"eprintid","rev_number","eprint_status","userid","importid","source","dir","datestamp","lastmod","status_changed","type","succeeds","commentary","metadata_visibility","contact_email","latitude","longitude","relation_type","relation_uri","item_issues_id","item_issues_type","item_issues_description","item_issues_timestamp","item_issues_status","item_issues_reported_by","item_issues_resolved_by","item_issues_comment","item_issues_count","sword_depositor","sword_slug","creators_name.family","creators_name.given","creators_name.lineage","creators_name.honourific","creators_id","browse_creators","contributors_type","contributors_name.family","contributors_name.given","contributors_name.lineage","contributors_name.honourific","contributors_id","corp_creators","title","ispublished","subjects","divisions","full_text_status","research_status","monograph_type","pres_type","keywords","research_method_note","note","suggestions","abstract","date","date_type","series","browse_by","rel_username_id","rel_username","rel_userid","username_browse_by","publication","volume","numeric_volume","number","publisher","place_of_pub","pagerange","pages","event_title","event_location","event_dates","event_type","id_number","patent_applicant","institution","department","thesis_type","refereed","publication_type","intervention_type","drug_type","isbn","issn","nsid","table_name","edition","item_source","date_start","date_end","organisations_organisation","organisations_role","accession_number","accession_comment","accession_status","copyright_holder","copyright_permission","copyright_granted","copyright_renewal","copyright_fee","toc_html","body_html","call_number","date_received","date_ordered","season_month","issue_title","book_title","editors_name.family","editors_name.given","editors_name.lineage","editors_name.honourific","editors_id","official_url","related_url_url","related_url_type","referencetext","funders","projects","output_media","exhibitors_name.family","exhibitors_name.given","exhibitors_name.lineage","exhibitors_name.honourific","exhibitors_id","num_pieces","composition_type","producers_name.family","producers_name.given","producers_name.lineage","producers_name.honourific","producers_id","conductors_name.family","conductors_name.given","conductors_name.lineage","conductors_name.honourific","conductors_id","lyricists_name.family","lyricists_name.given","lyricists_name.lineage","lyricists_name.honourific","lyricists_id","accompaniment","data_type","pedagogic_type","completion_time","task_purpose","skill_areas","copyright_holders","learning_level","research_dissemination","research_quantitative","research_qualitative","request_form","visible_until","doc_order_by","jv_volume","jv_pub","vol_subject_list","vol_subject_list_words","vol_subject_list_geo_words","vol_subject_list_words_last","vol_subject_list_geo_words_last","ace_words","sticky","home_hide" "24819","14","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/48/19","2015-11-13 13:57:40","2015-11-13 13:57:40","2015-11-13 13:57:40","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Wouters","M","","","","Wouters:M::","",,,,,"","","Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) : transnational project on different user groups, user characteristics, extent and patterns of use, market dynamics, and best practices in prevention.",,"AA2-4","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,,"2015-10","published",,"Wouters M",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2015-10","2017-09","JUST/2014/JDRU/AG/DRUG Action grants to support transnational projects in the area of EU drugs policy. Justice Programme 2014-2020","commissioning_and_funding","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

The European Drugs Strategy 2013-2020 specifically mentions the rapid rise of new drugs among young people and the difficulties policy makers have in responding to new drug trends. This project directly addresses priority area ‘New psychoactive substances’, i.e. ‘to support the implementation of EU legislation on new psychoactive substances by monitoring the extent and patterns of use of such substances, and by sharing best practices on prevention’.

New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are a rapidly growing group of psychoactive drugs. EMCDDA defines NPS as “synthetic or naturally occurring substances that are not controlled under international law, and often produced with the intention of mimicking the effects of controlled drugs”. NPS are also a heterogeneous group (e.g. phenethylamines, tryptamines, cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids). The emergence of NPS poses several challenges to Justice.

