"eprintid","rev_number","eprint_status","userid","importid","source","dir","datestamp","lastmod","status_changed","type","succeeds","commentary","metadata_visibility","contact_email","latitude","longitude","relation_type","relation_uri","item_issues_id","item_issues_type","item_issues_description","item_issues_timestamp","item_issues_status","item_issues_reported_by","item_issues_resolved_by","item_issues_comment","item_issues_count","sword_depositor","sword_slug","creators_name.family","creators_name.given","creators_name.lineage","creators_name.honourific","creators_id","browse_creators","contributors_type","contributors_name.family","contributors_name.given","contributors_name.lineage","contributors_name.honourific","contributors_id","corp_creators","title","ispublished","subjects","divisions","full_text_status","research_status","monograph_type","pres_type","keywords","research_method_note","note","suggestions","abstract","date","date_type","series","browse_by","rel_username_id","rel_username","rel_userid","username_browse_by","publication","volume","numeric_volume","number","publisher","place_of_pub","pagerange","pages","event_title","event_location","event_dates","event_type","id_number","patent_applicant","institution","department","thesis_type","refereed","publication_type","intervention_type","drug_type","isbn","issn","nsid","table_name","edition","item_source","date_start","date_end","organisations_organisation","organisations_role","accession_number","accession_comment","accession_status","copyright_holder","copyright_permission","copyright_granted","copyright_renewal","copyright_fee","toc_html","body_html","call_number","date_received","date_ordered","season_month","issue_title","book_title","editors_name.family","editors_name.given","editors_name.lineage","editors_name.honourific","editors_id","official_url","related_url_url","related_url_type","referencetext","funders","projects","output_media","exhibitors_name.family","exhibitors_name.given","exhibitors_name.lineage","exhibitors_name.honourific","exhibitors_id","num_pieces","composition_type","producers_name.family","producers_name.given","producers_name.lineage","producers_name.honourific","producers_id","conductors_name.family","conductors_name.given","conductors_name.lineage","conductors_name.honourific","conductors_id","lyricists_name.family","lyricists_name.given","lyricists_name.lineage","lyricists_name.honourific","lyricists_id","accompaniment","data_type","pedagogic_type","completion_time","task_purpose","skill_areas","copyright_holders","learning_level","research_dissemination","research_quantitative","research_qualitative","request_form","visible_until","doc_order_by","jv_volume","jv_pub","vol_subject_list","vol_subject_list_words","vol_subject_list_geo_words","vol_subject_list_words_last","vol_subject_list_geo_words_last","ace_words","sticky","home_hide" "28067","11","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/80/67","2017-10-27 08:31:54","2017-10-27 08:31:54","2017-10-27 08:31:54","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Webster","Russell","","","",,"",,,,,"","","User-led interventions: an expanding resource?","pub","JP10","","public",,,,,,,,,"2017-10",,,"EMCDDA",,"","",,,,,,"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","Lisbon",,"14 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"report","aod_disorder","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"EMCDDA",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,"

This short paper outlines the growth of user-led interventions across Europe in the problem (as opposed to recreational) drug sector over recent years. It starts by attempting to define and categorise user-led interventions before describing a number of examples and sharing what is known about their effectiveness. The paper concludes by identifying likely developments, highlighting the opportunities created by user-led work and detailing the challenges for policymakers and commissioners in Europe.

