prevalence and use, seizures, police reports, drug-law offences, cannabis potency and retail market prices — with literature on cannabis markets to create an in-depth analysis of the issue in a European context. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17830/1/web_INSIGHTS_CANNABIS.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Cannabis production and markets in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/insights/cannabis-market relation: doi:10.2810/52425 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17072/ title: Drugnet Europe. subject: Amphetamines subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: 2012 EMCDDA work programme; ECDC-EMCDDA HIV rapid risk assessment; Romania passes law to curb distribution of new psychoactive substances; European summer school on illicit drugs; multicity project on wastewater analysis; upcoming events on new psychoactive substances; and new EMCDDA products and services. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17072/1/DrugnetEurope77_WEB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) Drugnet Europe. 77 . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/77 relation: ISSN 0873-5379 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18073/ title: EMCDDA final annual accounts 2011. subject: Health care economics subject: Europe description: n accordance with Article 76 of the Financial Regulation applicable to the EMCDDA, the accounts of the EMCDDA shall comprise: 'The financial statements of the EMCDDA and the reports on implementation of the budget of the EMCDDA. The accounts of the EMCDDA shall be accompanied by a report on budgetary and financial management during the year.' Table of contents Financial statements of the EMCDDA Balance sheet Economic outturn account Cash-flow table Annexes to the balance sheet Report on the implementation of the EMCDDA budget Budget outturn account for the financial year 2011 Appendix to the EMCDDA 2011 accounts Report on budgetary and financial management for the financial year 2011 publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18073/1/EMCDDA_Final_Accounts_2011.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) EMCDDA final annual accounts 2011. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17382/ title: EMCDDA trend report for the evaluation of the 2005–12 EU drugs strategy. subject: Prison subject: Cocaine subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Heroin subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Prison Inmate (prisoner) subject: Drugs and alcohol laws subject: Demand reduction policy subject: Amphetamines subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Methadone maintenance subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Treatment and maintenance subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: This report has been compiled by the EMCDDA in the first half of 2011 as a supporting document for the external evaluation of the 2005–12 EU drugs strategy and its two 2005–08 and 2009–12 action plans. It reviews the main trends and changes in the European drug situation and in the responses developed by the EU Member States. Four main areas are covered by the report: drug use and drug-related problems; drug supply; drug policies; and demand reduction interventions. In this summary, at the beginning of each of these sections, the reader is reminded of the relevant priorities and objectives set out in the EU drugs strategy, in order to facilitate analysis and assessment of progress and achievements. The timeframe for analysis is from 2004 (the year before the strategy) until the most recent data available, usually 2009 or 2010. Most of the data have been collected through the EMCDDA’s network of Reitox national focal points but additional data sources have been used in some areas. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17382/1/att_154968_EN_Trend_report.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) EMCDDA trend report for the evaluation of the 2005–12 EU drugs strategy. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index154967EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17452/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2011 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Internet retailing (online sales) description: This report presents the results and outlines the key achievements for 2011 on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. New drugs were detected in the European Union in 2011 at the rate of around one per week, with a total of 49 new psychoactive substances officially notified for the first time via the EU early-warning system (EWS). This represents the largest number of substances ever reported in a single year, up from 41 substances reported in 2010 and 24 in 2009. In 2011, the list of substances registered was dominated by two groups: synthetic cannabinoids (23 substances) and synthetic cathinones (8 substances). These now represent the two largest drug groups monitored by the EWS and, together, make up around two-thirds of the new drugs reported last year. All of the new compounds reported in 2011 were synthetic. Also described in the report is the EMCDDA's monitoring of the online ‘legal high’ market. The number of online shops offering at least one psychoactive substance or product rose from 314 in January 2011 to 690 in January 2012. Table of contents 1. Introduction and background 2. Implementation arrangements and cooperation with the EU pharmacovigilance system 3. Results achieved in 2011 4. Epidemiology and new approaches 5. Production and distribution of new psychoactive substances 6. The way forward Annexes publisher: EMCDDA; Europol date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17452/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Annual_Report_2011_2012_final.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2012) EMCDDA–Europol 2011 annual report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Lisbon: EMCDDA; Europol. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2011 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16745/ title: Joint EMCDDA and ECDC rapid risk assessment. HIV in injecting drug users in the EU/EEA, following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania. subject: HIV prevention subject: risk factors subject: Europe subject: HIV infection subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Communicable disease control description: In response to a notified increase in HIV cases among injecting drug users (IDU) in Greece and Romania, the European Commission asked the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in November 2011 to conduct a rapid inquiry among their network of HIV surveillance- and drug focal points to investigate whether such increases had occurred in other countries. The assessment showed that while most European countries reported no changes in the rate of newly diagnosed cases of HIV or HIV prevalence in IDU in 2011, increases were documented in six countries. Indicators of injecting risk and prevention coverage show a potential risk for increased HIV transmission and future outbreaks in several countries. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16745/1/Rapidriskassesment.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2012) Joint EMCDDA and ECDC rapid risk assessment. HIV in injecting drug users in the EU/EEA, following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17005/ title: The Reitox network: frequently asked questions. subject: Europe description: Table of contents 1.What is Reitox? 2.Who are members of the Reitox network? 3.What is the Reitox network’s main mission? 4.Is there a difference between a national focal point and a national drugs observatory? 5.What are the functions of Reitox national focal points at European level? 6.What are the functions of Reitox national focal points at national level? 7.How is Reitox managed? 8.How should a national focal point be structured? 9.What types of information should Reitox members provide to the EMCDDA and when? 10.How many staff members should work in a national focal point and what qualifications do they need? 11.How are Reitox national focal points financed? 12.What is the ‘Reitox Academy’? 13.Who can benefit from Reitox national focal points’ expertise at national level and how? 14.What is the added value in joining the Reitox network for non‐EU countries? 15.How can my country join the Reitox network? 16.Where canI find the contact details for Reitox members? publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17005/1/Reitox.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) The Reitox network: frequently asked questions. Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17147/ title: A definition of ‘drug mules’ for use in a European context. subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: The trafficking of drugs and, in particular, the use of human carriers (often called ‘drug mules’) remains a relatively hidden phenomenon, on which limited information is available. This latest EMCDDA Thematic paper explores whether a common definition of ‘drug mules’ can be developed in the European context and assesses the implications of this for data gathering and future research. The paper has its roots in a questionnaire launched by the EMCDDA in 2010 to test a proposed conceptual framework of drug couriers. Taking part in the survey were experienced professionals, academics and practitioners from a variety of countries, legal traditions and law-enforcement practices. Drug mules are reported to be transporting all of the major illicit drug types through Europe and making full use of all European transport routes. This paper draws a number of conclusions and recommendations for further investigation into drug markets and related responses. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17147/1/att_150421_EN_EMCDDA_ThematicPapers_DrugMules.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012) A definition of ‘drug mules’ for use in a European context. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_150421_EN_EMCDDA_ThematicPapers_DrugMules.pdf relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19002/ title: Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines in Europe — findings from the DRUID project. creator: Schulze, Horst creator: Urmeew, Raschid creator: Auerbach, Kerstin creator: Alvarez, Javier creator: Bernhoft, Inger Marie creator: de Gier, Han creator: Hagenzieker, Marjan creator: Houwing, Sjoerd creator: Knoche, Anja creator: Pilgerstorfer, Monika creator: Zlender, Bojan subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Drinking and driving subject: Transportation safety laws (driving) subject: Drugs and alcohol in general subject: Drinking-and-drug driving laws subject: Prescription drug (medicine / medication) subject: Drug use and driving subject: Europe description: The ‘state of the art’ review presents the results of the largest research project ever carried out in the EU on Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines (the ‘DRUID’ project), which ran between 2006 and 2011 publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2012 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19002/1/EMCDDAreport.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Schulze, Horst and Urmeew, Raschid and Auerbach, Kerstin and Alvarez, Javier and Bernhoft, Inger Marie and de Gier, Han and Hagenzieker, Marjan and Houwing, Sjoerd and Knoche, Anja and Pilgerstorfer, Monika and Zlender, Bojan (2012) Driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines in Europe — findings from the DRUID project. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi: 10.2810/74023 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16503/ title: EMCDDA launches first European quality standards to improve drug prevention in the EU. subject: Prevention approach subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention description: ‘Prevention’ is one of the first issues to be mentioned in the public debate on drugs, but evidence of what works in practice to prevent drug use is often overlooked. Today the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) launches the first European ‘how to’ guide on conducting high-quality drug prevention. Entitled European drug prevention quality standards: a manual for prevention professionals, it will be presented at an international conference hosted by the agency in Lisbon this week (1). Developing and implementing best practice in drug prevention in Europe are goals set by the current EU drug strategy and action plan (2). In line with these goals, today’s manual is the culmination of a two-year project to assess existing guidance in this area and to meet the need for a commonly agreed European framework to improve drug prevention in the EU. With support from the European Commission, the project is the fruit of collaboration between the seven organisations of the ‘Prevention Standards Partnership’, working closely with the EMCDDA (3). Bridging science, policy and practice, over 400 international, European and national experts and stakeholders contributed to developing the standards via a dynamic process involving focus groups, consultations and studies. date: 2011-12-09 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA launches first European quality standards to improve drug prevention in the EU. (09 Dec 2011) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/11 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16565/ title: Amphetamine: a European Union perspective in the global context. subject: European Union subject: Amphetamines subject: International aspects subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: This joint publication with the European Police Agency, Europol, is an in-depth study on the illicit market in amphetamine. Bringing together data on law enforcement measures such as drug seizures and clandestine laboratory detections with data on drug use prevalence, the report shows that Europe is the world’s number one producer of amphetamine and a major consumer market. As a synthetic drug that can be manufactured close to its market, measures aimed at disrupting amphetamine supply include restricting access to the chemicals used in its production. The illicit market, however, has developed sophisticated responses to these and other control measures. Highlighting the role of cooperation between law enforcement agencies in different countries, the study points to the need for a better understanding of illicit amphetamine markets to underpin a more effective and informed policy response. Table of contents • Introduction • The global context • Amphetamine production and precursors issues • The European user markets for amphetamine • Amphetamine production and trafficking in Europe • European and international initiatives • Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2011-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16565/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Amphetamine-joint-publication.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2011) Amphetamine: a European Union perspective in the global context. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16551/ title: Responding to new psychoactive substances. Drugs in Focus 22. subject: State of health subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol laws subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Legal availability or accessibility description: This briefing paper describes some of the practical and legal obstacles facing Member States when responding to such new substances. It underlines the importance of national early-warning systems in detecting and identifying new substances as the first step towards assessing the risks of, and ultimately controlling, potentially dangerous new drugs. Table of contents: • Definitions • Key issues at a glance • Early-warning systems • Proactive control • Assessing the risks • Faster processes — but supervised • Unintended consequences of control • Are other laws effective? • Conclusions and policy considerations • Key sources • Web information publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16551/1/EMCDDA_DiF22_EN_Responding_to_new_psychoactive_substances.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Responding to new psychoactive substances. Drugs in Focus 22. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15586/ title: Drugnet Europe 75 subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Attitude toward drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: Drugnet Europe reader survey; monitoring wholesale drug prices in Europe; Eurobarometer survey on young people’s attitudes to drugs; call for input in the development of indicators of drug supply in Europe; forum on new drugs — reflections and conclusions; new EMCDDA products and services. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011-07 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15586/1/Drugnet75.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Drugnet Europe 75. July–September . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15074/ title: Developing a set of indicators on drug markets, crime and supply reduction in Europe: your input is welcome subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: The need to scale up the monitoring of illicit drug supply in Europe is an important component of the current EU action plan and EMCDDA work programme 2010–12. In October 2010, the first European conference on drug supply indicators, organised by the European Commission and the EMCDDA, with the active involvement of Europol, (1) initiated work on the conceptualisation of technically sound and sustainable indicators in this area of key importance for European drug policy. According to the strategy adopted, the overall conceptual framework to monitor illicit drug supply will integrate three components: drug markets, drug-related crime and drug supply reduction. Special attention will be given to the possible standardisation, extension and improvement of existing data-collection systems and targeted research will be used to improve understanding of the topic. Three working groups, supported by the EMCDDA, will produce a roadmap in 2011 comprising short, medium and long-term monitoring objectives for the three areas. date: 2011-05-13 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] Developing a set of indicators on drug markets, crime and supply reduction in Europe: your input is welcome. (13 May 2011) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index127481EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15072/ title: Drugnet Europe 74. subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Khat subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Europe subject: HIV infection subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: Over 40 new drugs reported in 2010, HIV in the European region: unity and diversity, Mapping ‘drug squads’ in Europe, Feature: Khat use in Europe implications for European policy. publisher: EMCDDA date: 2011-05 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15072/1/DRUGNET_74.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Drugnet Europe 74. April–June . Lisbon: EMCDDA. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14787/ title: EMCDDA to acknowledge excellence in scientific writing subject: Information transfer subject: Europe subject: Research dissemination description: Europe’s top scientific papers on drug-related topics will be acknowledged this year in a new award launched by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA). The prize giving, to take place annually in Lisbon, will celebrate excellence in scientific writing in this area of critical concern to EU citizens. The inaugural event will take place in the margins of the EMCDDA Scientific Committee meeting, being held in the Portuguese capital from 14–15 November. This EMCDDA advisory body is composed of 16 renowned scientists appointed on the basis of merit and independence. Articles eligible for nomination for the award will focus on illicit drugs, although findings on licit substances may also be included. The articles will have been published in 2010 in peer-reviewed scientific journals, with the primary author based in an EU Member State or Norway. date: 2011-03-04 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] EMCDDA to acknowledge excellence in scientific writing. (04 Mar 2011) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/fs-1 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14817/ title: Drugnet Europe 73. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status subject: Identification and screening for drugs and alcohol use subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Europe description: Drugnet Europe, the EMCDDA's quarterly newsletter, provides regular information on the Agency's activities to a broad readership. In this issue: mephedrone ban across the EU; Poland passes new law to control ‘head shops’ and ‘legal highs’; a new European Society for Prevention Research; 2011 EMCDDA work programme; a new prize for top scientific papers; new EMCDDA products and services. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011-03 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14817/1/DRUGNET_73.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Drugnet Europe 73. January - March . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: TD-AA-11-001-EN-C relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23443/ title: ECDC and EMCDDA guidance. Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. subject: Bacterial disease subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Communicable disease control subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe publisher: ECDC date: 2011 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23443/1/ECDC-EMCDDA%20IDU%20guidance.pdf identifier: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2011) ECDC and EMCDDA guidance. Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. Stockholm: ECDC. 55 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16292/ title: Guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence: a European perspective. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Health care quality control subject: General treatment method concepts subject: Europe description: At least 1.1 million Europeans are estimated to have received treatment for drug dependence during 2009, mostly through opioid substitution, detoxification and psychosocial interventions, delivered in a variety of settings. While more than half of the clients received opioid substitution treatment, a substantial number received other forms of treatment for problems related to opioids, stimulants, cannabis and other illicit drugs. The quality of interventions is underpinned by treatment guidelines. This Selected issue focuses on the topic of improving treatment quality by the development of guidelines, and provides an overview of existing national guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence in Europe. Table of contents: * Introduction * Setting the scene: national treatment guidelines * Evolution of national treatment guidelines in Europe * A bookshelf of European drug dependence treatment guidelines * Developing national guidelines: lessons from experience * National and WHO guidelines for the treatment of opioid dependence: differences and similarities * Conclusions publisher: Publications Offi ce of the European Union date: 2011 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16292/1/EMCDDA_SI_treatment-guidelines.