Firstly, because the rapid spread and the strong variety in chemical composition, it is not an easy task to keep up with the emergence of NPS. This leads to difficulty with timely and appropriate actions regarding the legal status of NPS, not only at the EU level, but also for individual EU member states, in particular if detailed (national) Risk Assessments are required in order to decide whether or not, and how a specific NPS should be regulated.

Secondly, the emergence of NPS goes hand in hand with the Internet as a growing marketplace. The Internet is of growing importance as a source of information about NPS (e.g. chemical composition, psychoactive effects), not only for users but also for NPS producers and suppliers, thereby creating new market opportunities. Buying NPS through the Internet generally does not require access to social networks and personal contacts to dealers, as is the case in traditional supply (e.g. in the street, in clubs, through stone and mortar suppliers such as smart shops, in private settings). On the other hand, NPS sales through the Internet might increase risks for users.

Thirdly, the transnational character of this new market has strong impact on the structure and organisation of the NPS supply chain; today geographical distances covered are much larger than before, while at the same time there are fewer intermediaries in the chain.

This transnational project aims to address the need to be better informed about the extent and patterns of NPS use, NPS supply - in particular the role of the Internet, and best practices in prevention of NPS demand and supply.

The main objectives are:

  1. Determine the extent, and patterns, of NPS use within three different groups
  2. Assess characteristics in three different groups of NPS users
  3. Collect information about supply
  4. Identify market dynamics for NPS
  5. Assess perception of legal status of NPS
  6. Make an inventory of prevention strategies used in the different countries
  7. Identify best practices
  8. Disseminate and share project results Europe-wide
",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","survey_face-to-face","",,,"11",,,"AA2-4 , BN , BT , JB2 , MM20-10-6 , MR2-8-4 , VH","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > New psychoactive substances -- E Concepts in biomedical areas > Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention -- MM-MO Crime and law > Drugs and alcohol offence > Drug offence > Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Marketing and public relations (advertising) > Internet retailing (online sales)","VA Geographic area > Europe","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- New psychoactive substances -- Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status -- Drugs and alcohol prevention -- Drugs and alcohol offence - Drug offence - Illegal distribution of drugs (drug market / dealing) -- Marketing and public relations (advertising) - Internet retailing (online sales)","Europe","Wouters M , Nabbe T , Korf Dirk , Werse B , Olssen B , Dabrowska K , Van Hout Marie Claire , Bujalski M , Demetrovics Zsolt","0","yes" "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Nabbe","T","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"published_report",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Korf","Dirk","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BT",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Werse","B","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Olssen","B","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MM20-10-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Dabrowska","K","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MR2-8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bujalski","M","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24819",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Demetrovics","Zsolt","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818","9","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/48/18","2015-11-13 13:43:30","2015-11-13 13:43:30","2015-11-13 13:43:30","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Deluca","Paolo","","","","Deluca:Paolo::","",,,,,"","","CASSANDRA (computer assisted solutions for studying the availability and distribution of novel psychoActive substances).",,"BN","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,"CASSANDRA seeks to create a multidisciplinary, cost effective approach to investigating the supply chain and diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS), by incorporating cutting edge technologies and new social trend indicators into the monitoring of NPS. CASSANDRA has been developed in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom, the Institute of Informatics and Telematics of the CNR, Pisa - Italy, and the Substance Abuse Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT), Ireland. This partnership brings together expertise from different fields of research to develop a novel and innovative methodology to understand the supply chain and diffusion of NPS. This project will also capitalize on existing research and the strengths of the Psychonaut 2002, Psychonaut EWS, ReDNet, CODEMISUSED and ALICE RAP projects which for the past 10 years have investigated the role of the Internet in shaping drug use; On the work carried out at WIT which has shown how underground websites (Deep Web) are emerging as ideal market places for both illicit and licit substances, which are also set to revolutionise contemporary drug distribution and use, and are increasingly becoming very popular and more reliable and secure than negotiating illicit drug markets. It will also make use of the know-how developed in the past few years by the CNR as part of the CAPER, OpeNER, ASIA, and SoS projects which exploit open access information from several social media platforms and websites to find hidden connections among users, monitor social media for the detection and the analysis of events, and developed the technology needed to retrieve, store and analyse online data. Therefore, this project aims at using infodemiology, open source intelligence and qualitative methods to map the Internet to describe the supply chain and diffusion of the most used NPS. In particular we aim to: 1) Map the availability and distribution chain of NPS across multiple websites and online environments (e.g. Tor, social media). 2) Describe how the availability, promotion and distribution of NPS are evolving through out the duration of the project. 3) Describe the life cycle stages of any given substance: Introduction, growth, maturity and/or decline. Including the displacement of established illegal drugs and/or other NPS.","2015-02","published",,"Deluca Paolo",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2015-02","2017-01","Funded under the EC Justice 2013 Call Drug Prevention and Information Programme (DPIP)","commissioning_and_funding","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.projectcassandra.eu/?page_id=6","web",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","","",,,"11",,,"BN , MR2-8-4 , VH","B Drugs and alcohol substances > New psychoactive substances -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Marketing and public relations (advertising) > Internet retailing (online sales)","VA Geographic area > Europe","New psychoactive substances -- Marketing and public relations (advertising) - Internet retailing (online sales)","Europe","Deluca Paolo , Drummond C , Davey Z , Tesconi M , Marchetti A , Bacciy C , La Polla NM , Van Hout Marie Claire","0","yes" "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Drummond","C","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MR2-8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"published_report",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Davey","Z","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Tesconi","M","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Marchetti","A","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bacciy","C","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"La Polla","NM","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24818",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208","19","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/52/08","2016-02-18 08:33:45","2016-02-18 08:33:45","2016-02-18 08:33:45","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Dwyer","David","","","","Dwyer:David::","",,,,,"","","Examining the outcomes, variables, factors and experiences influencing recovery for participants in an abstinence-based residential intervention for drug and alcohol addiction.",,"AA2-4","","none","in_progress",,,,,"Supervisors: Dr. Niamh Maguire and Dr. John O' Brien.",,,"2015-01-15","published",,"Dwyer David",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Waterford Institute of Technology",,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2015-01-15","2018-01-04","Irish Research Council","funding_only","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