It is important to note that this paper is not based on a comprehensive survey of user-led initiatives in Europe, nor does it seek to list the many organisations and programmes operating in this space. Indeed, it does not appear that a survey of user-led services has ever been carried out. Hunt et al. (2010) point out that there are several difficulties in surveying the user-led provision accurately, since some organisations have a short lifespan and stigma means that there are good reasons for certain organisations to avoid being too visible. In addition, the extent to which users or ex-users are involved in leading a specific organisation is not always clear

 

Background paper commissioned by the EMCDDA for Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/document-library/user-led-interventions-expanding-resource_en","web",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"JP10 , LC2-14 , TL4 , VH","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > Treatment factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- T Demographic characteristics > Drug user","VA Geographic area > Europe","Treatment and maintenance - Treatment factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Drug user","Europe","Webster Russell","0","no" "28067",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_disorder_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "28067",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "28067",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27385","12","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/73/85","2017-06-01 11:09:08","2017-06-01 11:09:08","2017-06-01 11:09:08","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","","Responsible drinking ‘social norms’ messages not credible, say students.","pub","JG10-4","","public",,,,,,,,"A study set in a UK university found telling students that their peers drink less than they might think did not reinforce their intentions to drink responsibly. Though the message that most students have ‘six drinks or less’ on each occasion was clear, students did not believe, trust or relate to it Key points from summary and commentary • The ‘social norms’ approach aims to correct students’ misperceptions about how much their peers drink, in a bid to curb their own excessive drinking. • Tested among 1020 University of Liverpool students, there proved to be little to no impact from disseminating norms about responsible drinking. • Though there was evidence of participants overestimating how much the majority of their peers drink, and a link between believing others followed the norm and students’ usual drinking behaviour, norms did not appear to be driving drinking in the latter.","2017-05","published",,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,"","",,"Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin",,"5 May 2017","5 May 2017","Drug and Alcohol Findings","London",,"4 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","aod_use_harm_reduction","alcohol",,,,,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://findings.org.uk/docs/bulletins/Bull_05_05_17.php?s=eb","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","unspecified","Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin","JG10-4 , LC2-14-2 , ND14 , TN2-6 , VH4-4","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention approach > Prevention through information and education -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- N Communication, information and education > Information use and impact -- T Demographic characteristics > Undergraduate or graduate student","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Prevention approach - Prevention through information and education -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Information use and impact -- Undergraduate or graduate student","Europe - United Kingdom",,"0","yes" "27385",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"education_and_training",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27385",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"ND14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27385",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TN2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27385",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089","15","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/70/89","2017-03-27 09:12:58","2017-03-27 09:12:58","2017-03-27 09:12:58","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","","Does AA really help drinkers stop?","pub","BB","","public",,,,,,,,"12-step fellowships offer a way to reconcile shrunken resources with the desire to get more patients safely out of treatment. Accounting for the self-selection bias which has obscured AA’s impacts, this synthesis of US trials finds that attending more meetings after treatment boosts abstinence. Why then is research equivocal on whether promoting attendance improves drink-related outcomes? Key points from summary and commentary • This synthesis of US trials found that the more AA meetings problem drinkers attend after treatment, the fewer the days on which they drink, even after accounting for the possibility that more promising patients self-select into AA. • However, research is equivocal on whether systematically and intensively encouraging attendance at 12-step groups significantly improves drink-related outcomes; heavy drinking and adverse consequences are usually unaffected even if abstinence is modestly boosted. • A trial in England found no statistically significant improvements in abstinence after more active referral to 12-step groups, but was not a definitive test of these types of interventions.","2017-03",,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,"","",,,,"28 March 2017","28 March 2017","Drug and Alcohol Findings","London",,"4 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"report","aod_disorder","alcohol",,,,,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://findings.org.uk/docs/bulletins/Bull_28_03_17.php?s=eb","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"BB , GC16-6 , HZ2-6-6 , HZ22 , HZ26 , JP10 , LC2-14 , VH4-4-2","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use > Alcohol dependence -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method > Group therapy -- HJ Treatment method > Spirituality and religion in treatment -- HJ Treatment method > Treatment outcome -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > treatment factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom > England","Alcohol -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use - Alcohol dependence -- Psychosocial treatment method - Group therapy -- Spirituality and religion in treatment -- Treatment outcome -- Treatment and maintenance - treatment factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - United Kingdom - England",,"0","yes" "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"GC16-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_disorder_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ2-6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ22",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ26",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"rehabilitation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27089",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522","18","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/75/22","2017-07-07 11:03:17","2017-07-07 13:08:27","2017-07-07 11:03:17","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Watson","Judith","","","","Watson:Judith::","",,,,,"","","Youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs - a randomised controlled feasibility trial.","pub","AD12-6","","none",,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND: Family interventions appear to be effective at treating young people's substance misuse. However, implementation of family approaches in UK services is low. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to an intervention based on an adaptation of adult social behaviour and network therapy. It also sought to involve young people with experience of using substance misuse services in the research process. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting young people to family and social network therapy and to explore ways in which young people with experience of using substance misuse services could be involved in a study of this nature. DESIGN: A pragmatic, two-armed, randomised controlled open feasibility trial. SETTING: Two UK-based treatment services for young people with substance use problems, with recruitment taking place from May to November 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Young people aged 12-18 years, newly referred and accepted for structured interventions for drug and/or alcohol problems. INTERVENTIONS: A remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated young people to adapted youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y-SBNT) or treatment as usual (TAU). Y-SBNT participants were intended to receive up to six 50-minute sessions over a maximum of 12 weeks. TAU participants continued to receive usual care delivered by their service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feasibility was measured by recruitment rates, retention in treatment and follow-up completion rates. The main clinical outcome was the proportion of days on which the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90-day period as captured by the Timeline Follow-Back interview at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 53 young people were randomised (Y-SBNT, n = 26; TAU, n = 27) against a target of 60 (88.3%). Forty-two young people attended at least one treatment session [Y-SBNT 22/26 (84.6%); TAU 20/27 (74.1%)]; follow-up rates were 77.4% at month 3 and 73.6% at month 12. Data for nine young people were missing at both months 3 and 12, so the main clinical outcome analysis was based on 24 young people (92.3%) in the Y-SBNT group and 20 young people (74.1%) in the TAU group. At month 12, the average proportion of days that the main problem substance was used in the preceding 90 days was higher in the Y-SBNT group than in the TAU group (0.54 vs. 0.41; adjusted mean difference 0.13, 95% confidence interval -0.12 to 0.39; p = 0.30). No adverse events were reported. Seventeen young people with experience of substance misuse services were actively involved throughout the study. They informed key elements of the intervention and research process, ensuring that the intervention was acceptable and relevant to our target groups; contributing to the design of key trial documents, ideas for a new model of public involvement and this report. Two parents were also involved. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted intervention could be delivered in young people's services, and qualitative interviews found that Y-SBNT was acceptable to young people, family members and staff. Engagement of family and network members proved difficult within the intervention and research aspects. The study proved the feasibility of this work in routine services but outcome measurement based on narrow substance use variables may be limited and may fail to capture other important changes in wider areas of functioning for young people. Validation of the EuroQol-5 Dimensions for young people aged 12-18 years should be considered and flexible models for involvement of young people in research are required to achieve inclusive representation throughout all aspects of the research process. Although recommendation of a full trial of the Y-SBNT intervention compared with TAU is not supported, this study can inform future intervention development and UK research within routine addiction services.","2017-03","published",,"NIHR",,"","",,"Health Technology Assessment","21","15","15","National Institute for Health Research","Southampton","1-260",,,,,,,,,,,,"review","aod_disorder","alcohol",,"2046-4924",,,,"NIHR",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta21150/#/abstract","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","21","Health Technology Assessment","AD12-6 , BB , HZ , HZ26 , JG10-2-4 , JP10 , LC2-14 , LG14-10 , LG18-12 , TA14 , VH4-4","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- HJ Treatment method > Treatment outcome -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention approach > Family-focused prevention -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > treatment factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family structure > Family support -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption -- Alcohol -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Treatment outcome -- Prevention approach - Family-focused prevention -- Treatment and maintenance - treatment factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family structure - Family support -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","Europe - United Kingdom","Watson Judith , Toner Paul , Day Ed , Back Donna , Brady Louca-Mai , Fairhurst Caroline , Renwick Charlotte , Templeton Lorna , Akhtar Shabana , Lloyd Charlie , Li Jinshuo , Cocks Kim , Ambegaokar Sangeeta , Parrott Steve , McArdle Paul , Gilvarry Eilish ","0","yes" "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Toner","Paul","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_disorder_treatment_method","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Day","Ed","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction","cannabis",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Back","Donna","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ26",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method","cns_depressants",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Brady","Louca-Mai","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JG10-2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"rehabilitation","cns_stimulants",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Fairhurst","Caroline","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JP10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"cocaine",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Renwick","Charlotte","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"inhale_solvent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Templeton","Lorna","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LG14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"opioid",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Akhtar","Shabana","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychoactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Lloyd","Charlie","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Li","Jinshuo","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cocks","Kim","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ambegaokar","Sangeeta","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Parrott","Steve","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McArdle","Paul","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gilvarry","Eilish","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27522",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Copello","Alex","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414","12","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/64/14","2016-11-22 14:41:19","2016-11-22 14:41:19","2016-11-22 14:41:19","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Horgan","Aine","","","","Horgan:Aine::","",,,,,"","","Depressive symptoms, college adjustment and peer support among undergraduate nursing and midwifery students.","pub","AD12-6","","none",,,,,,,,"AIM: This study aimed to identify levels of depressive symptoms, social and personal college adjustment and peer support among nursing and midwifery students. BACKGROUND: Student mental health is of international concern, particularly among students who are undertaking professional qualifications in health care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design. METHODS: Data were collected in 2013 using the Centre for Epidemiology Depressive Symptoms Scale, two subscales of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire; and a subscale of the Peer Support Evaluation Inventory with 417 students in Ireland. RESULTS: Findings indicated that 34% of participants experienced depressive symptoms, 20% were poorly personally adjusted and 9% poorly socially adjusted. Most students had good levels of peer support. Statistically significant relationships were found between all key variables. Students in their second year of study had significantly higher rates of depressive symptoms. Participants who reported having poor relationships with their fathers were at higher risk and had more difficulties personally and socially adjusting to university life and study. The alcohol consumption of participants had a statistically significant relationship with depressive symptoms with higher consumption rates having a positive impact on symptoms. CONCLUSION: The mental health of undergraduates undertaking professional healthcare studies needs to be a key research, educational and clinical priority. High rates of adjustment and mental health difficulties, particularly in the second year of the programme need to be examined and more effective interventions developed.","2016-12","published",,"Horgan Aine",,"","",,"Journal of Advanced Nursing","72","12","12","Wiley",,"3081-3092",,,,,,,,,,,"TRUE","","","",,"1365-2648",,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.13074/abstract;jsessionid=E4A31C5C0F8B999BD8F7B615CE7AF2A3.f03t01","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","72","Journal of Advanced Nursing","AD12-6 , BB , GA2-4 , GD2 , LC2-14 , TN2-6 , TT2-14 , VH4-2","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- G Health and disease > State of health > Mental health -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol related disorder > Drugs and alcohol related mental disorder -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- T Demographic characteristics > Undergraduate or graduate student -- T Demographic characteristics > Nurse","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption -- Alcohol -- State of health - Mental health -- Drugs and alcohol related disorder - Drugs and alcohol related mental disorder -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Undergraduate or graduate student -- Nurse","Europe - Ireland","Horgan Aine , Sweeney John , Behan Laura , McCarthy Geraldine","0","yes" "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Sweeney","John","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Behan","Laura","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"GA2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McCarthy","Geraldine","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"GD2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TN2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TT2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26414",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676","15","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/76/76","2017-07-26 14:14:15","2017-07-26 14:14:15","2017-07-26 14:14:15","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Kelly","Yvonne","","","","Kelly:Yvonne::","",,,,,"","","What influences 11-year-olds to drink? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.","pub","AD12-6","","none",,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND: Drinking in youth is linked to other risky behaviours, educational failure and premature death. Prior research has examined drinking in mid and late teenagers, but little is known about the factors that influence drinking at the beginning of adolescence. Objectives were: 1. to assess associations of parental and friends' drinking with reported drinking among 11 year olds; 2. to investigate the roles of perceptions of harm, expectancies towards alcohol, parental supervision and family relationships on reported drinking among 11 year olds. METHODS: Analysis of data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study on 10498 11-year-olds. The outcome measure was having drank an alcoholic drink, self-reported by cohort members. RESULTS: 13.6 % of 11 year olds reported having drank. Estimates reported are odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. Cohort members whose mothers drank were more likely to drink (light/moderate = 1.6, 1.3 to 2.0, heavy/binge = 1.8, 1.4 to 2.3). Cohort members whose fathers drank were also