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2011) Guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence: a European perspective. Luxembourg: Publications Offi ce of the European Union. 30 p. 10.2810/49457 relation: doi:10.2810/49457 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14727/ title: Hepatitis and drug use. subject: Hepatitis C subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Hepatitis B subject: Hepatitis A subject: Viral hepatitis subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction description: EMCDDA thematic page on hepatitis and drug use. In Europe, injecting drug use is a major transmission route for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Estimates suggest that around 1 million people who have injected drugs may be living with HCV in the EU today. Typically between 40 % and 90 % of injecting drug users are infected, and many contract the disease soon after their first injection. This is due to unsafe injecting practices which include sharing of needles/syringes and other injection materials. The high prevalence of HCV infection among drug injectors represents a serious public health problem for the EU, made worse by the fact that many of those who have contracted the virus are unaware of their infection status. HCV infection may lead to severe chronic liver disease and premature death. This can occur after many years of asymptomatic infection. date: 2011 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2011) Hepatitis and drug use. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/hepatitis relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16075/ title: Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. subject: HIV prevention subject: Hepatitis B subject: Communicable disease control subject: Hepatitis C subject: International aspects subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: Seven interventions, one aim: no infections among people who inject drugs. In a new guidance document out today, EU agencies ECDC and the EMCDDA have joined forces to identify seven interventions to reduce and prevent infectious diseases in this vulnerable population. Many European countries have achieved substantial progress in recent years in preventing drug-related infections. Drug injecting, however, remains a major cause of infectious diseases across Europe. The interventions proposed range from the supply of injection equipment, testing and vaccination to the treatment of infections and drug dependence. These are best applied in combination and ideally in the same venue for maximum effect. publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control date: 2011 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16075/1/ECDC-EMCDDA_IDU_guidance___web_version.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16075/2/EMCDDA_Prevention_and_control_of_infectious_diseases_Findings.pdf identifier: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2011) Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 55 p. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2011/5 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16288/ title: Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: Communicable disease subject: Cocaine subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: CNS stimulants subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents: * Commentary * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and hallucinogenic substances * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16288/1/EMCDDA_AR2011_EN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/events/2011/annual-report relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16291/ title: Cost and financing of drug treatment services in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Health care economics subject: Economic policy subject: Europe subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) description: This Selected issue provides an exploratory European overview of costs associated with treatment for drug dependence. The cost of drug treatment in Europe is looked at from two main angles in this report. First, an overview is presented of the main sources of funding for drug treatment and the financing mechanisms that are employed in a number of European countries. This is followed by a focused analysis of the unit costs of the four main drug treatment modalities (detoxification, psychosocial inpatient, psychosocial outpatient and opioid substitution treatment). Table of contents: * Introductory note and acknowledgements * Exploring the cost and fi nancing of drug treatment services in Europe * Financing drug treatment * Estimating expenditure on drug treatment in Europe * Unit costs of drug treatment * Conclusions publisher: Publications Offi ce of the European Union date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16291/1/EMCDDA_financing_TDSI11001ENC.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Cost and financing of drug treatment services in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Offi ce of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16505/ title: EMCDDA manuals no 7. European drug prevention quality standards. A manual for prevention professionals. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Prevention approach subject: Workforce / staff skills and training subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Drug or health care worker subject: Europe description: The common view of drug prevention, particularly in lay audiences, is that it consists of informing (generally warning) young people about the effects (most commonly the dangers) of drug use. Prevention is then often equated with (mass media)campaigns. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that the sole provision of information on drug effects has an impact on drug use behaviour, or that mass media campaigns are cost-effective. In reality, the challenge of prevention lies in helping young people to adjust their behaviour, capacities, and wellbeing in fields of multiple influences such as social norms, interaction with peers, living conditions, and their own personality traits. This view is also reflected in current prevention approaches. To provide a simplified overview, environmental prevention strategies target social norms, universal prevention targets skills development and interaction with peers and social life, selective prevention focuses on living and social conditions, and indicated prevention facilitates dealing and coping with individual personality traits and psychopathology. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2011 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16505/1/European_drug_prevention_quality_standards.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16505/2/Brotherhood_A_1_findings.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) EMCDDA manuals no 7. European drug prevention quality standards. A manual for prevention professionals. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14622/ title: EMCDDA: Work programme 2011 subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: The 2011 work programme takes forward activities begun in 2010 to implement the EMCDDA’s three-year strategy (2010–12). Key themes of this strategy are the consolidation of core data, investment in more complex and policy-relevant analysis, and the development of a small number of new areas of strategic importance. Progress was made in all these areas in 2010, and this document details the next steps to be taken. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14622/1/Work_programme_2011%5B1%5D.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) EMCDDA: Work programme 2011. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index121903EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15319/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2010. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents: Part I: Report of activities • Overview • Core business: monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem • Supporting drug policy dialogue and technical cooperation • Supporting the achievement of results Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15319/1/EMCDDA_activities_2010.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2010. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15427/ title: Khat use in Europe: implications for European policy subject: Policy subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Khat subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: Khat refers to the young and tender leaves and shoots of the khat tree (Catha edulis). Khat has many names including ‘qat’ (Yemen), ‘jad’ or ‘chad’ (Ethiopia, Somalia), ‘miraa’ (Kenya) or ‘marungi’ (Uganda, Rwanda). The soft leaves and tender stems are chewed and kept in a tight wad in the cheek pocket. publisher: Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15427/1/Khat_use_in_Europe.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Khat use in Europe: implications for European policy. Luxembourg: Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugs-in-focus/khat relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16290/ title: Mortality related to drug use in Europe. subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Europe description: This Selected issue focuses on mortality among drug users due to all causes, of which drug-induced deaths (overdoses) is only a component, albeit the one most well-documented. The publication begins with an introduction to mortality cohort studies and then reviews the findings on overall mortality rates in Europe. The available sources of data are examined to explore the main causes of deaths among drug users and the latest information on risk and protective factors. The Selected issue finishes with a discussion of the public health implications of drug-related mortality and the options available for prevention and intervention. Table of contents: * Introduction * Key findings from recent mortality cohorts in Europe * What are the major causes of death among problem drug users? * Public health perspectives and implications * Towards a better understanding of drug-related mortality for more effective action publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16290/1/EMCDDA_Mortality_TDSI11003ENC_web.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Mortality related to drug use in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16289/ title: Online sales of new psychoactive substances/'legal highs': summary of results from the 2011 multilingual snapshots. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Context discouraging drugs and alcohol use subject: Europe subject: Internet retailing (online sales) subject: Legal availability or accessibility description: The EMCDDA monitors unregulated psychoactive products — the so-called ‘legal highs’ — sold via the Internet and advertised with aggressive and sophisticated marketing strategies, and in some cases intentionally mislabelled with declared ingredients differing from the actual composition. The ‘legal highs’ market is distinguished by the speed at which suppliers circumvent drug controls by offering new alternatives. The EMCDDA has been monitoring the marketing of these new psychoactive substances since 2006 through multilingual Internet ‘snapshots’, which function as rapid assessments of the online availability of substances, undertaken during a limited time window. Changes in the methods used have increased the quality and coverage of these surveys, but mean that data for different snapshots may not be directly comparable. This paper presents findings from the two most recent snapshots, performed in January and July 2011. Table of contents: * Background * EMCDDA snapshot methodology * Results * Restrictions on deliveries and ‘disclaimers’ * Products and prices * Conclusions * References publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16289/1/EMCDDA_SnapshotSummary.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Online sales of new psychoactive substances/'legal highs': summary of results from the 2011 multilingual snapshots. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16188/ title: Pilot study on wholesale drug prices in Europe. subject: Economic availability or accessibility subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) description: The European Union Drug Strategy for the period 2009–12 sets the goal to yield concrete and identifiable improvements concerning the knowledge of drugs trafficking. In addition, the EU Drugs Action Plan for 2009–12 defines among others the objectives to develop key-indicators of policy-relevant data on drug markets, as well as a strategy to collect them. This Pilot study on wholesale drug markets aims to contribute to this process, starting by discussing the utility of collecting wholesale drug prices in Europe. In order to assess the feasibility of this collection process, this study provides an overview of the procedures implemented nationally and of the information available in European countries on wholesale drug prices. Table of contents: • Introduction • Defining wholesale drug prices • ‘Need to know approach’: Why collect wholesale drug prices? • Enhancing the utility of collecting wholesale drug prices • Data availability in Europe, at national level • The Questionnaire on wholesale drug prices • Results from two rounds of data collection (2008 and 2009 data) • National overviews of collection procedures • Conclusions • Online annexes o European drug wholesale prices 2008 o European drug wholesale prices 2009 o European drug wholesale prices (sample submission), examples publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16188/1/EMCDDA_PilotStudy_WDP_in_Europe.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Pilot study on wholesale drug prices in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: doi: 10.2810/49443 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16185/ title: Prevention profiles 2011. subject: Targeted prevention subject: Universal prevention subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe subject: Prevention by sponsor or setting description: What are countries in Europe doing to prevent illicit drug use? 'Prevention profiles' try to answer this question by providing information based on expert appraisal of the level of provision of different prevention measures in Europe. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Prevention profiles 2011. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/country-data/prevention/2011 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15525/ title: Statistical bulletin 2011. subject: Prison subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Ireland subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Drug laws subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: State of health subject: Europe subject: Quantitative data analysis subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The Statistical bulletin is published yearly by the EMCDDA and provides access to the most recent statistical data relating to the drugs situation in Europe. Statistics are organised by category. In addition to the statistical tables and graphs, an overview of the data is provided for each category. Overviews for Europe and 'country overviews', including Ireland are availabe. Contents: • Drug use among the general population and young people • Prevention • Problem drug use • Treatment demand • Drug-related infectious diseases • Drug-related deaths • Treatment responses • Harm reduction responses • Drug markets and drug-related offences • National drug laws • National drug strategy • Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs • Drug-related research publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2011 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011) Statistical bulletin 2011. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats11 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15017/ title: Report on the risk assessment of mephedrone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. creator: Sedefov, Roumen creator: Gallegos, Ana subject: Risk assessment subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Mephedrone subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: This publication presents the summary findings and the conclusions of the risk assessment on mephedrone, carried out by the EMCDDA’s extended Scientific Committee, with participation of additional experts from the European Commission, Europol and the EMA. The risk assessment report, which was submitted to the European Commission and the Council of the European Union 26 May 2010, examines the health and social risks of the drug, as well as information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. Furthermore, the report considers the potential implications for placing the drug under control in the EU. On the basis of this report — and on the initiative of the European Commission — on 2 December 2010, the Council decided that mephedrone is to be subject to control measures. Table of contents: • Introduction • Physical and chemical description of mephedrone and its mechanisms of action, including its medical value • Chemical precursors that are used for the manufacture of mephedrone • Health risks associated with mephedrone • Social risks associated with mephedrone • Information on the level of involvement of organised crime and information on seizures and/or detections by the authorities, and the manufacture of mephedrone • Information on any assessment of mephedrone in the United Nations system • Description of the control measures that are applicable to mephedrone in the Member States • Options for control and the possible consequences of the control measures • Conclusion • List of annexes publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2011 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15017/1/EMCDDA_Riskpsychoactive_substances.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Sedefov, Roumen and Gallegos, Ana (2011) Report on the risk assessment of mephedrone in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: doi: 10.2810/40800 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14185/ title: Europe faces new challenges posed by changes in drug supply and use. subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Mephedrone subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Cocaine subject: CNS stimulants subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol date: 2010-11-10 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] Europe faces new challenges posed by changes in drug supply and use. (10 Nov 2010) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2010/11 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14184/ title: Over 1 million drug users a year in treatment, but considerable challenges remain. subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use date: 2010-11-10 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] Over 1 million drug users a year in treatment, but considerable challenges remain. (10 Nov 2010) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2010/12 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13415/ title: EMCDDA statistical bulletin 2010. subject: Ireland subject: Quantitative data analysis subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The Statistical bulletin is published yearly by the EMCDDA and provides access to the most recent statistical data relating to the drugs situation in Europe. Statistics are organised by category. In addition to the statistical tables and graphs, an overview of the data is provided for each category. Overviews for Europe and 'country overviews', including Ireland are availabe. Contents: • Drug use among the general population and young people • Prevention • Problem drug use • Treatment demand • Drug-related infectious diseases • Drug-related deaths • Treatment responses • Harm reduction responses • Drug markets and drug-related offences • National drug laws • National drug strategy • Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs • Drug-related research publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010-07-15 type: Other type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) EMCDDA statistical bulletin 2010. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats10 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13283/ title: Drug use and pregnancy: challenges for public health subject: State of health subject: Pregnancy subject: Pregnant woman subject: Europe subject: Health care delivery description: Every year, some 30 000 pregnant women are estimated to be using opioids in Europe. In an article published in Eurosurveillance, EMCDDA authors explore the public health challenges related to problem drug use and pregnancy in Europe today as well as the intervention strategies likely to alleviate them. The article reviews four challenges in particular: treatment of drug dependence; infectious disease transmission; dual diagnosis (co-morbidity of substance use and mental illness); and poor social and personal welfare (e.g. homelessness, intimate partner violence). date: 2010-07-01 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] Drug use and pregnancy: challenges for public health. (01 Jul 2010) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/online/2010/70/article6 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13414/ title: Drugnet Europe 71. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: In this issue: injecting drug use stable or declining; early-warning system annual meeting; EU scientific experts to assess risks of mephedrone; harm reduction moves to the mainstream; EMCDDA and EMA step up cooperation; European technical conference on drug supply indicators coming up; EMCDDA-CICAD cooperation; new products and services. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010-07 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Drugnet Europe 71. July–September . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index112640EN.html relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13266/ title: EMCDDA 2010 selected issue: trends in injecting drug use in Europe. subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Europe description: Trends in injecting drug use in Europe is the title of the latest EMCDDA Selected issue publication. This volume brings together data from a wide variety of sources as it describes Europe’s current drug injecting problem and plots its trends in recent years. Responses to drug injecting and measures to reduce the harm caused by this form of drug use are also reviewed. The report finds that the available data point to a stable or declining trend of injecting in most European countries, with effective treatment and harm-reduction measures now reaching many users. Despite this, there is still a large population of drug injectors in Europe, and there continue to be signs of recent recruitment in some countries. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-06-24 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13266/1/EMCDDA_SI10_injecting.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) EMCDDA 2010 selected issue: trends in injecting drug use in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13200/ title: EMCDDA manuals no 4. Prevention and evaluation resources kit (PERK). subject: Prevention approach subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Programme evaluation subject: Prevention programme or service subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Europe subject: Workforce / staff skills and training description: This manual compiles basic but evidence-based prevention principles, planning rules and evaluation tips. Additionally, it provides related documentation or references for download; it is hoped that this additional material will be particularly useful for readers who have difficulty accessing the scientific prevention literature. To illustrate the theoretical discussion, an intervention example, partly based on a real-life situation, gives a practical perspective. Table of contents Introduction Step 1 ─ Needs assessment Step 2a ─ Clarify goals and a working hypothesis Step 2b ─ Define contents and objectives Step 3 ─ Select strategies and delivery Step 4 ─ Feasibility check Step 5 ─ Implementation and process evaluation Step 6 ─ Outcome evaluation Step 7 — Wrap-up and conclusion Additional online resources Definitions in prevention and scope of PERK Logic model Step 1: Resources Step 2a: Resources | Models and theories Steb 2b: Resources | Theory Step 3: Resources | Theory Step 4: Resources Step 5: Resources Step 6: Resources Step 7: Resources publisher: The Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-06-14 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13200/1/EMCDDA_manual_4_prevention.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2010) EMCDDA manuals no 4. Prevention and evaluation resources kit (PERK). Luxembourg: The Publications Office of the European Union. 100 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13243/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2009. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. It catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities Overview • Core business: monitoring and reporting on the drugs problem • Support activities — improving efficiency and effectiveness Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-06 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13243/1/EMCDDA_genral_activities_2009.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2009. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13131/ title: Thematic paper. Children's voices. Experiences and perceptions of European children on drug and alcohol issues. creator: Olszewski, Deborah creator: Burkhart, Gregor creator: Bo, Alessandra subject: Family role subject: Attitude toward drugs and alcohol subject: Child of drugs and alcohol user subject: Parent-child relations subject: Europe subject: Child description: The purpose of this paper is to give meaning and insight into some of the key drug and alcohol issues that affect children from the perspectives of the children themselves. It is not to estimate the relative magnitude of a specific drug or alcohol problem or the numbers of children affected by it. Each section of this paper is preceded by one or two key statistics and whilst the quotations that follow may highlight a need to develop more robust and detailed statistics on a key issue, the overriding objective is to give the children a voice. Table of contents • Introduction • Living with parents with drug or alcohol problems • Children looked after by relatives, foster carers and institutions • Children’s experiences and perceptions of alcohol and drug consumption • Children’s perceptions about alcohol and drug interventions • Conclusions • Acknowledgements • References • Quotation sources publisher: The Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-05-28 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13131/1/EMCDDA_ChildrenVoices.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Olszewski, Deborah and Burkhart, Gregor and Bo, Alessandra (2010) Thematic paper. Children's voices. Experiences and perceptions of European children on drug and alcohol issues. Luxembourg:: The Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/ title: Europol–EMCDDA joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). subject: CNS stimulants subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Mephedrone subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: Europe has responded to rising concern over the use of the synthetic drug mephedrone by formally requesting a scientific investigation into the health and social risks of the substance. The decision was communicated to the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA) by the Council of the EU , in line with a legal procedure designed to respond to potentially threatening new psychoactive drugs in the EU. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL date: 2010-05-27 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/1/Europol-EMCDDA_Joint_Report_Mephedrone%5B1%5D.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/2/EMCDDA_EUROPOL_Mephadrone_annex_1.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/3/EMCDDA_EUROPOL_Mephadrone_annex_2.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13130/4/EMCDDA_EUROPOL_Mephadrone_annex_3_Online_mephedrone_shops.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. (2010) Europol–EMCDDA joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction & EUROPOL. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13053/ title: EMCDDA–Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010-04-23 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13053/1/EMCDDA-Europol_Annual_Report_2009.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2010) EMCDDA–Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13051/ title: Harm reduction moves to the mainstream: EU drugs agency publishes major work on harm reduction: past, present and future subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Harm reduction policy description: (21.4.2010, LISBON) Harm reduction is now an integral part of contemporary drug policies and plays an important role in responding to drug use in Europe. But this has not always been the case, say the experts. In a major new scientific work on the subject published today by the EU drugs agency (EMCDDA), leading European and international specialists chart how harm reduction shifted from controversy to mainstream. In this latest EMCDDA monograph — Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges — over 50 authors examine two decades of harm reduction research and practice in Europe and beyond (1). They also wrestle with how the concept may broaden and evolve as patterns of drug use change. date: 2010-04-23 type: News type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] Harm reduction moves to the mainstream: EU drugs agency publishes major work on harm reduction: past, present and future. (23 Apr 2010) relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/about/press/news-releases relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13050/ title: Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Harm reduction policy publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-04-23 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13050/1/EMCDDA-monograph10-harm_reduction.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13245/ title: EMCDDA manuals no 5. Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges. subject: Recommendations or guidelines subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) subject: Data collection method subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe description: Prices are an essential element of the illicit drug market, from both a supply and demand perspective. They are an indicator of drug availability and are an important tool for understanding the workings of drug supply mechanisms. They may also be used to help target law enforcement resources and assist criminal justice agencies with decisions related to prosecution and sentencing (e.g. assets recovery). The EMCDDA has been collecting information on retail drug prices via its Reitox focal points for the last 15 years. Although considerable progress has been made in this area, there is still variation in data collection in Europe. To address this issue, the EMCDDA has released these Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges in its Manuals series. The Manual raises awareness on specific issues related to collecting data on retail drug prices and offers practical suggestions. It addresses difficulties in obtaining a definition of 'retail' prices, and discusses the challenge of obtaining a representative sample of illicit, and therefore hidden, transactions. Suggestions are made for a minimum set of variables to be recorded for each observation. Targeted at all those involved in data collection on drug prices in Europe, the Manual reviews the main data-collection methods, current national practices and data-management issues. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: General data collection issues Chapter 3: Principal methods of data collection in Europe Chapter 4: General data management, reporting and analysis issues publisher: The Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-04 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13245/1/EMCDDA_Manuals_5_Guidelines_on_retail_drug_prices.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2010) EMCDDA manuals no 5. Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges. Luxembourg: The Publications Office of the European Union. 136 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13247/ title: Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances — operating guidelines. subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances description: The principal aim of these guidelines is to put in place a sound methodological and procedural basis for carrying out each risk assessment, by using a semi-quantitative assessment procedure. This publication is a revision of the Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs (published in the same series, in 1999). Table of contents • Introduction • Chapter 1: Legal basis and scope • Chapter 2: General considerations for risk assessment • Chapter 3: A conceptual framework for risk assessment • Chapter 4: Headings for the Risk Assessment Report • Chapter 5: Assessing the risk relative to other substances • Chapter 1: Conclusion • References • Annex I: Technical report • Annex II: Semi-quantitative assessment procedure • Annex III: Expert's scoring form • Appendix: Council Decision 2005/387/JHA publisher: The Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010-03 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13247/1/EMCDDA_RiskGuidelines2010.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances — operating guidelines. Luxembourg: The Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13982/ title: EMCDDA manuals no 6. Guidelines for testing HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections in injecting drug users. A manual for provider-initiated voluntary medical examination, testing and counselling. subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Communicable disease control subject: Medical screening and diagnostic method subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Health care quality control subject: Identification and screening subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Viral hepatitis subject: Europe subject: HIV infection description: Infectious diseases are among the most serious health consequences of injecting drug use and can lead to significant healthcare costs. Injecting drug users are vulnerable to a range of infectious and communicable diseases through a variety of risk behaviours, and because of underlying conditions such as poor hygiene, homelessness and poverty. There is a recognised need for guidance on providing IDUs with a medical examination and testing for HIV, viral hepatitis and several other infections on a regular basis. In addition, improving testing uptake in this group would benefit epidemiological surveillance and monitoring as carried out at the national and international level. These guidelines are accompanied by a recommended package of prevention and primary care in relation to injecting drug users and infections. Treatment and other specialist care are not discussed in detail but are dealt with by indicating referral to appropriate services. Table of contents • Summary • Methodology and scope • Part 1: Guidelines for voluntary medical examination, testing and counselling • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2: Providing medical examination, testing and counselling to IDUs • Part 2: Background and implementation of the guidelines • Chapter 3: Background • Chapter 4: Implementation publisher: The Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13982/1/EMCDDA_Manual_6_2010.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2010) EMCDDA manuals no 6. Guidelines for testing HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections in injecting drug users. A manual for provider-initiated voluntary medical examination, testing and counselling. Luxembourg: The Publications Office of the European Union. 75 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14182/ title: Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: Communicable disease subject: Cocaine subject: CNS stimulants subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Opioids (opiates) subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents: * Commentary * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and hallucinogenic substances * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14182/1/EMCDDA_AR2010_EN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13070/ title: Cocaine: A European Union perspective in the global context. subject: Cocaine subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe description: This report provides an overview of what is known about how cocaine is produced and trafficked into the European Union. It aims to provide a better understanding of the actors involved, the routes taken, and the scale of the problem in Europe. It also reviews some of the supply reduction responses already developed at European level. Its findings are based on the latest data and analysis available from specialised European and international organisations, NGOs and scholars. This publication is structured in a way that provides a condensed review of key issues relevant to understanding how cocaine reaches European markets. Background information on the chemistry and legal status of cocaine and crack cocaine, as well as key European figures, are also provided. Table of contents * Introduction * Coca and cocaine production in the Andean-Amazonian region * Suppressing coca in Colombia * Production of cocaine base and cocaine hydrochloride * Main trafficking routes to Europe * Importation to Europe and distribution * Supply reduction initiatives at EU level * Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13070/1/EMCDDA_Europol2.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Europol. (2010) Cocaine: A European Union perspective in the global context. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14627/ title: Drugnet Europe 72. subject: Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010 type: Newsletter type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Drugnet Europe 72. October–December . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drugnet/72 relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14008/ title: The European Union and the drug phenomenon: frequently asked questions. subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: Respect for fundamental rights, protection of public health, well-being, social cohesion and security are the objectives that guide the actions taken by the European Union in the field of illicit drugs. The EU drugs strategy 2005–12 provides the framework for enhanced coordination between action taken at national, EU and international level and commits the members of the EU to tackle illicit drugs by striking a balance between reducing supply and demand. This joint publication between the EMCDDA and the European Commission brings together some of the key frequently asked questions on the EU’s drugs policy and how it functions. Further details can be found via the websites and other links provided at the end of each answer. Table of contents: 1. What are the competences of the EU in the fi eld of drugs under the Lisbon Treaty? 2. Who are the main actors of EU drugs policy? 3. What are the main features of the ‘European approach on drugs’? 4. What is meant by drug demand reduction? 5. What is meant by drug supply reduction? 6. Why are the EU drugs action plans important? 7. Are the EU drugs action plans evaluated? How? 8. How does the EU deal with precursors? 9. How does the EU act at international level on drugs issues? 10. What assistance does the EU provide for candidate and potential candidate countries? 11. What assistance does the EU provide for European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) partners? 12. What does the EU do regarding new psychoactive substances? 13. What is the Early warning system? 14. Where can I fi nd information on national and EU drugs legislation? 15. What about civil society? 16. What is Reitox and what is a national drugs observatory? publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14008/1/EMCDDA_FAQ_TD3110542ENC-1.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, European Commission. (2010) The European Union and the drug phenomenon: frequently asked questions. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14377/ title: First European conference on drug supply indicators — key conclusions. subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Data collection method subject: Europe subject: Crime associated with drugs and alcohol production and distribution description: The main goal of the First European conference on drug supply indicators was to launch the work needed to establish a set of technically sound and sustainable indicators for monitoring drug markets, crime and supply reduction for Europe. The event brought together for the first time a wide range of European and international experts to assess the current state of the art in this domain and develop a realistic strategy for moving forward in an area of importance for European drug policies. The conference was a joint venture between the European Commission (EC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) with the active involvement of Europol. The key conclusions from the event are presented in this document. Table of contents: • Objectives • Key conclusions and the way forward • Where do we go next? publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14377/1/EMCDDA_Supply_conference_conclusions_final%5B1%5D.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) First European conference on drug supply indicators — key conclusions. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14181/ title: Problem amphetamine and methamphetamine use in Europe. subject: Methamphetamine subject: Amphetamines subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: Focusing on European countries where amphetamine or methamphetamine is an important part of the drug problem, this Selected issue looks at the current situation in the light of the historical development of amphetamines use since the introduction of these substances as medicines in the 1930s. The history of amphetamines use is the result of an interplay of global forces, such as the spread of recreational drug use in the 1960s and the arrival of heroin on the European drug scene in the 1970s, and local events such as the rise of small-scale pervitin (methamphetamine) production in what was then Czechoslovakia. The outcome of this is that, in the present day, problem amphetamines use across Europe is marked by strong national characteristics, possibly more so than any other of the major illicit drugs. Table of contents: * Introduction * Part 1: Overview of amphetamines use in Europe * Part 2: Problem amphetamines use in Europe * Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14181/1/EMCDDA_SI10_Amphetamines.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Problem amphetamine and methamphetamine use in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13862/ title: Risk assessment report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). subject: European Union subject: Legal availability or accessibility subject: Mephedrone subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances description: On 15 July 2010, the EMCDDA extended Scientific Committee, with the participation of additional experts from the EU Member States, European Commission, Europol and the European Medicines Agency, undertook a formal risk assessment on the synthetic drug mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). This constituted the second phase in the three-step legal procedure established to monitor and respond to new psychoactive substances in Europe (information exchange/early-warning; risk assessment; decision-making). The risk-assessment report is now submitted to the Commission and Council of the EU in the final stage of the process. On the basis of the report, the Council, upon an initiative of the Commission, may decide to subject mephedrone to control measures throughout the EU. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13862/1/Risk_Assessment_Report_on_mephedrone.