The mixed-methods study seeks to examine the outcomes of Aiseiri’s abstinence-based residential addiction treatment intervention for adults as well as exploring the factors associated with the process of recovery. Key research objectives include examining outcomes across a range of measures; understanding the role of recovery capital in recovery pathways; the relationship between addiction treatment and desistance from crime; and how recovery and treatment is mediated by a range of individual and social variables.

There has only been one empirical study of Aiseiri’s addiction treatment service to date which was over twenty years ago (Leane and Powell, 1994). It would appear that few, if any, empirical studies have examined treatment outcomes specific to the Minnesota Model in Ireland. It is hoped that the current study will result in the delivery of a more effective service as well as contributing to the literature in the relevant fields of addiction, treatment and recovery.

The quantitative element of the project utilises the Treatment Outcomes Profile, the World Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire as well as demographic data from the National Drug Treatment Reporting System. A fourth and novel instrument will measure levels of self-control, stress, anxiety and depression as well as recovery capital. Data sweeps will take place at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months.

 

The qualitative element of the study will conduct 22 in-depth interviews initially focusing broadly on substance use history, treatment experiences, recovery and life after treatment. Thematic analysis from these interviews will inform the interview schedule for subsequent follow-up rounds of interviews which will take place at 6-month intervals for the duration of the project.

This project received ethical clearance in January 2015 from Waterford Institute of Technology and began data collection in June 2015.