more likely to drink but these estimates lost statistical significance when covariates were adjusted for (light/moderate = 1.3, 0.9 to 1.9, heavy/binge = 1.3, 0.9 to 1.9). Having friends who drank was strongly associated with cohort member drinking (4.8, 3.9 to 5.9). Associated with reduced odds of cohort member drinking were: heightened perception of harm from 1-2 drinks daily (some = 0.9, 0.7 to 1.1, great = 0.6, 0.5 to 0.7); and negative expectancies towards alcohol (0.5, 0.4 to 0.7). Associated with increased odds of cohort member drinking were: positive expectancies towards alcohol (1.9, 1.4 to 2.5); not being supervised on weekends and weekdays (often = 1.2, 1.0 to 1.4); frequent battles of will (1.3, 1.1 to 1.5); and not being happy with family (1.2, 1.0 to 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Examining drinking at this point in the lifecourse has potentially important public health implications as around one in seven 11 year olds have drank, although the vast majority are yet to explore alcohol. Findings support interventions working at multiple levels that incorporate family and peer factors to help shape choices around risky behaviours including drinking.","2016-03-04","published",,"Biomed Central",,"","",,"BMC Public Health","16","169","169","BioMed Central",,"169",,,,,,,,,,,,"review","aod_disorder","alcohol",,"1471-2458",,,,"Biomed Central",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2847-x","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","16","BMC Public Health","AD12-6 , BB , JA6 , JA6-6 , LC2-14-2 , LG18-12 , LG18-12-2 , TA12 , TA14","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role > Role of parent -- T Demographic characteristics > Child -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)",,"Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption -- Alcohol -- Risk and protective factors -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role - Role of parent -- Child -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)",,"Kelly Yvonne , Goisis Alice , Sacker Amanda , Cable Noriko , Watt Richard G , Britton Annie","0","yes" "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Goisis","Alice","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_prevention",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Sacker","Amanda","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cable","Noriko","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Watt","Richard G","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Britton","Annie","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "27676",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274","20","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/52/74","2016-03-08 11:06:34","2016-03-08 11:26:03","2016-03-08 11:06:34","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"McLaughlin","Aisling","","","","McLaughlin:Aisling::","",,,,,"","","Parental alcohol use and resilience in young people in Northern Ireland: a study of family, peer & school processes.","pub","AA2-4","","public",,,,,,,,,"2016-03","published",,"McLaughlin Aisling",,"","",,,,,,"HSC Research and Development Division, Public Health Agency","Belfast",,"20 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

Problem drinkers are those at risk of problems (e.g. being unable to carry out normal activities) or accidents (e.g. injuries) as a result of drinking too much. Problem drinking can range from moderate and binge drinking to those who abuse and are dependent on alcohol. We carried out this study to find out what impact problem drinking by parents has on their children’s outcomes during adolescence and early adulthood.

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25275/","pubn",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"AA2-4 , FS62_4 , GC16 , LC2-14 , LG2-6 , NF2-6-2 , TA14 , VH4-4-8","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > self-destructive behaviour > suicidal behaviour / suicide -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family and drugs and alcohol > Drugs and alcohol related family problems -- N Communication, information and education > Education and training > Educational institution > School -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Northern Ireland","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Specific attitude and behaviour - self-destructive behaviour - suicidal behaviour / suicide -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family and drugs and alcohol - Drugs and alcohol related family problems -- Education and training - Educational institution - School -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","Europe - Northern Ireland","McLaughlin Aisling , O'Neill Tara , McCarten Claire , Percy Andy , McCann Mark , Perra Oliver , Higgins Kathryn","0","no" "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"O'Neill","Tara","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"FS62_4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25276/","pubn",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McCarten","Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"GC16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Percy","Andy","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McCann","Mark","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LG2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Perra","Oliver","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"NF2-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Higgins","Kathryn","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25274",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764","14","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/57/64","2016-07-06 07:48:23","2016-07-06 07:50:37","2016-07-06 07:48:23","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Greer","Alissa M","","","","Greer:Alissa M::","",,,,,"","","Peer engagement in harm reduction strategies and services: a critical case study and evaluation framework from British Columbia, Canada.","pub","FE10-4-6","","none",,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND: Engaging people with drug use experience, or 'peers,' in decision-making helps to ensure harm reduction services reflect current need. There is little published on the implementation, evaluation, and effectiveness of meaningful peer engagement. This paper aims to describe and evaluate peer engagement in British Columbia from 2010-2014. METHODS: A process evaluation framework specific to peer engagement was developed and used to assess progress made, lessons learned, and future opportunities under four domains: supportive environment, equitable participation, capacity building and empowerment, and improved programming and policy. The evaluation was conducted by reviewing primary and secondary qualitative data including focus groups, formal