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Risk assessment report of a new psychoactive substance: 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: chrome://updatescan/content/diffPage.xul?id=349&title=EMCDDA%20%7C%20European%20Monitoring%20Centre%20for%20Drugs%20and%20Drug%20Addiction%20%u2014%20information%20on%20drugs%20and%20drug%20addiction%20in%20Europe&url=http%3A//www.emcdda.europa.eu/&oldDat relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14180/ title: Treatment and care for older drug users. subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Social support subject: Elderly / Older person subject: Treatment factors subject: Europe description: 'Drug problems have no age limits' -- This special review published alongside the 2010 Annual report, reveals why drug use is no longer simply a ‘youth phenomenon’. Europe is experiencing a pronounced ageing of its population, around a quarter of which will be aged 65 or over by 2050. Statistics published today show that Europe’s drug-using population is also ageing and that meeting the needs of older drug users is a growing issue for treatment services. This is particularly the case in western countries which saw the EU’s first heroin epidemics in the 1980s and 1990s. Table of contents: • Introduction • Setting the scene: ageing and drug use in Europe • Ageing and problem drug use • Drug use, health and social characteristics of older problem drug users in Europe • Responses to older problem drug users: policies, treatment and care • Overall findings publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14180/1/EMCDDA_SI10_Ageing.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010) Treatment and care for older drug users. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14047/ title: Building a national drugs observatory: a joint handbook. creator: Goosdeel, Alexis subject: Policy implications of research subject: Prevention through information and education subject: Risk assessment subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Health care quality control subject: Information transfer from research to practice subject: Europe subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol description: National drugs observatories have flourished and developed rapidly over the last two decades as a direct consequence of the decisions taken to establish regional drug monitoring systems, both in the European Union and in the Americas. Initially, there was no reference framework available — observatories were set-up using trial and error, taking into account different national contexts and resources. This explains why today there are as many models of observatories as there are countries establishing them. Looking back at this long process, there seemed to be a need to formalise the experiences in the field, and to identify some key concepts and principles that remain valid irrespective of country or region. This handbook, a joint production by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organization of American States (CICAD–OAS), presents and describes in a clear and informative way the core operational processes and the key strategic factors that are common to all national drugs observatories. Table of contents • Why do we need a national drugs observatory? • What is a national drugs observatory? • Running a national drugs observatory — data collectionand monitoring • Running a national drugs observatory — analysis and interpretation • Running a national drugs observatory — reporting and dissemination • Ensuring a national drugs observatory is successful • Challenging questions • Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2010 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14047/1/EMCDDA-NDO-handbook-en.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of the Organization of American States. Goosdeel, Alexis (2010) Building a national drugs observatory: a joint handbook. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12761/ title: EMCDDA conference proceedings: identifying Europe's information needs for effective drug policy. subject: Policy implications of research subject: Information use and impact subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Information transfer subject: Europe subject: Health information and education description: The conference Identifying Europe’s information needs for effective drug policy marked the 15th anniversary of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), and our activity of monitoring drugs and drug addiction in the European Union. It had several objectives: to better understand the current needs of policymakers, practitioners and researchers, to identify new developments in the drugs field and new results of drug-related research, and to provide input on the future work of the EMCDDA and its partners. This publication summarises the presentations and discussions from the plenary and parallel sessions. It reflects the dynamism and commitment of those who study and respond to the drugs problem, and who made the conference such a productive, stimulating and successful event. The content of this publication will therefore be a vital tool for guiding the further development of our activities here in Lisbon. publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2009-12 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12761/1/EMCDDA_Conference_proceedings_Information_needs_2009.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) EMCDDA conference proceedings: identifying Europe's information needs for effective drug policy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12593/ title: Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Europe description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents * Policies and laws * Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview * Cannabis * Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD * Cocaine and crack cocaine * Opioid use and drug injection * Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths * New drugs and emerging trends publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2009-11-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12593/1/EMCDDA_AR2009_EN.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12595/ title: Drug offences: sentencing and other outcomes. subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Europe description: The sentences that offenders receive for drug law violations across the European Union are examined for the first time in this ‘Selected issue’. By analysing the most recent year’s statistics, this report attempts to answer the question: What is the most likely outcome for an offender after being stopped by police for a drug law offence of use or personal possession, or supply or trafficking? Table of contents * Sketching out the European picture * Information on drug law offences and outcomes * Sentencing users and traffickers: problems of separation * Discontinuance of legal action: a common outcome? * Penalties received by drug law offenders * Directing users to treatment * Online annex: results by country publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2009-11-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12595/1/Drug_offences.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Drug offences: sentencing and other outcomes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/sentencing-statistics relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12597/ title: EMCDDA 2009 Thematic paper: Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon. subject: Cannabis product (synthetic cannabinoids) subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe subject: Internet retailing (online sales) description: Smokable herbal mixtures under the brand name 'Spice' are known to have been sold on the Internet and in various specialised shops since at least 2006 and anecdotal reports suggest that those products may have been available as early as 2004. Although advertised as an 'exotic incense blend which releases a rich aroma' and 'not for human consumption', when smoked, Spice products have been reported by some users to have effects similar to those of cannabis. Table of contents * Introduction and background * Herbal components of Spice products * Cannabinoid receptor agonists: a brief chemical overview * Forensic identification, pharmacology and toxicology of JWH-018, CP 47,497 and their alkyl homologs * EMCDDA survey * Internet information * Control measures * Conclusions publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2009-11-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12597/1/Understanding_the_Spice_phenomenon.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) EMCDDA 2009 Thematic paper: Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/thematic-papers/spice relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12596/ title: Polydrug use: patterns and responses. subject: Europe subject: Multiple drugs and alcohol use (Polydrug) description: This 'Selected issue' looks at the concomitant or consecutive use of different licit and illicit drugs (polydrug use) among adolescents, young adults and problem drug users. Data from school and general population surveys, and on drug treatment entrants and drug-related deaths are analysed to describe the many forms and consequences of this widespread pattern of drug use. The responses to polydrug use in Europe are reviewed in the light of the scientific literature, with the aim of identifying the most effective interventions. Table of contents * Polydrug use among adolescents * Polydrug use among young adults * Responses to polydrug use among adolescents and young adults * Polydrug use and its health consequences among problem drug users * Responding to polydrug use among problem drug users * Online annex publisher: Publications Office of the European Union date: 2009-11-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12596/1/Polydrug_use.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Polydrug use: patterns and responses. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. relation: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues/polydrug-use relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12420/ title: Factsheet from the EU drugs agency in Lisbon: responding to the drugs driving in Europe. subject: Drug use and driving publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2009-09-18 type: FactSheet type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12420/1/Factsheet6_DrugsDrivingPolicy.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Factsheet from the EU drugs agency in Lisbon: responding to the drugs driving in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11886/ title: Drug use: an overview of general population surveys in Europe. creator: Decorte, Tom creator: Mortelmans, Dimitri creator: Tieberghien, Julie creator: De Moor, Sabine subject: General population survey subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009-05 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11886/1/EMCDDA-2009.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Decorte, Tom and Mortelmans, Dimitri and Tieberghien, Julie and De Moor, Sabine (2009) Drug use: an overview of general population surveys in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11729/ title: Summary: The 2007 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in 35 countries. subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Student (secondary level) subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: Use of illicit drugs among 15–16-year-old school students, appears to have stabilised or slightly fallen, according to the latest European study of this group published today by ESPAD. The report, which follows a 2007 survey conducted in 35 European countries, also reveals a decrease in last-month rates of cigarette smoking among school students. However, it sounds the alarm over clear rises in the group’s ‘heavy episodic drinking’, and the narrowing gender gap in this behaviour. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009-03 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11729/1/EMCDDA-newsRelease-ESPAD.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Summary: The 2007 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in 35 countries. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11541/ title: Thematic paper: Women’s voices: experiences and perceptions of women facing drug problems. subject: Prison subject: Qualitative study subject: Woman (women / female) subject: Attitude toward drugs and alcohol subject: Drug user description: Epidemiological studies routinely collect quantitative data on gender differences in drug use (e.g. prevalence, mortality), but far less is published on the qualitative aspects of female drug problems. This review presents quotations gleaned from interviews with women in eight countries. Through these testimonies, the report illustrates how qualitative research can provide glimpses into the experiences and perceptions of women facing drug issues that statistics alone cannot provide. Table of contents: * Confusion for women as parents of drug users * Neglect and physical and sexual abuse * Childcare and being a ‘good’ mother * Women in prison * Stigma, policies and practices that make it difficult for women to access services * Discussion and conclusions publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009-03 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11541/1/EMCDDA_women%27s_voices.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Thematic paper: Women’s voices: experiences and perceptions of women facing drug problems. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12312/ title: Addiction neurobiology: ethical and social implications. subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Biological drugs and alcohol use disorder theory subject: Europe subject: General life processes (physiology) description: This report reviews developments in the neuroscience of addiction, explores how they might affect the way we view and treat drug problems, and considers the issues that they raise for drug policy in Europe. In language that is easily accessible, the report presents the complex brain processes involved in addition and the ethical implications inherent to current addiction research. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12312/1/EMCDDA_monograph_9_Addiction_neurobiology.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Addiction neurobiology: ethical and social implications. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 9 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13244/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2008. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities • Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2008 work programme • Overview of core business activities • Cooperation and collaboration with partners • Support activities • Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of Authorising Officer publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13244/1/EMCDDA_general_activities_2008.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2008. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12311/ title: Neurobiological research on drugs: ethical and policy implications. subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Biological drugs and alcohol use disorder theory subject: General life processes (physiology) description: Table of contents  Definitions  Key issues at a glance  Conclusions and policy considerations  Key sources  Web information publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2009 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12311/1/EMCDDA_drugs_in_focus_19_Neurobiological_research.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Neurobiological research on drugs: ethical and policy implications. Drugs in Focus , 19 , pp. 1-4. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12310/ title: Preventing later substance use disorders in at-risk children and adolescents. subject: Targeted prevention subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Child subject: Europe description: This review on indicated prevention adds to the current knowledge and understanding of risk factors in the development of later drug problems and dependence, focusing on the mental health and behavioural problems that develop during childhood. Indicated prevention is a relatively new branch of drug prevention and can be seen as the third part of the ‘prevention chain’, after universal and selective prevention. Its aim is not necessarily to prevent drug use or initiation to it, but rather to prevent the development of dependence, diminish frequency of use and avert ‘dangerous’ patterns of substance use (e.g. moderate instead of binge-drinking). Table of contents: * Principles of indicated prevention * Risk and protective factors in the development of substance use and substance use disorder * Guidelines and standards for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric risk conditions for adolescent substance abuse * Strategies and programmes in indicated prevention * Ethical issues * Conclusions and recommendations publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12310/1/EMCDDA_thematic_paper_8_Preventing_later_substance_use_%5D.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Preventing later substance use disorders in at-risk children and adolescents. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11644/ title: Report on the risk assessment of BZP in the framework of the Council decision on new psychoactive substances. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: BZP (Benzylpiperazine) (other piperazines) description: This publication presents the findings of the formal risk assessment on BZP, produced in 2007 by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA, with participation of additional experts from the European Commission, Europol and the EMEA. The risk assessment report, which was submitted to the European Commission and the Council of the European Union on 31 May 2007, examines the health and social risks of the drug, as well as information on international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime. Furthermore, the report considers the potential implications for placing the drug under control in the EU. On the basis of this report — and on the initiative of the European Commission — on 3 March 2008, the Council decided that BZP is to be subject to control measures. Table of contents • Risk assessment report of a new psychoactive substance: 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) • Europol–EMCDDA joint report on BZP • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) • Criminological and sociological evidence and public health risks publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2009 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11644/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_BZP.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Report on the risk assessment of BZP in the framework of the Council decision on new psychoactive substances. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12419/ title: Responding to drug driving in Europe. subject: Drug use and driving subject: Europe description: Many of the accidents and deaths that occur on European roads are caused by drivers whose performance is impaired by a psychoactive substance. Alcohol alone is estimated to account for up to 10 000 road deaths a year in the European Union, one quarter of all road deaths. No comparable figures are available for road accidents related to illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines, though these have been receiving increasing attention over the past decade. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2009 type: Article type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12419/1/EMCDDADrugDriving2009.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2009) Responding to drug driving in Europe. Drugs in Focus , (20) . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11974/ title: Internet-based drug treatment interventions: best practice and applications in EU Member States. creator: Tossmann, Dr Hans-Peter creator: Leuschner, Fabian subject: Information technology subject: Treatment outcome subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Treatment factors subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe description: This report provides a comprehensive review of the relatively new phenomenon of Internet-based drug treatment interventions (DTI). It presents a sample of Internet-based DTI programmes across Europe and outlines their methodologies, providing a series of screenshots to further demonstrate the websites’ content and to provide an overall impression of the types of online treatment available. This publication is a useful resource for researchers, policymakers and the general public, to gain an insight into the potential for the Internet to become a new channel for drug treatment intervention Table of contents • Executive summary • Background • Methods • Findings • Outline of European Internet-based DTIs • Discussion • Future of Internet-based DTIs in the European Union publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2009 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11974/1/EMCDDA-Insight_10.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Tossmann, Dr Hans-Peter and Leuschner, Fabian (2009) Internet-based drug treatment interventions: best practice and applications in EU Member States. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 10 Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11627/ title: Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater. subject: European Union subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: This report presents a number of contributions that relate to analysing communal wastewaters for drugs and their metabolic products in order to estimate their consumption in the community. This area of work is developing in a multidisciplinary fashion, involving scientists working in different research areas. For this reason, the contributions to this publication come from a variety of different perspectives including: analytical chemistry, physiology and biochemistry, sewage engineering, spatial epidemiology and statistics, and conventional drug epidemiology. Table of contents • Introduction to sewage epidemiology • Estimating community drug use • Drug metabolism • On the occurrence and fate of illicit substances in sewer systems • Georeferenced wastewater sampling and applied spatial statistics • Integrating wastewater analysis with conventional approaches to measuring drug use • Overall conclusions publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11627/1/EMCDDA_Insights_9.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 9. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11626/ title: Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. subject: European Union subject: Drinking-and-drug driving laws subject: Drug use and driving subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: This literature review provides a comprehensive report on the relationship between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. It covers methodological issues, presents results of prevalence surveys among drivers and provides an overview of findings from major international epidemiological surveys published since 1999. The report also gathers evidence from experimental and field studies of the relationship between drug use, driving impairment and traffic accidents Table of contents • Methodological issues in determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents • Prevalence of drugs in drivers • Effects and risks associated with drugs • Overall conclusion publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11626/1/EMCDDA_Insights_8.