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/5122/","pubn",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","longitudinal_study","interview_in-depth",,,"11",,,"AA2-4 , AD12-10-4 , AH18 , GA2-2 , GA2-4 , HJ , JT14-10 , LA , LH2 , MA , MP18-2 , VH4-2","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Drugs and alcohol abstinence -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Natural history of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol recovery -- G Health and disease > State of health > Physical health -- G Health and disease > State of health > Mental health -- HJ Treatment method -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Residential facility -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social psychology -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Quality of life -- MA-ML Social science, culture and community > Sociology and anthropology -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Policy > Policy on drugs and alcohol","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Drugs and alcohol abstinence -- Natural history of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol recovery -- State of health - Physical health -- State of health - Mental health -- -- Residential facility -- Social psychology -- Quality of life -- Sociology and anthropology -- Policy - Policy on drugs and alcohol","Europe - Ireland","Dwyer David","0","yes" "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AD12-10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"thesis_or_dissertation","survey_face-to-face",,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AH18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"GA2-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"GA2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HJ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JT14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LA",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LH2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MA",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MP18-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25208",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24929","11","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/49/29","2015-12-15 14:53:28","2015-12-15 14:53:28","2015-12-15 14:53:28","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Carew","Anne Marie","","","acarew@hrb.ie","Carew:Anne Marie::","",,,,,"","","Measuring and modelling the extent of addiction treatment and associated outcomes among ageing opiate users using routine health surveillance data.",,"BL","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,,"2014-09-01","published",,"Carew Anne Marie",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2014-09-01","2020-09-31","Health Research Board","funding_only","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","secondary_data_analysis","none",,,"11",,,"BL , TA16-6 , TL4 , TL4-10-4","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Opioids (opiates) -- T Demographic characteristics > Elderly / Older person -- T Demographic characteristics > Drug user -- T Demographic characteristics > Intravenous / injecting drug user",,"Opioids (opiates) -- Elderly / Older person -- Drug user -- Intravenous / injecting drug user",,"Carew Anne Marie , Comiskey Catherine","0","yes" "24929",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Comiskey","Catherine","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA16-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"thesis_or_dissertation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24929",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24929",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4-10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21519","13","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/15/19","2014-03-13 09:10:40","2014-03-13 09:11:16","2014-03-13 09:10:40","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Bingham","Tim","","","","Bingham:Tim::","",,,,,"","","Image and performance / steroids enhancing drugs (IPEDs).",,"RF2","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,"There are potential health risks associated with the use of Image and Performance Enhancing drugs but no research has reliably shown what adverse side-effects people actually experience. There is currently no reliable way of estimating how many people use these drugs. This makes providing services and advice for this group extremely difficult. It is hoped that this survey will help us to better understand patterns of use and what side-effects people experience and how they are treated. The research programme is designed to better understand the longer term implications of use and to highlight emerging trends in the nature of use.","2014-02-12","published",,"Bingham Tim",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2014-02-12","2030-04-14","","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/WZ9YDYR","url",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"published_report","survey_self-completed","interview_semi-structured",,,"11",,,"RF2 , BM , VH4-2","R Research > Research and evaluation -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Steroids of abuse","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Research and evaluation -- Steroids of abuse","Europe - Ireland","Bingham Tim , Van Hout Marie Claire","0","yes" "21519",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BM",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"peer-reviewed_paper",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21519",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561","32","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/05/61","2013-09-19 08:29:27","2015-11-13 11:51:09","2014-01-06 10:47:42","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","","","Van Hout:Marie Claire::","",,,,,"","","Over the Counter Codeine Use Misuse and Dependence (CODEMISUSED).",,"BT6-1","","public","in_progress",,,,,,,"Contemporary research has underscored the need for ‘increased pharmaco- vigilance’ around codeine dispensing as the most commonly consumed opiate worldwide. Codeine represents an interesting quandary in terms of its regulated status, with individuals varying in their metabolism of codeine, estimation of safe dosages, and potential for misuse