documents, and meeting minutes. RESULTS: Peer engagement was an iterative process that increased and improved over time as a consequence of reflexive learning. Practical ways to develop trust, redress power imbalances, and improve relationships were crosscutting themes. Lack of support, coordination, and building on existing capacity were factors that could undermine peer engagement. Peers involved across the province reviewed and provided feedback on these results. CONCLUSION: Recommendations from this evaluation can be applied to other peer engagement initiatives in decision-making settings to improve relationships between peers and professionals and to ensure programs and policies are relevant and equitable.","2016","published",,"Biomed Central",,"","",,"BMC Public Health","16","1","1","BioMed Central",,"452","452",,,,,"DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3136-4",,,,,"TRUE","","aod_use_harm_reduction","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,"1471-2458",,,,"Biomed Central",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3136-4","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","16","BMC Public Health","FE10-4-6 , JB2-4 , JP , LC2-14 , LC2-4 , LW4 , TL4 , VC4","F Concepts in psychology > Skills > Coping skills -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention > Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Inclusion and exclusion -- T Demographic characteristics > Drug user","VA Geographic area > Canada","Skills - Coping skills -- Drugs and alcohol prevention - Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction -- Treatment and maintenance -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Inclusion and exclusion -- Drug user","Canada","Greer Alissa M , Luchenski Serena A , Amlani Ashraf A , Lacroix Katie , Burmeister Charlene , Buxton Jane A","0","yes" "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Luchenski","Serena A","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Amlani","Ashraf A","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JP",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Lacroix","Katie","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Burmeister","Charlene","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Buxton","Jane A","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LW4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25764",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VC4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26022","12","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/60/22","2016-08-25 13:07:20","2017-02-27 11:33:30","2016-08-25 13:07:20","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Fitzgerald","Amanda","","","","Fitzgerald:Amanda::","",,,,,"","","Substance misuse and behavioral adjustment problems in Irish adolescents: examining contextual risk and social proximal factors.","pub","AA2-4","","none",,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND Using an ecological perspective to examine the roles of contextual factors and proximal social processes, the current study examined problem behavior among adolescents. OBJECTIVE The study examined how family, peer, and school processes mediate the relationship between cumulative contextual risk and problem behavior, and whether these mediating relationships are moderated by gender. METHOD Data were obtained from the My World Survey Second Level, a cross-sectional national survey assessing risk and protective factors of mental health among 6062 adolescents aged 12-19 years (M = 14.93, SD = 1.62). Using risk factors from socioeconomic, community, and family levels, a cumulative contextual risk index (CCRI) was created to identify adolescents at increased risk of problem behavior in Ireland. Conditional process analysis examined whether gender moderated the relationship between the CCRI and problem behaviors (alcohol behavior, poorer behavioral adjustment, and problematic substance use) as mediated by five proximal social variables, family cohesion, mother criticism, father criticism, peer connectedness, and school connectedness. RESULTS Using Hayes' (2013) SPSS macro for conditional process analyses, with age as a covariate, gender was shown to moderate the mediated relationships between CCRI and problem behaviors, via mother criticism and peer connectedness. Of note, a positive association was observed between high peer connectedness and alcohol risk behavior, highlighting the need to examine additional aspects of peer context including group norms and peer pressure. CONCLUSION The study provides valuable and practical implications for informing research, interventions, and social policy at family, peer, and school levels.","2016","published",,"Fitzgerald Amanda",,"","",,"Substance Use & Misuse","51","13","13","Informa healthcare",,"1790-1809",,,,,,,,,,,"TRUE","","","",,"1532-2491",,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_in_all_cases",,"1","51","Substance Use Misuse","AA2-4 , FR18 , LC2-14 , LG18 , TA14 , VH4-2","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- F Concepts in psychology > Attitude and behaviour > Behaviour -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Attitude and behaviour - Behaviour -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","Europe - Ireland","Fitzgerald Amanda , Maguire Jane , Dooley Barbara","0","no" "26022",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Maguire","Jane","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"FR18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26022",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Dooley","Barbara","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26022",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26022",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "26022",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25613","17","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/56/13","2016-06-02 13:45:09","2016-06-02 13:45:09","2016-06-02 13:45:09","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Terry","Lucy","","","","Terry:Lucy::","",,,,,"","Revolving Doors Agency","Refreshing perspectives: exploring the application of peer research with populations facing severe and multiple disadvantage.","pub","JA2","","public",,,,,,,,"Part Two of a series of literature reviews on severe and multiple disadvantage. Contents: • Introduction • Key concepts in peer research • Practical considerations of peer research • Ethics in peer research: a theoretical underpinning and a practical consideration • Conclusion: Where next for peer research?","2016","published",,"Terry Lucy",,"","",,,,,,"Lankelly Chase",,,"33 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"report","aod_use_harm_reduction","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/documents/refreshing-perspectives/?preview=true","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"JA2 , LC2-14 , LW4 , RB , RC , VH4-4","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health services, drugs and alcohol research -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Inclusion and exclusion -- R Research > Research organization and management -- R Research > Research and evaluation method","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Health services, drugs and alcohol research -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Inclusion and exclusion -- Research organization and management -- Research and evaluation method","Europe - United Kingdom","Terry Lucy , Revolving Doors Agency Revolving Doors Agency","0","yes" "25613",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25613",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LW4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25613",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"RB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25613",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"RC",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "25613",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378","17","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/33/78","2015-02-04 15:46:24","2016-04-29 10:57:40","2015-02-04 15:46:24","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Foxcroft","David","","","",,"",,,,,"","","Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students.","pub","AD12-6","","none",,,,,,,,,"2015-12",,,"The Cochrane Library",,"","",,"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","Issue 12",,,"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","London",,,,,,,"DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4",,,,,,"review","aod_prevention","alcohol",,"ISSN: 1469-493X",,,,"The Cochrane Library",,,"","","","","","","","","","",,"

Key findings

Over the longer-term, after four or more months of follow-up, there was only a small effect of social norms information on binge drinking, drinking quantity, and peak BAC. For these outcomes, effects were not any different across the different delivery modes.Only small effects were found for web feedback and individual face-to-face feedback on frequency of alcohol consumed. Only a small effect of individual face-to-face feedback on alcohol related problems, but no effects were found for mailed or web feedback. Similarly, no effects were found for group face-to-face feedback or for marketing campaigns on frequency of alcohol consumed and typical BAC.

Our reading of these results is that, although we found some significant effects of social norms information, the strength of the effects over the longer-term is very small and therefore this information is unlikely to provide any advantage in practice.

",,,,,,,,,,,"","http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub3","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","Issue 12","Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","AD12-6 , BB , JG10-4 , JH2 , LC2-14-2 , ND14 , NF24-6 , TN2-6","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention approach > Prevention through information and education -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health-related prevention > Health information and education -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- N Communication, information and education > Information use and impact -- N Communication, information and education > Educational environment (school / college) > Student behaviour and participation -- T Demographic characteristics > Undergraduate or graduate student",,"Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption -- Alcohol -- Prevention approach - Prevention through information and education -- Health-related prevention - Health information and education -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Information use and impact -- Educational environment (school / college) - Student behaviour and participation -- Undergraduate or graduate student",,"Foxcroft David , Moreira Maria Teresa , Almeida Santimano Nerissa ML , Smith Lesley A","0","yes" "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Moreira","Maria Teresa","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Almeida Santimano","Nerissa ML","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JG10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"education_and_training",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Smith","Lesley A","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JH2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"ND14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"NF24-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23378",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TN2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24565","13","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/45/65","2015-09-30 10:59:49","2015-09-30 10:59:49","2015-09-30 10:59:49","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Bright","Janet","","","","Bright:Janet::","",,,,,"","","Takes one to know one. An evaluation of peer mentoring in the drug dependency treatment sector.","pub","HK2","","public",,,,,,,,"Peer mentoring is defined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as ‘the use of same age or same background educators to convey educational messages to a target group. Peer educators work by endorsing “healthy” norms, beliefs and behaviours within their own peer group or “community” and challenging those which are “unhealthy”’ (2002: 8). The primary focus of this study was to explore the views of the stakeholders in peer mentoring. Studies have rarely, if ever, focused on the perspective of the peer mentor, instead they have examined the impact on the mentee. This study sought to build upon existing research into peer mentoring in the drug dependency treatment sector by exploring the perceived benefits and drawbacks of the intervention from the perspectives of peer mentors and service providers. To further understanding of peer mentoring in treatment for dependency, the following questions were asked: • What are the benefits of peer mentoring as perceived by the mentor and service providers? • What are the drawbacks of peer mentoring as perceived by the mentor and service providers? • What added benefit does a peer mentor bring, as opposed to a non-peer mentor? • Why do the parties involved think that mentoring is beneficial?","2015-09","published",,"Bright Janet",,"","",,,,,,"The Howard League for Penal Reform","London",,"40 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"HK2 , HZ , LC2-14 , LC2-4 , VH4-4","HJ Treatment method > Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support","Europe - United Kingdom","Bright