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 8. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11594/ title: EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Drugs and vulnerable groups of young people. subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: Risk and protective factors subject: European Union subject: Child subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: With up to 2 million problem drug users in the EU, it's high time to raise awareness of vulnerable groups, especially youth, on the risks of drug taking.’ European Commission Vice-President Jacques Barrot, September 2008. Social policy in Europe has long identified disadvantaged populations who manifest potential for social exclusion. These ‘vulnerable groups’ are specific groups among the wider population that may be more prone to a range of problems, from ill health, substance use and poor diet, to lower educational achievement. Groups of young people identified as vulnerable — examples include children in care institutions or homeless young people — might be prone to earlier, more frequent, or more problematic drug use. They might also experience faster progression to problem drug use Table of contents • Identifying groups most at risk of developing drug problems • Monitoring vulnerability in Europe • Building resilience to drug problems • Identifying and responding to the needs of vulnerable groups • Vulnerable young people with ties to institutions • Vulnerable families • Homeless young people • Vulnerable populations in the community • Overall findings and common trends publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11594/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2008_Vulnerable_young_people.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Drugs and vulnerable groups of young people. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11596/ title: EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - National drug-related research in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Cross-cultural study description: Drug-related research is crucial to understanding Europe’s drug problems. Research enables Europe to learn lessons from the past, by identifying historical patterns of drug use, and studying the cycles and variations in the use of substances. Research sharpens Europe’s awareness and monitoring of the present. It provides surveys and data on the scope and scale of drug problems, and looks into emerging trends and new patterns in drug use. Research helps Europe to prepare for the future, by looking at practical issues such as resource allocation, best practices, the piloting of innovative approaches to managing problem drug use. Table of contents • Introduction • National frameworks for drug-related research • Drug-related research dissemination • Conclusions • References publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11596/1/EMCDDA__Selected_issue_2008_Research.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - National drug-related research in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11595/ title: EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Towards a better understanding of drug-related public expenditure in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) description: A confirmed political will to address the drugs problem in Europe lies not only in the development of appropriate policies, but in the amount of public funds assigned to implement such policies. One of the aims of the EU drugs action plan (2005–08) is to produce estimates of public expenditure on drug-related issues. Doing so is a challenge, due to the range of political structures and government accounting systems present in Europe. Table of contents • Drug-related economic evaluation: key issues • Drug-related public expenditure in Europe • Conclusions and recommendations publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11595/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2007_Public_expenditure.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) EMCDDA 2008 selected issue - Towards a better understanding of drug-related public expenditure in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11593/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Policies and laws • Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview • Cannabis • Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Opioid use and drug injection • Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths • New drugs and emerging trends publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11593/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2008.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11621/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2007. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA’s activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre’s achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities • Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2006 work programme • Overview of activities by programme • Administrative support • Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of authorising officer publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11621/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2007.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2007. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11657/ title: GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study. subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: Concerns are increasing in the EU about the use of chemicals employed in the manufacture of the recreational drug GHB. The report GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study is published as part of the EMCDDA's E-POD project to track new patterns of drug use in Europe. Table of contents • About the E-POD project • Introduction • Description • Prevalence and use patterns • Markets and availability • Dose and effects • Negative health consequences • Conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11657/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_GHB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11653/ title: Monitoring the supply of cocaine to Europe. subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: Cocaine subject: Illegal transportation of drugs (smuggling / trafficking) subject: Europe description: Growing cocaine use in several EU countries, and increased seizures of cocaine on air, sea and land routes, have become subjects of increasing concern to policymakers. This datasheet provides a short review of key issues relating to how cocaine is manufactured in Latin America and transported to European consumers via the Atlantic, Caribbean and west Africa. It also looks at the destabilising effect of the cocaine trade on producer and transshipment countries. Table of contents • Introduction • Coca and cocaine production in the Andean-Amazonian region • Estimating coca cultivation • Estimating cocaine production • Suppressing coca in Colombia • Drug production and the land issue in Colombia • Drug production and armed groups in Colombia • Main trafficking routes to Europe • Importation to Europe and distribution • Potassium permanganate • International supply reduction initiatives at the EU level • Conclusions • References publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11653/1/EMCDDA_Tech_report_cocaine_supply.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Monitoring the supply of cocaine to Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11652/ title: Monitoring the supply of heroin to Europe. subject: Supply reduction policy subject: Heroin subject: Europe description: In recent years, anxiety in Europe has increased about the impact of record opium harvests in Afghanistan, and a decrease in heroin retail prices. This datasheet provides a condensed review of the key issues about how heroin manufactured from Afghan opium reaches European consumers via the Balkan and northern routes. Table of contents • Foreword • Introduction • Afghanistan: main producer of illicit poppy • Heroin entering Europe: the different routes • The Balkan route • The ‘northern route’ • European routes • Alternative routes and new markets • Traffic of acetic anhydride • European and international initiatives • Conclusion • References publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11652/1/EMCDDA_Tech_report_heroin_supply.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Monitoring the supply of heroin to Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11625/ title: Prevention of substance abuse. subject: Prevention approach subject: European Union subject: Germany subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Prevention programme or service description: This publication provides information on best practice in drug prevention at European, national, regional and municipal level. It is a translation of a German study commissioned by the Federal Centre for Health Education, Cologne. While, in some sections, reference is made particularly to Germany, the publication’s conclusions are international, providing added value for a pan-European or global readership. It is hoped that the publication will help accelerate the development in Member States of quality standards for prevention projects and training requirements for prevention workers. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11625/1/EMCDDA_Insights_7.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Prevention of substance abuse. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 7 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11651/ title: Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime description: Over the past 10 years, there has been a rise in the number of reports of drugs and alcohol being used to immobilise victims for the purpose of sexual assault. Population surveys carried out in six EU countries suggest that up to 20% of women experience some form of sexual assault in their adult lifetime. A lack of appropriate monitoring systems means that the full scale of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) remains unknown. Better monitoring of the phenomenon is an essential first step in addressing the problem. Table of contents • Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) • Drugs that facilitate sexual assault • Evidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault • Responses • Conclusions for change in Europe publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11651/1/EMCDDA_Tech_report_women_and_men.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11658/ title: Thematic paper on indicated prevention. subject: Targeted prevention subject: Prevention through information and education subject: Health-related prevention subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention description: This review on indicated prevention adds to the current knowledge and understanding of risk factors in the development of later drug problems and dependence, focusing on the mental health and behavioural problems that develop during childhood. Indicated prevention is a relatively new branch of drug prevention and can be seen as the third part of the ‘prevention chain’, after universal and selective prevention. Its aim is not necessarily to prevent drug use or initiation to it, but rather to prevent the development of dependence, diminish frequency of use and avert ‘dangerous’ patterns of substance use (e.g. moderate instead of binge-drinking). Table of contents • Principles of indicated prevention • Risk and protective factors in the development of substance use and substance use disorder • Guidelines and standards for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric risk conditions for adolescent substance abuse • Strategies and programmes in indicated prevention • Ethical issues • Conclusions and recommendations publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11658/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_indicated_prevention_.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) Thematic paper on indicated prevention. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11634/ title: A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences. subject: International aspects subject: European Union subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: The EMCDDA’s cannabis monograph addresses one basic question. How can I find quality information on cannabis, amid all the bias and opinion? The monograph is divided into two volumes. The first volume centres on political, legislative, commercial and social developments relating to cannabis. Its core audience thus comprises policymakers, sociologists, historians, journalists and those involved in enforcement. The second volume is targeted at drugs professionals working in the fields of treatment, prevention and healthcare. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2008 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11634/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_8.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11634/2/Monograph8Vol2%5B1%5D.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008) A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 8 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11630/ title: Guidelines for the evaluation of treatment in the field of problem drug use; a manual for researchers and professionals. subject: Research and evaluation subject: Treatment outcome subject: Programme evaluation subject: European Union subject: Research and evaluation method description: The main objective of the guidelines is to provide a European audience with basic information on the options, elements and procedures of drug-related treatment evaluation. The target readership includes professionals working in treatment services for substance use and dependence, administrators and officials in social and health authorities, researchers dealing with treatment of substance dependence, and those who professionally or politically may have an interest in evidence from treatment evaluation. Table of contents Part 1: Approaching evaluation • Why evaluate treatment? • Preparing for treatment evaluation Part 2: Implementing evaluation • Quantitative evaluation • Qualitative evaluation • Implementing and assuring the evaluation process • Communicating and presenting your results Part 3: Evaluation networks • Evaluation and research networkks Part 4: Glossary publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Evidence resource type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11630/1/EMCDDA_Manual_3.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. [EMCDDA] (2007) Guidelines for the evaluation of treatment in the field of problem drug use; a manual for researchers and professionals. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 76 p. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6369/ title: EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drug use and related problems among very young people (under 15 years old). subject: European Union subject: Young drug user subject: Child subject: Cross-cultural study description: Table of contents • Prevalence and patterns of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use • Drug-related consequences among very young people: under-15s entering treatment for drug use and other problems • High-risk groups and correlates • Responses • Legislation and regulations • Conclusions publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6369/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2007_Drug_use_young_people.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drug use and related problems among very young people (under 15 years old). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6368/ title: EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drugs and driving. subject: Drinking-and-drug driving laws subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drug use and driving description: Since the late 1990s, much European and world research has addressed the issue of driving under the influence of psychoactive substances. This Selected issue on ‘Drugs and driving’ focuses on driving after taking cannabis and benzodiazepines. Country responses were analysed to determine the prevalence of these substances among drivers and studied in the context of policy and legislation, law enforcement and prevention. Table of contents • Situation analysis • Policy and legislation • Law enforcement procedures • Prevention approaches and programmes • Conclusion publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6368/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2007_Driving.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - Drugs and driving. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6367/ title: EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue. subject: Illegal drug possession (seizures) subject: European Union subject: Crack cocaine subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour subject: Cocaine subject: Public health description: In a Selected issue on ‘Cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue’ the EMCDDA shows that, in some European countries, there has been a marked increase in recent years in the use of cocaine, in treatment demands for cocaine problems and in seizures of the drug. The potential for cocaine use to have a major impact on public health is examined and special attention given to the health consequences of cocaine use, which are often not well recognised in existing reporting systems. Also examined are the challenges to providing effective treatment for cocaine and crack cocaine dependence. Table of contents • Prevalence of and patterns and trends in cocaine and crack cocaine use • Problems related to cocaine and crack cocaine use • Responses to and interventions in cocaine and crack cocaine use publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6367/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2007_Cocaine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) EMCDDA 2007 selected issue - cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6370/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2007: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: Table of contents • Policies and laws • Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview • Cannabis • Amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Opioid use and drug injection • New and emerging drug trends and action on new drugs • Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6370/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2007.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual report 2007: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11620/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2006. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities • Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2006 work programme • Overview of activities by programme • Supporting activities • Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of authorising officer publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11620/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2006.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2006. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11648/ title: Treatment of problem cocaine use: a review of the literature. subject: Treatment outcome subject: Cocaine subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Europe description: Previously perceived as a drug for the wealthy, cocaine use has become more prevalent in Europe in the last decade. Problem use of the drug has likewise experienced a strong surge, and this has put strain on providers of drug treatment. Increasingly, practitioners need to provide evidence-based treatment services to a heterogeneous population of problem cocaine users. In order to inform the general public and professionals, the EMCDDA has published a comprehensive review of the literature on treatment of problem cocaine use. In accessible language, the review aims to summarise a variety of topics related to cocaine treatment: current issues in the treatment of cocaine dependence; pharmacological and psychosocial treatment; harm reduction; inpatient treatment and aftercare. It also explores a number of innovative European and global responses to cocaine treatment. In addition to a traditional review of the literature, the review includes original information provided by a network of European researchers and practitioners, as well as other key opinion leaders and clinicians working in the field of treatment of cocaine dependence. It thus serves as a snapshot of the state of the art in health responses to cocaine use. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11648/2/EMCDDA_lit_review_cocaine.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11648/3/EMCDDA_lit_review_cocaine_a_short_update.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007) Treatment of problem cocaine use: a review of the literature. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4166/ title: Early-warning system on new psychoactive substances: operating guidelines. creator: King, Leslie A creator: Sedefov, Roumen subject: Recommendations or guidelines subject: Prevention through information and education subject: European Union subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Risk assessment description: These practical guidelines have been published to assist the implementation of the Council decision on information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. They deal with phase 1 of the measures foreseen — the early-warning system. Table of contents • Introduction • The scope of the Council decision • Elements of the early-warning system • The Europol-EMCDDA joint report • Reference compounds publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2007 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4166/1/3783-4031.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. King, Leslie A and Sedefov, Roumen (2007) Early-warning system on new psychoactive substances: operating guidelines. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6283/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual Report 2006: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: Table of contents • Policies and laws • Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview • Cannabis • Amphetamines, ecstasy and other psychotropic drugs • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Opioid use and drug injection • Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths • Improving the monitoring of problem consumption and multiple drug consumption publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6283/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2006.