and dependence. Although effects are milder than heroin, potential for habit forming use, misuse and addiction remains of concern, with physical dependence occurring with regular use over a short period of time. Within trajectories of codeine use, misuse and dependence, a variety of distinct sub groups exist in the form of pain patients, elderly, youth, parents, recreational, problematic and opiate dependent drug users, and each with their own motives, patterns and outcomes for use. Increases in addiction treatment uptakes and reporting of adverse health consequences relating to additives in combination analgesics containing codeine and ibuprofen/paracetamol are observed globally. The CODEMISUSED collaboration are investigating this public health issue in order to present data on prescribed and over the counter (OTC) codeine use, misuse and dependence in partner countries and from a variety of perspectives (codeine patients, prescribers, pharmacists, addiction treatment specialists, drug users, customers and addiction treatment patients) so as to inform the design of patient information, professional competency training and education, primary care and pharmacy risk detection, surveillance and monitoring, referral, treatment and detoxification initiatives for innovative use in the pharmaceutical, pharmacy medical and treatment professions. Industry (pharmacy chains) and academia exchanges in the form of secondments of staff, workshops, seminars and conferences have occurred throughout the duration of CODEMISUSED to date, and have been paramount to the informed success of work package design, implementation of research by virtue of the collaboration, exchange knowledge and expertise from academics and pharmacy staff. 85% of the inter-sectorial secondment months have been completed. All Marie Curie Fellows are involved in outreach when on secondment which involves dissemination within the host organisation, and home organisation on return from secondments, and also engaging with local services and key stakeholders whilst on secondment and whilst working on the scientific objectives of CODEMISUSED","2013-09-01","published",,"Van Hout Marie Claire",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2013-09-01","2017-09-01","FP7 Marie Curie Industry Academia Partnership and Pathways strand","funding_only","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.codemisused.org/","web",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","meta-analysis","interview_semi-structured",,,"11",,,"BT6-1 , VH4-2 , VH4-4 , VL-2-16 , MR2-8-4 , AM , BL2-4","E Concepts in biomedical areas > Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status > Over the counter drug (medicine / medication) -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Marketing and public relations (advertising) > Internet retailing (online sales) -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Opioids (opiates) > Codeine","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland -- VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom -- VA Geographic area > Africa > South Africa","Drugs and alcohol substance by legal status - Over the counter drug (medicine / medication) -- Marketing and public relations (advertising) - Internet retailing (online sales) -- Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences -- Opioids (opiates) - Codeine","Europe - Ireland -- Europe - United Kingdom -- Africa - South Africa","Van Hout Marie Claire , Wells John , Gooney Martina , Bergin Michael , Foley Michelle","0","yes" "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Wells","John","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"published_report","systematic_review","interview_unstructured",,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gooney","Martina","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"longitudinal_study",,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bergin","Michael","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VL-2-16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Foley","Michelle","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MR2-8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AM",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20561",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BL2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20264","15","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/02/64","2013-07-23 11:43:08","2013-07-23 11:43:08","2013-07-23 11:43:08","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","","","Van Hout:Marie Claire::","",,,,,"","","Longitudinal monitoring and process evaluation of methadone maintenance clients experiences of community and residential detox in Dublin over a period of 24 months.",,"JP10_2_2","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,,"2013-06","published",,"Van Hout Marie Claire",,"","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2013-06",,"Dublin North East Task Force","commissioning_and_funding","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","","",,,"11",,,"JP10_2_2 , VH4-2-5 , JT14-10 , HK2-10-2-2-2 , JT8_8_2","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > patient attitude toward treatment -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Residential facility -- HJ Treatment method > Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method > Drugs and alcohol replacement method (substitution) > Methadone maintenance -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health care programme or facility > Community-based treatment (primary care)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Dublin","Treatment and maintenance - patient attitude toward treatment -- Residential facility -- Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method - Drugs and alcohol replacement method (substitution) - Methadone maintenance -- Health care programme or facility - Community-based treatment (primary care)","Europe - Ireland - Dublin","Van Hout Marie Claire","0","yes" "20264",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20264",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JT14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20264",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HK2-10-2-2-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20264",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JT8_8_2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11888","25","archive","10",,,"disk0/00/01/18/88","2009-05-06 11:46:15","2017-04-13 09:44:25","2009-05-06 11:46:15","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Lynn","Ena","","","","Lynn:Ena::","",,,,,"","","National Drug-Related Deaths Index (NDRDI)",,"VH4-2","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,"To ensure complete (90%) and accurate (95%) reporting for drug and alcohol-related deaths among substance users in order to inform policy and practice in the harm reduction and prevention areas. The purposes of having such data are manifold: - Accurate information on drug and alcohol-related deaths and deaths among substance users would enable us to make a judgement on whether broad policy objectives are being met or not. - It would inform Local Drugs Task Forces and Regional Drugs Task Forces on specific prevention, treatment and rehabilitation issues that would be of relevance at community level. - It would inform decision-making in terms of putting preventive measures in place to reduce premature drug and alcohol-related mortality. - It would enable us to determine the balance of harm to public health by drug type.","2005-09","published",,"Lynn Ena","969",,"969","Ena Lynn",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2005-09","2020-12","Department of Health and Children","funding_only","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","secondary_data_analysis","",,,"11",,,"VH4-2 , PB6-12-2 , PD","P Demography, epidemiology, and history > Population dynamics > Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death -- P Demography, epidemiology, and history > Epidemiology","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Population dynamics - Drugs and alcohol related mortality / death -- Epidemiology","Europe - Ireland","Lynn Ena , Lyons Suzi","0","no" "11888",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Lyons","Suzi","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"PB6-12-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform","funding_only",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"published_report",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11888",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"PD",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11899","15","archive","10",,,"disk0/00/01/18/99","2009-05-07 08:51:19","2015-09-16 11:44:02","2009-05-07 08:51:19","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Corcoran","Paul","","","","Corcoran:Paul::","",,,,,"","","National Registry of Deliberate Self Harm.",,"GA2-4","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,"To establish the extent of the problem of deliberate self harm presentations to hospital accident and emergency departments in Ireland. To detail the nature of the self-harming behaviour involved. To identify the groups and areas with the highest rates of deliberate self harm.","2000-01","published",,"Corcoran Paul","2096",,"2096","Paul Corcoran",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"2000-01","2020-12","National Office for Suicide Prevention","funding_only","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"peer-reviewed_paper","secondary_data_analysis","",,,"11",,,"GA2-4 , VH4-2 , PD","G Health and disease > State of health > Mental health -- P Demography, epidemiology, and history > Epidemiology","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","State of health - Mental health -- Epidemiology","Europe - Ireland","Corcoran Paul , Perry Ivan J , Williamson Eileen , O'Connell Laura","0","no" "11899",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Perry","Ivan J","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"published_report",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11899",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Williamson","Eileen","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"PD",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11899",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"O'Connell","Laura","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11887","40","archive","10",,,"disk0/00/01/18/87","2009-05-06 11:22:50","2013-05-10 11:11:06","2009-05-06 11:22:50","research_project",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Lyons","Suzi","","","","Lyons:Suzi::","",,,,,"","","National Drug Treatment Reporting System (NDTRS)",,"VH4-2","","none","in_progress",,,,,,,"The NDTRS is an epidemiological database on treated problem drug and alcohol use in Ireland. Compliance with the NDTRS requires that a form be completed for each new client coming for first treatment and each previously treated client returning to treatment for problem drug or alcohol use in a calender year.","1998-01","published",,"Lyons Suzi","1229",,"1229","Jean Long",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,"1998-01","2020-12","EMCDDA","commissioning_and_funding","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"published_report","secondary_data_analysis","",,,"11",,,"VH4-2 , JA2 , RP , PD , RQ8","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health services, drugs and alcohol research -- R Research > Data collection method -- P Demography, epidemiology, and history > Epidemiology -- R Research > Data analysis method > Quantitative data analysis","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Health services, drugs and alcohol research -- Data collection method -- Epidemiology -- Data analysis method - Quantitative data analysis","Europe - Ireland","Lyons Suzi , Maguire Vivion , Condron Ita","0","no" "11887",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Maguire","Vivion","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JA2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Department of Health and Children","funding_only",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"unpublished_report",,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11887",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Condron","Ita","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"RP",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11887",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"PD",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "11887",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"RQ8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,