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Annual Report 2006: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6009/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • New developments in policies and laws • Schools, youth and drugs • Cannabis • Amphetamine-type stimulants, LSD and other synthetic drugs • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Heroin and injecting drug use • Crime and prison issues publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6009/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2005.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6284/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2006: selected issues. subject: Social context subject: Recreational drug use subject: European Union subject: Gender differences subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Internet retailing (online sales) description: 1. Nearly all European countries now frame their drug policy initiatives within an overall national drugs strategy or action plan. An in-depth analysis of drug policy in Europe in this Selected issue reveals a broadening of the scope of these drug strategies to encompass licit addictive substances, such as alcohol, tobacco and medicines, as well as illicit drugs. 2. The influence of gender not only on patterns and levels of drug consumption in Europe but also on how responses to drug problems are planned and implemented is explored in this Selected issue. Based on a scientific analysis of the available data, it concludes that policymakers, professionals and scientists must always take gender into consideration in the planning of research, analysis, interventions and policy in the drugs field 3. This Selected issue covers all aspects of drug use by young people in music and dance settings, providing data on prevalence and patterns of use, drug availability and the role of the Internet in drug supply and promotion. The risk factors for this type of drug use are outlined as are the health consequences of drug use in these settings. Responses to drug use in recreational settings are covered in depth, both in terms of legislation at national and European levels and in terms of drug prevention programmes publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6284/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issues_2006.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6284/2/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2006_Gender.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6284/3/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2006_recreational.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2006: selected issues. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11619/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2005. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. Table of contents Part I: Report of activities • Synthesis of main results compared with the objectives of the 2005 work programme • Overview of activities by programme • Supporting activities • Statutory bodies and executive management Part II: Management and internal control systems • Characteristics and nature of EMCDDA management and internal control systems • Assessment and improvement of management and internal control systems • Declaration of assurance of authorising officer publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11619/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2005.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2005. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11656/ title: Hallucinogenic mushrooms. subject: Mushrooms subject: European Union description: Many young Europeans are experimenting with hallucinogenic ('magic') mushrooms, according to this study. The phenomenon may be driven by a broader consumer trend for young people to actively seek out intense experiences and 'natural highs' and by an increasing interest in organic products. Table of contents • Introduction • Markets and availability • Dose and effects • Consequences • Responses • Conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11656/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_mushrooms_.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25767/ title: Monitoring new drugs. subject: New (novel) psychoactive substances subject: Europe publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2006 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25767/1/Monitoring_new_drugs_72902.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2006) Monitoring new drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11650/ title: Differences in patterns of drug use between women and men. subject: Man (men / male) subject: Woman (women / female) subject: European Union subject: Gender differences subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: Gender differences in patterns of drug use are addressed in this technical paper. According to the paper, men in the EU are still more likely than women to use illicit drugs. But there are concerns around possible signs of a ‘narrowing of the gap’ between male and female drug use, and greater similarities in lifetime drug-taking experience, particularly among school students. The paper analyses data from three sources: ESPAD school surveys (1995, 1999, 2003); general population surveys; and drug treatment centres. Table of contents • Key findings • Introduction • Cannabis • Ecstasy • Tranquillisers and sedatives • Alcohol and drug comparisons • Use of drug treatment services • Discussion publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2005 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11650/1/EMCDDA_Tech_report_women_and_men.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) Differences in patterns of drug use between women and men. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11597/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: selected issues. subject: Buprenorphine subject: Justice system subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol related crime subject: Cross-cultural study description: 1. This Selected issue is not intended to present a systematic and exhaustive review either of all possible definitions of drug-related public nuisance or of all measures, provisions and policies aimed at reducing the problem in the European Union, nor does it aim to reflect precisely the situation regarding public nuisance in each of the countries concerned. Rather, it seeks to contribute to our understanding of the issues and problems related to a new – and somewhat still limited – area for intervention in Member States, candidate countries and Norway. This document aims to present the first EMCDDA qualitative insight into an emerging concern within drug policy debate, at both national and European levels. 2. The alternatives to prison that may be offered to drug-using offenders cover a range of sanctions that may delay, avoid, replace or complement prison sentences for those drug users who have committed an offence normally sanctioned with imprisonment by national law. In this Selected issue, the focus is on those measures that have a drug-related treatment component. It will describe the political and legal background, the application and implementation, including common problems, and the effects of treatment as an alternative to imprisonment. 3. Since the mid-1990s buprenorphine has increasingly become available in Europe as an alternative to methadone for the treatment of opiate dependence. In this Selected issue, the reasons why clinicians are attracted to this drug, as well as the costs and benefits of buprenorphine in comparison with other treatment options, are explored in detail, and, for the first time, the increasing popularity of buprenorphine for the treatment of opiate dependence in many European countries is documented publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2005 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11597/1/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2005_Drug-related_public_nuisance.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11597/2/EMCDDA_Selected_issue_2005_imprisonment.pdf format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11597/3/EMCDDA_selected_issue_2005_Buprenorphine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2005: selected issues. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11618/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2004. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2005 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11618/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2004.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2004. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11654/ title: Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches. subject: Prohibition (Drugs and alcohol public policy) subject: Supply reduction policy subject: European Union subject: Drug laws subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The paper offers an overview of the current legal provisions on the use and possession of drugs for personal use in the EU Member States. The first part of the study focuses on the international legal framework governing drug use and possession, namely the United Nations Conventions (1961, 1971 and 1988). The study explains that while the three Conventions govern international drug control, it is the responsibility of the signatory countries to translate them into domestic law. All 25 EU countries have ratified and implemented the UN Conventions. The second part of the study offers a summary of the various legal approaches to the personal use of drugs at national level. These range from tolerance of the use of certain drugs to penal sanctions for any use of any substance. Also explored are the concepts of decriminalisation and depenalisation of drug use as well as the relationship between penal and health interventions. Table of contents • Introduction • International legal framework on drugs • National drug use legislation across the European Union • Conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2005 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11654/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_legislative_.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) Illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11655/ title: Youth media. subject: Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) subject: European Union subject: Young adult subject: Portrayal of drugs and alcohol use in the media description: For the magazine industry, young people represent big business. Editors and advertisers invest in research to know their readership intimately and they design their products to reflect the interests, lifestyles and fashions of their target audience. This paper shows how the ‘youth media’ – youth, music and lifestyle magazines – can help detect, monitor and respond to emerging drug trends among young people. The paper looks at the youth media as a possible information source on new drug ‘fashions’ and explores their potential as a channel to prevent drug-related harm among young people Table of contents • Summary • Introduction • Methods • Contextual frame for drug references in youth media • Results • Discussion and conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2005 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11655/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_youth_media_.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2005) Youth media. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11599/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2004 Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. subject: European Union subject: Dual diagnosis (comorbidity) subject: Cannabis / Marijuana subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Policy on drugs and alcohol subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • An overview of the European drug situation • New developments in policies and laws • Drug prevention — working with communities and targeting those most at risk • Cannabis • Amphetamine-type stimulants, LSD and other synthetic drugs • Cocaine and crack cocaine • Heroin and injecting drug use • Treatment — meeting the needs of those with problems • Crime and prison issues • Evaluation of ‘national drugs strategies’ in Europe Selected issues: • Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands • Co-morbidity publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2004 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11599/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2004.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2004) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2004 Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11617/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2003. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2004 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11617/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2003_pdf.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2004) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2003. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11642/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: The risk-assessment reports on the synthetic drugs 2C-I; 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 were submitted by the EMCDDA to the European Council and Commission on 4 April 2003. The reports were drawn up at a meeting in Lisbon from 31 March to 1 April under the auspices of an enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee. The drugs were singled out by the Council of the EU for risk assessment on 12 December 2002 under the 1997 Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The reports conclude that, due to their structural features, the drugs are potent hallucinogens/stimulants, similar to substances already classified under Schedules I and II of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. They also note that the substances have no current medical or industrial use. The reports recommend that, due to a potential serious health risk, the drugs should be controlled substances, although some experts consider that insufficient scientific evidence exists to support such a decision. Experts agreed however that whatever the control measures chosen, they should contribute to collecting and disseminating accurate information on the substances to users, and to relevant professionals for preventive and harm-reduction purposes. Table of contents • Reports on the risk assessment of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Europol–EMCDDA progress report on 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 • Sociological and criminological evidence and public health risks of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2004 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11642/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_2C1.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2004) Report on the risk assessment of 2C-I, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11643/ title: Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: The risk-assessment report on the synthetic drug TMA-2 was submitted by the EMCDDA to the European Council and Commission on 4 April 2003. The report was drawn up at a meeting in Lisbon from 31 March to 1 April under the auspices of an enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee. The drug was singled out by the Council of the EU for risk assessment on 12 December 2002 under the 1997 Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The report concludes that, due to its structural features, TMA-2 is a potent hallucinogen/stimulant, similar to substances already classified under Schedules I and II of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It also notes that the substance has no current medical or industrial use. The report recommends that, due to a potential serious health risk, TMA-2 should be a controlled substance, although some experts consider that insufficient scientific evidence exists to support such a decision. Experts agreed however that whatever the control measures chosen, they should contribute to collecting and disseminating accurate information on the substance to users, and to relevant professionals for preventive and harm-reduction purposes. Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Europol–EMCDDA progress report on TMA-2 • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on TMA-2 • Sociological and criminological evidence and public health risks publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2004 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11643/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_TMA2.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2004) Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5809/ title: European report on drug consumption rooms. creator: Hedrich, Dagmar subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction subject: Communicable disease control subject: Physical context or place subject: Safe spaces for drug users (injecting centre) subject: Harm reduction policy subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: European Union description: The European report on drug consumption rooms describes what consumption rooms are and why and how they came about; whom they target, which specific objectives they have and how they function. It summarises available evidence on the expected benefits and risks of such facilities. Expected benefits are decreases among the target population in high risk drug use, morbidity and mortality, increased uptake of health and social care including drug treatment, and reductions in public drug use and neighbourhood nuisance. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2004 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5809/1/EMCDDA_Thematic_paper_consumption_rooms.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Hedrich, Dagmar (2004) European report on drug consumption rooms. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5931/ title: Hepatitis C and injecting drug use: impact, costs and policy options. subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: Communicable disease subject: Hepatitis C subject: Harm reduction policy subject: Communicable disease control subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences subject: Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction description: Hepatitis C infections occurring in recent years in the European Union may cost countries billions of euros in future healthcare, according to research published in this monograph. A conglomeration of state-of-the-art research on hepatitis C, drug use and public health methods, this publication presents analyses on the impact and costs of the disease among injecting drug users, as a basis for sound policy-making. Other issues addressed include: quality of life; treatment, surveillance and prevention; and the cost-effectiveness of measures such as needle-exchange programmes and substitution therapy. Hepatitis C affects an estimated 170 million people worldwide and at least a million, but possibly several million, people in Western Europe who are at risk of developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. It is a highly infectious and potentially fatal blood-borne disease that attacks the liver and for which there is as yet no vaccine. Table of contents • Part I: Natural history, treatment, quality of life, epidemiology and prevention • Part II: Models of hepatitis C in injecting drug users • Part III: Healthcare costs of drug-related hepatitis C infection • Part IV: Wider costs of drug use • Part V: Cost-effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes and methadone maintenance publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Kretzschmar, Mirjam contributor: Wiessing, Lucas contributor: Jager, Johannes contributor: Limburg, Wien contributor: Postma, Maarten date: 2004 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5931/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_7.pdf identifier: Kretzschmar, Mirjam and Wiessing, Lucas and Jager, Johannes and Limburg, Wien and Postma, Maarten , eds. (2004) Hepatitis C and injecting drug use: impact, costs and policy options. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 7 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11601/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. subject: Inclusion and exclusion subject: Underage drinker subject: European Union subject: Alcohol consumption subject: Economic aspects of drugs and alcohol (cost / pricing) subject: Underage drinking subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Drug situation • Responses to drug use Selected issues: • Drug and alcohol use among young people • Social exclusion and reintegration • Public expenditure in the area of drug-demand reduction publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2003 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11601/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2003.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2003) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11616/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2002. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2003 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11616/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2002.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2003) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5606/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the acceding and candidate countries to the European Union. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Overview of the drugs situation in the CEECs — situation and responses • Drug and alcohol use among young people • Drug-related infectious diseases • Characteristics of drug strategies in the acceding and candidate countries publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2003 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5606/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2003_candidate_countries.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2003) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction annual report 2003: the state of the drugs problem in the acceding and candidate countries to the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5201/ title: Annual report on the state of the dugs problem in the European Union and Norway 2002. subject: Prison subject: Treatment outcome subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour subject: Multiple drugs and alcohol use (Polydrug) description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Drug situation • Responses to drug use Selected issues: • Polydrug use • Successful treatment • Drug use in prison publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5201/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2002.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Annual report on the state of the dugs problem in the European Union and Norway 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11635/ title: Early-warning system on new synthetic drugs: guidance on implementation. subject: Targeted prevention subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Early-warning system on new synthetic drugs: guidance on implementation. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5260/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): Report on the drug situation in the candidate CEECs 2002. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Experimental and recreational drug use and responses.. • Problem drug use and treatment responses • Drug-related infectious diseases • The drug market and drug-related criminality publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5260/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2002_candiate_CEEC.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): Report on the drug situation in the candidate CEECs 2002. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11615/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2001. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11615/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2001.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2001. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3555/ title: Prosecution of drug users in Europe: varying pathways to similar objectives. subject: Law enforcement and the justice system subject: Europe subject: Drugs and alcohol laws description: Researching and analysing the responses of the criminal-justice systems to drug offenders throughout Europe is one of the EMCDDA’s priorities. This study is the result of a decision taken by the EMCDDA’s Management Board in 1999 to set up a legal information system on drugs. This study, focusing on the gap between law and practice, aims to highlight the real outcomes for individuals arrested for using and selling drugs and committing property crimes. Table of contents • Synthesis of the country reports • Country reports publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3555/1/EMCDDA_Insights_5.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Prosecution of drug users in Europe: varying pathways to similar objectives. EMCDDA Insight Series Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11639/ title: Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: Since the mid-1990s, GHB – widely used in human and veterinary medicine for 30 years – has been surfacing as a recreational drug. Some EU countries have reported worries over GHB’s surreptitious use in sexual assaults. Although the extent of this is unknown, the EMCDDA and its risk-assessment partners are recommending that Member States consider the role of GHB and other drugs in this area. The risk-assessment exercise was carried out in 2000 in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. In March 2001, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted formal conclusions that Member States should monitor this drug closely. This publication records the findings and conclusions of the exercise. Among others, it draws together the various elements used to assess the substance including: the final risk-assessment report; contributions from Europol and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; a review of pharmacotoxicological data; epidemiological evidence on the associated public-health risks and sociological and criminological evidence. Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Europol-EMCDDA progress report on GHB in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs • Use of GHB as a medicilnal product (EMEA) • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) • Sociological and criminological (Europol) evidence on the risks of GHB • Public health risks of GHB - epidemiological evidence publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11639/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_GHB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11641/ title: Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: The report assesses the risks of PMMA, especially in association with the already controlled substance PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine). PMMA, is an amphetamine-like substance very close to PMA, and is almost exclusively sold in tablet form in combination with the latter and consumed as ‘ecstasy’. It has been associated, in combination with PMA, with three deaths in the EU. PMMA is devoid of any therapeutic value. Further to the conclusions of the EMCDDA risk assessment, on 28 February 2002, the Council of the European Union adopted a unanimous decision defining the new synthetic drug PMMA (para-methoxymethylamphetamine) as a substance to be placed under control measures and criminal penalties in the EU Member States Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Council decision • Europol-EMCDDA progress report on PMMA and PMA • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on PMMA • Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of PMMA • Public health risks of PMMA: epidemiological evidence publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11641/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_PMMA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11640/ title: Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: Since the mid-1990s, ketamine – widely used in human and veterinary medicine for 30 years – has been surfacing as a recreational drug. Concern over ketamine centres on its unpredictability in producing ‘near-death’ experiences. The risk-assessment exercise was carried out in 2000 in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. In March 2001, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted formal conclusions that Member States should monitor this drug closely. This publication records the findings and conclusions of the exercise. Among others, it draws together the various elements used to assess the substance including: the final risk-assessment report; contributions from Europol and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; a review of pharmacotoxicological data; epidemiological evidence on the associated public-health risks and sociological and criminological evidence. Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Europol-EMCDDA progress report on ketamine in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs • Use of ketamine in human medicine in the EU Member States • Use of ketamine in veterinary medicine in the EU Member States • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on ketamine (2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methyloamino)-cyclohexanone) • Sociological and criminological (Europol) evidence • Public health risks - epidemiological evidence publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2002 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11640/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_Ketamine.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2002) Report on the risk assessment of ketamine in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5559/ title: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2001. subject: Communicable disease subject: European Union subject: Pharmacology and toxicology subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Crack cocaine subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Drug demand and drug supply/li> • Responses to drug use Selected issues: • Cocaine and ‘base/crack’ cocaine • Infectious diseases • Synthetic drugs • The drugs problem in central and east European countries publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2001 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5559/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2001.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2001) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2001. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11614/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2000. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2001 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11614/1/EMCDDA_General_report_2000.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2001) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 2000. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5658/ title: Guidelines for the evaluation of outreach work: a manual for outreach practitioners. subject: Outreach subject: Treatment outcome subject: Programme evaluation subject: Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method subject: Practice / clinical guidelines subject: European Union subject: Research and evaluation method description: Policymakers and practitioners around the world acknowledge the importance of outreach work in the drug field, but the fact that it is a good idea does not mean that every project is of the same standard. Clients, policymakers and project staff need ways of assessing whether projects are fulfilling their aims and objectives. These guidelines aim to help outreach projects: to understand their aims and objectives; to understand and value their activity; to improve that activity; and to show themselves and others their worth Table of contents Introduction: Evaluation dialogue 1 Approaching evaluation • Why evaluate? • Four essential principles • Outreach evaluation: our approach • Empowerment evaluation • Assumption-focused evaluation Designing and implementing your evaluation • Overview of the evaluation process • Evaluation dialogue 2 • The four stages of evaluation Evaluation techniques • Methods and data analysis • Communicating and presenting your results Glossary publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2001 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5658/1/EMCDDA_Manual_2.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2001) Guidelines for the evaluation of outreach work: a manual for outreach practitioners. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5660/ title: Injecting drug use, risk behaviour and qualitative research in the time of AIDS. creator: Fountain, Jane creator: Rhodes, Tim creator: Barnard, Marina creator: Hariga, Fabienne creator: Avilés, Nuria Romo creator: Vicente, Julian creator: Weber, Urban subject: Intravenous / injecting drug user subject: European Union subject: Qualitative study subject: risk-taking behaviour subject: Communicable disease control description: Injecting is one of the main causes of health damage related to illegal drug use today. It is strongly related to fatal and non-fatal overdoses, as well as to the transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C, and HIV infection. Yet studying drug injection is no easy task, due to its hidden nature and low prevalence in general population terms. It is necessary to understand why and how people decide to engage in such dangerous behaviour, and to analyse how drug injectors perceive risk. There are fundamental issues that need to be understood in order to interpret and better use epidemiological quantitative data on the subject. This publication is the result of a review undertaken by the EMCDDA working group on injecting drug use and risk behaviour. It helps in understanding injecting drug use and its adverse health consequences, particularly risk behaviour associated with the transmission of HIV. Table of contents • Injecting drug use: associated harms • Qualitative methods in drugs research • The role of qualitative research • Understanding, injecting risk behaviour • Understanding sexual risk behaviour publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2001 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5660/1/EMCDDA_Insights_4.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Fountain, Jane and Rhodes, Tim and Barnard, Marina and Hariga, Fabienne and Avilés, Nuria Romo and Vicente, Julian and Weber, Urban (2001) Injecting drug use, risk behaviour and qualitative research in the time of AIDS. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 4 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/4037/ title: Modelling drug use: methods to quantify and understand hidden processes. subject: European Union subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Quantitative data analysis description: Dynamic modelling is a quantitative technique used by scientists when data are scarce to generate estimates, test hypotheses and forecast trends. This publication explores the potential role of dynamic modelling in helping to interpret data on drug use and its consequences in the European Union. The monograph contains over a dozen expert reviews on modelling techniques and their use in estimating drug use and related health consequences. The publication presents dynamic modelling as a valuable analytical tool, not only in improving insight into drug use, but also in contributing to the development of evidence-based drug policies and interventions Table of contents • What is modelling and how can it be used? • Modelling drug use with available data • Modelling techniques and their uses • Modelling the health consequences of drug uses • Economic models publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Sharp, Frances contributor: Neaman, Rachel date: 2001 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Sharp, Frances and Neaman, Rachel , eds. (2001) Modelling drug use: methods to quantify and understand hidden processes. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series No. 6 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11603/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2000. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Trends in drug use and its consequences • Trends in responses to drug use • Prevalence and patterns of drug use • Responses to drug use Selected issues: • Substitution treatment • Prosecution of drug-related offences • Problems facing women drug users and their children The drugs problem in central and eastern Europe publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2000 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11603/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_2000.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2000) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 2000. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11613/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1999. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2000 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11613/1/EMCDDA_General_report_1999.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2000) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1999. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11624/ title: Reviewing current practice in drug-substitution treatment in the European Union. subject: Drugs and alcohol replacement method (substitution) subject: European Union description: This volume is the result of an EMCDDA-commissioned study carried out in 1998­ and 1999 into one of the most widely discussed drug-related topics in Europe today: substitution treatment. The study was prompted by the lively debate on the issue in the mid-1990s, when Switzerland launched its first heroin trial, France began buprenorphine treatment and methadone programmes expanded rapidly throughout Europe. These initiatives led to an increased focus on substitution treatment and to the trajectories it was to follow in the future. The volume opens with a historical overview of substitution treatment, the development of methadone maintenance and other substitution services and a section on monitoring and evaluation. It closes with a series of country profiles for each of the then 15 EU Member States, all containing an introduction to substitution treatment in the country concerned. Table of contents • Substitution treatment in the European Union: an overview and recent trends • Country reports publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 2000 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11624/1/EMCDDA_Insights_3.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2000) Reviewing current practice in drug-substitution treatment in the European Union. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 3 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11633/ title: Evaluation: a key tool for improving drug prevention. subject: European Union subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Research and evaluation subject: Programme evaluation subject: Research and evaluation method description: This publication contains over a dozen expert contributions demonstrating how evaluation theory and knowledge can be implemented to improve drug prevention practice in the European Union. The monograph looks at both the practical and political aspects of evaluation and presents an array of tools, techniques and recommendations to improve drug prevention programmes and assess needs, processes and outcomes. Also demonstrated are ways to overcome obstacles that may weaken the evaluation process, such as poor communication between evaluators and policy-makers or conflicts between political agendas and poor evaluation results. This volume complements the EMCDDA’s second scientific monograph and forms part of a broad EMCDDA goal to promote an evaluation culture in Europe. Table of contents • Recent progress in evaluation • Improving drug-prevention practice • Improving evaluation practice • Recommendations and evaluation publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Neaman, Rachel contributor: Nilson, Margareta contributor: Solberg, Ulrik date: 2000 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11633/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_5.pdf identifier: Neaman, Rachel and Nilson, Margareta and Solberg, Ulrik , eds. (2000) Evaluation: a key tool for improving drug prevention. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 5 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3432/ title: Understanding and responding to drug use: the role of qualitative research. subject: Qualitative data analysis subject: European Union subject: Qualitative study subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research description: Qualitative research is increasingly recognised by drug experts in the European Union as a useful tool for understanding drug use patterns and planning suitable responses. Focusing on the meanings, perceptions, processes and contexts of the ‘world of drugs’, its main value is to complement quantitative data and analyses and provide insight into developments behind the statistics. This publication offers a comprehensive overview of this issue in the EU. In over 40 chapters, the monograph highlights the multiple roles, techniques and methods of qualitative research, as well as its impact on policy-making. Table of contents • The role of qualitative research • The impact of qualitative research on policy-making • New drug trends • Risk behaviour • Social exclusion • Drug markets • Drug services evaluation • Methodological issues • Qualitative research within a global research agenda publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Robertson, Kathy contributor: Greenwood, Gloria date: 2000 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3432/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_4.pdf identifier: Robertson, Kathy and Greenwood, Gloria , eds. (2000) Understanding and responding to drug use: the role of qualitative research. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series No. 4 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11612/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1998. subject: European Union description: The General report of activities is an annual publication providing a detailed progress report of the EMCDDA's activities over a 12-month period. Published every spring, it catalogues the Centre's achievements in each area of its annual work programme. The report is a useful information source for all those seeking comprehensive information on the Centre and its work. publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11612/1/EMCDDA_General_report_1998.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1998. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11632/ title: Evaluating the treatment of drug abuse in the European Union. subject: Treatment outcome subject: Programme evaluation subject: Treatment factors subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research description: This monograph describes methods, instruments and indicators designed to enhance the evaluation of treatment programmes for drug users in the EU. Through a dozen expert papers and recommendations, the publication explores the theory of drug treatment evaluation and how the principles of such evaluation can be applied in practice and made relevant to practitioners. In particular, the monograph demonstrates how evaluation can help policy-makers take informed and appropriate decisions on treatment and help professionals boost the quality, relevance and cost-effectiveness of treatment services. Table of contents • The theory of drug-treatment evaluation • Treatment evaluation in practice • Treatment evaluation and policy • Workshop conclusions publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Evaluating the treatment of drug abuse in the European Union. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 3 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5657/ title: Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Developments in drug use, problems and responses • Prevalence, patterns and consequences of drug use • Established responses to drug misuse in the EU • European Drug Prevention Week • Cannabis: trends and responses • Synthetic drugs: developments and responses publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5657/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_1999.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5758/ title: Final report: demand reduction networking in Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. subject: Sweden subject: Spain subject: Demand reduction policy subject: Netherlands subject: Austria publisher: National Institute of Public Health date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Final report: demand reduction networking in Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Stockholm: National Institute of Public Health. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11637/ title: Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: This publication was drawn up by the steering group created by the EMCDDA's Scientific Committee in November 1998 to establish guidelines to assess the risks of all new synthetic drugs identified under the terms of the Joint Action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs adopted on 16 June 1997 by the Council of the European Union. The publication explains the history of the joint action and how it operates, and outlines basic principles, a conceptual framework and quality information for future risk assessments. Table of contents • Basic principles for risk assessment • A conceptual framework for risk assessment • Quality of information for risk assessment • Headings for risk assessment • Pharmacotoxicological evidence • Psychological risk assessment (cognition, mood and mental functioning) • Sociological/criminological evidence • Public health risks: epidemiological evidence publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11637/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_guidelines.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11649/ title: Literature review on the relation between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. subject: European Union subject: Drug use and driving subject: Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences description: The health consequences of drug use are a priority area for the EMCDDA and impaired driving and road traffic accidents linked to drugs constitute an important topic on which comprehensive information is lacking. The literature review addressed inter alia the relationship between different patterns of drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents. In addition drug testing procedures and associated legislation regarding drug-impaired driving in the different EU Member States were described and the issues raised by such testing reviewed. The outcomes of the study included a scientific literature review and annotated bibliography on the relation between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents Table of contents • Methodological issues on determining the relationship between drug consumption, impaired driving and traffic accidents • Evidence from experimental and field studies • Description of drug testing procedures in the context of driving in the EU, issues raised by testing, and assessment of the criteria used or proposed in relation to the scientific evidence publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11649/1/EMCDDA_Lit_review_drug_use_impaired_driving.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Literature review on the relation between drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11638/ title: Report on the risk assessment of 4-MTA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Risk assessment subject: Recreational drug use subject: European Union description: An enlarged EMCDDA Scientific Committee met from 18–19 May 1997 in Lisbon to assess the risks of the synthetic drug 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. The Committee's tasks were to assess the health and social risks of the substance and the possible consequences of prohibition. This report concludes that 4-MTA should be placed under control in the EU Member States largely due to the high risks of overdose associated with the drug. These stem from the slow onset of the drug's effects – often misinterpreted by users as the result of a weak dose, leading to the consumption of more pills – and their long-lasting nature. Also highlighted in the report are the serious risks resulting from mixing the drug with alcohol, MDMA, amphetamines, ephedrine and certain foods. Further to the conclusions of the EMCDDA risk assessment, on 13 September 1999, the Council of the European Union adopted a unanimous decision defining the new synthetic drug 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) as a substance to be placed under control measures and criminal penalties in the EU Member States. Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of 4-MTA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Council decision of 13 September 1999 defining 4-MTA as new synthetic drug which is to be made subject to control measures and criminal penalties • Europol-EMCDDA progress report on 4-MTA in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs • Review of the pharmacotoxicological data on 4-MTA • Public health risks of 4-MTA: epidemiological evidence • Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of 4-MTA publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11638/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_4MTA.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Report on the risk assessment of 4-MTA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11636/ title: Report on the risk assessment of MBDB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. subject: Ecstasy subject: Risk assessment subject: European Union description: On 27 February 1998, the drug MBDB (N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol- 5-yl)-2-butanamine) became the first new synthetic drug to be submitted for risk assessment under the terms of the Joint Action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new synthetic drugs adopted on 16 June 1997 by the Council of the European Union. This publication consists of the main results of, and supporting documents from, a special risk-assessment meeting held at the EMCDDA in November 1998 with the participation of the Centre's Scientific Committee, experts from the 15 EU Member States, and representatives of the European Commission, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA), London, and Europol. Table of contents • Report on the risk assessment of MBDB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs • Joint action concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs • EMCDDA-EDU progress report on the joint action on new synthetic drugs • The pharmacotoxicology and neuropsychology of N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) • Sociological and criminological evidence on the risks of MBDB • Public health risks of MBDB: Epidemiological evidence publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11636/1/EMCDDA_Risk_assessment_MBDB.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Report on the risk assessment of MBDB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11647/ title: Scientific review of the literature on estimating the prevalence of drug misuse on the local level. subject: Data collection method subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use subject: Community needs assessment subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe description: Prevalence of problem drug use (PDU) is one of five key indicators used by the EMCDDA to provide more comparable, scientifically based estimates of the prevalence of more severe patterns of drug use that cannot be reliably measured by surveys. This information is useful for assessing treatment needs, and offers a realistic basis for estimating the social costs of drug problems, for example drug-related crime. This report from 1999 reviews the scientific literature relating to the use of epidemiological methods for estimating the prevalence of drug use at the local level. Table of contents • Introduction • Direct methods • Indirect methods • Capture-recapture methods • Dynamic models • Synthesis • Discussion and conclusions publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1999 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11647/1/EMCDDA_Lit_review_local_prevalence_.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999) Scientific review of the literature on estimating the prevalence of drug misuse on the local level. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11623/ title: Outreach work among drug users in Europe: concepts, practice and terminology. subject: Outreach subject: European Union description: Outreach work among drug users in Europe is the culmination of a multi-country study commissioned by the EMCDDA in 1998 to assess the concepts, practice and terminology relating to outreach work among drug users in the EU Member States. Significant variations are observed in Europe in the political, social, theoretical and practical contexts in which outreach work is delivered to this group. This publication aims to facilitate communication between professionals in this area by establishing linguistic equivalents and makes a case for including outreach work in a European-wide information system. The volume makes a significant contribution to the assessment of outreach work in Europe. Table of contents • What is outreach work? • Target groups, goals and working methods • The organisational context of outreach work • Terminology in outreach work • Documentation, data collection and evaluation • Country overviews and examples of good practice publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Korf, Dirk contributor: Freeman, Marielle contributor: Lewis, Roger contributor: Grant, Ian contributor: Jacob, Elisabeth contributor: Mougin, Chantal contributor: Nilson, Margareta date: 1999 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Korf, Dirk and Freeman, Marielle and Lewis, Roger and Grant, Ian and Jacob, Elisabeth and Mougin, Chantal and Nilson, Margareta , eds. (1999) Outreach work among drug users in Europe: concepts, practice and terminology. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 2 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11605/ title: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Trends, patterns and prevalence of use • Demand reduction • The nature and extent of drug use in central and eastern Europe • National strategies • Actions taken by the European Union • International action • Analysis of public spending on drugs publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1998 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11605/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_1998.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11606/ title: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998: summary and highlights. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Trends, patterns and prevalence of use • Demand reduction • The nature and extent of drug use in central and eastern Europe • National strategies • Actions taken by the European Union • International action • Analysis of public spending on drugs publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1998 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11606/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_1998_summary.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1998: summary and highlights. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11611/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1997. subject: European Union publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1998 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1997. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11631/ title: Evaluating drug prevention in the European Union. subject: Programme evaluation subject: European Union subject: Drugs and alcohol prevention subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research description: Preventing drug use is a universal challenge and identifying approaches that work, and why they work, is a specific objective for drug professionals and evaluators. This monograph focuses on the ideology of prevention in Europe. In particular, it presents arguments for making evaluation a routine and scientifically sound procedure that draws on good practice and proven methodology. The volume includes a broad overview of the history and status of prevention activities and their evaluation in Europe and the US, as well as an introduction to the theoretical foundations of evaluation. Also reviewed are the most commonly encountered evaluation methods, instruments, problems and obstacles and the diversity and complexity of evaluation models. The monograph explores how drug professionals can interest politicians in evaluation and how evaluation can stimulate the allocation of funds. Table of contents • Background to evaluation • Evaluation in practice • Conference workshops • Conference roundtable publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1998 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11631/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_2.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Evaluating drug prevention in the European Union. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 2 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/6258/ title: Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. subject: Programme evaluation subject: European Union subject: Programme planning (strategy) subject: Prevention programme or service description: These guidelines give detailed, step-by-step advice to programme-planners and evaluators on how to assess the different stages of drug-prevention interventions. Recently evaluated as one of the Centre's most utilised publications. Table of contents Introduction Guidelines for planning and realising evaluation • Evaluating programme planning • Process evaluation • Outcome evaluation • Communicating the results Examples • Evaluating programme planning • Process evaluation • Outcome evaluation • Communicating the results Glossary publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1998 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1998) Guidelines for the evaluation of drug prevention: a manual for programme planners and evaluators. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11607/ title: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1997. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Prevalence and patterns of use • Demand reduction • New trends in synthetic drugs • National strategies • Action taken by the EU • The international environment publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1997 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11607/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_1997_summary.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1997) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1997. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11610/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1996. subject: European Union publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1997 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1997) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1996. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11806/ title: Joint seminar. Drugs: research initiatives in the European Union: synthesis report. subject: European Union subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research description: In 1996, representatives of the 15 Member States and individual researchers were invited to a joint seminar, organised by the European Commission and the EMCDDA, entitled ‘Drug research-related initiatives in the European Union’. The seminar was held under the European Commission’s project Inventing tomorrow which aimed to propose guidelines for the Fifth research and technical development framework programme. National focal points were requested by the European Commission Drugs Coordination Unit and the EMCDDA to prepare ‘national reports on the national drug research situation and identification of research needs.' The results of this initiative are presented in this report. The current document presents an analytic summary of the 16 reports which have been produced in the context of the joint EU-EMCDDA initiative ‘National drug research situation and identification of research needs’. The document has a purely academic character in that it intends to analytically summarize the information provided in the different reports. publisher: EMCDDA; European University Institute date: 1997 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11806/1/EMCDDA-research-seminar_1997.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, European University Institute. (1997) Joint seminar. Drugs: research initiatives in the European Union: synthesis report. Florence: EMCDDA; European University Institute. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11646/ title: Literature review of studies of mortaility and feasibility study for a common methodology. subject: Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death subject: Data collection method subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe subject: Data analysis method description: This is the final report of the EMCDDA project 'Review of scientific studies of mortality among drug users and feasibility study for a common methodology for monitoring overall and cause-specific mortality among drug users in Member States.' The project was developed according to the following phases: 1. Collection of published studies on mortality among drug users; 2. Critical revision of the methods used and the results obtained in the selected studies; 3. Oganisation of a meeting to discuss the major issues to be taken into account for developing a standardized methodology to assess overall and cause-specific mortality rates among drug users in Member States of European Union; 4. Draft of a standardized protocol for a cohort mortality study among drug users in different European Countries. publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1997 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11646/1/EMCDDA_Lit_review_mortality.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1997) Literature review of studies of mortaility and feasibility study for a common methodology. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11622/ title: New trends in synthetic drugs in the EU: epidemiology and demand-reduction responses. subject: Drugs and alcohol in general subject: European Union subject: Pharmacology and toxicology description: In June 1997, the EMCDDA was assigned a major role by the Council of the EU in the detection and risk assessment of new synthetic drugs. Later that year, it published New trends in synthetic drugs in the European Union, based on two Europe-wide reviews of the epidemiology of synthetic drug use and related demand-reduction activities in the EU. The publication responded to a clear need to audit what was known of the new synthetic drug phenomenon at that time across Europe and to develop a comprehensive knowledge base for informing policy, legislation and prevention initiatives in this area. Table of contents • The drugs • New trends • The epidemiology of synthetic drugs • Demand reduction and synthetic drugs publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Griffiths, Paul contributor: Vingoe, Louisa contributor: Jansen, Karl contributor: Sherval, James contributor: Lewis, Roger contributor: Hartnoll, Richard contributor: Nilson, Margareta date: 1997 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: Griffiths, Paul and Vingoe, Louisa and Jansen, Karl and Sherval, James and Lewis, Roger and Hartnoll, Richard and Nilson, Margareta , eds. (1997) New trends in synthetic drugs in the EU: epidemiology and demand-reduction responses. EMCDDA Insights Series no. 1 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3476/ title: Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use in Europe. Papers arising from a scientific seminar on addiction prevalence estimation: methods and research strategies held in Strasbourg, France, 10-14 June 1996. subject: Research and evaluation subject: Research and evaluation method subject: Europe subject: Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use description: This is a landmark publication on prevalence estimation theory and method in the European Union. The monograph – the result of collaboration between 30 scientific authors – explores the relationship between epidemiological work on the estimation of drug problems and the development of drug policy and strategy. The strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used estimation techniques – such as case finding, capture–recapture, multiplier and nomination – are uncovered in the volume, as are the virtues of combining and comparing different methods in the estimation process. The monograph underlines the need to improve the quality of data on which prevalence estimates depend, and to complement these estimates with qualitative studies exploring other aspects of the drug situation beyond the statistics. Table of contents • Science and policy • Case-finding methods • Capture-recapture methods • Multiplier methods • Nomination methods • Combining and comparing different estimation methods publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities contributor: Stimson, Gerry V contributor: Hickman, Matthew contributor: Quirk, Alan contributor: Frischer, Martin contributor: Taylor, Colin date: 1997 type: Book type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/3476/1/EMCDDA_Monograph_1.pdf identifier: Stimson, Gerry V and Hickman, Matthew and Quirk, Alan and Frischer, Martin and Taylor, Colin , eds. (1997) Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use in Europe. Papers arising from a scientific seminar on addiction prevalence estimation: methods and research strategies held in Strasbourg, France, 10-14 June 1996. EMCDDA Scientific Monograph Series; No. 1 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities . relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11609/ title: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1995. subject: European Union publisher: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction date: 1996 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1996) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): general report of activities 1995. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11608/ title: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1995. subject: European Union subject: Cross-cultural study subject: Drugs and alcohol use behaviour description: The report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policy-makers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures. Table of contents • Demand and demand reduction • Anti-drug strategies • Information sources • Information structures publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities date: 1995 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed format: application/pdf language: en identifier: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/11608/1/EMCDDA_Annual_report_1995_summary.pdf identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1995) Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1995. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. relation: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5771/ title: Annotated bibliography of epidemiological research on illicit drugs in Europe. Volume two annexes. creator: Hartnoll, Richard subject: Epidemiology subject: Health services, drugs and alcohol research subject: Europe publisher: EMCDDA date: 1993 type: Report type: NonPeerReviewed identifier: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Hartnoll, Richard (1993) Annotated bibliography of epidemiological research on illicit drugs in Europe. Volume two annexes. Lisbon: EMCDDA.