Janet","0","yes" "24565",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24565",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24565",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "24565",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998","11","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/39/98","2015-05-28 08:38:27","2015-07-01 08:04:57","2015-05-28 08:38:27","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Moor","Irene","","","","Moor:Irene::","",,,,,"","","Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking across 35 countries: a multilevel analysis of the role of family, school and peers.","pub","BD","","none",,,,,,,,"BACKGROUND Tobacco-related heath inequalities are a major public health concern, with smoking being more prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms leading to socioeconomic inequalities in smoking among 15-year-old adolescents by examining the mediating role of psychosocial factors in the peer group, family and school environment. METHODS Data were derived from the international WHO-collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, including 52 907 15-year-old students from 35 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured by the Family Affluence Scale. Multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to examine the contribution of family, school and peer factors in explaining the association between family affluence and weekly smoking. RESULTS Across countries, adolescents from low affluent families had an increased risk of weekly smoking (ORboys 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.23; ORgirls 1.36, CI 1.26-1.46) compared with adolescents from high affluent families. Family and school factors mediated the association between family affluence and smoking to a high extent up to 100% (boys) and 81% (girls) in joint analyses. The most important single factors were family structure, relationships with parents, academic achievement and school satisfaction. Peer factors did not mediate the association between family affluence and adolescent smoking. CONCLUSION The association between socioeconomic status and adolescent weekly smoking can largely be explained by an unequal distribution of family- and school-related factors. Focusing on the parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent school achievement can help to better understand inequalities in adolescent smoking behaviour.","2015-06","published",,"Moor Irene",,"","",,"European Journal of Public Health","25","3","3",,,"457-63",,,,,,,,,,,"TRUE","","","",,"1464-360X",,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/3/457","pubn",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","25","European Journal of Public Health","BD , JA6-6 , LC2-14-2 , TA14 , VA2","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Tobacco (cigarette smoking) -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","VA Geographic area > International aspects","Tobacco (cigarette smoking) -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","International aspects","Moor Irene , Rathmann Katharina , Lenzi Michela , Pförtner Timo-Kolja , Nagelhout Gera E , de Looze Margreet , Bendtsen Pernille , Willemsen Marc , Kannas Lasse , Kunst Anton E , Richter Matthias","0","yes" "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Rathmann","Katharina","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Lenzi","Michela","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Pförtner","Timo-Kolja","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Nagelhout","Gera E","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VA2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"de Looze","Margreet","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Bendtsen","Pernille","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Willemsen","Marc","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Kannas","Lasse","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Kunst","Anton E","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23998",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Richter","Matthias","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23293","15","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/32/93","2015-01-20 09:22:05","2015-01-20 09:22:05","2015-01-20 09:22:05","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","Peer support toolkit.","pub","LC2-14","","public",,,,,,,,"There is a strong tradition of peer support in the drug and alcohol field. The people involved go by various names – recovery champions, buddies, peer mentors and more – but the gist remains the same: that people themselves in recovery from drug and alcohol use can be authentic and effective voices in supporting others along their own journeys. This toolkit brings together information for peer supporters and their managers.","2015-01",,,"Public Health England",,"","",,,,,,"Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","London",,"25 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"report","aod_use_harm_reduction","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Public Health England",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"LC2-14 , LC2-4 , TA14 , TT2 , TT6 , VH4-4","L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- T Demographic characteristics > Drug or health care worker -- T Demographic characteristics > Prevention worker","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Drug or health care worker -- Prevention worker","Europe - United Kingdom","Substance Misuse Skills Consortium Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","0","yes" "23293",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"education_and_training",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23293",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23293",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TT2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23293",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TT6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23293",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619","13","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/36/19","2015-03-19 09:44:36","2016-03-30 14:46:05","2015-03-19 09:44:36","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Mayock","Paula","","","","Mayock:Paula::","",,,,,"","","The risk environment of heroin initiation: young women, intimate partners, and “drug relationships”.","pub","BL2","","none",,,,,,,,,"2015","published",,"Mayock Paula",,"","",,"Substance Use & Misuse","50","6","6","Informa healthcare",,"771-782",,,,,,,,,,,"TRUE","","","",,"1532-2491",,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,"
This paper examines young women's initiation to heroin use in the context of an intimate relationship based on data from a small-scale ethno-epidemiology of heroin use in Ireland, 2007–2009. The epidemiological sample included 120 young people, and life history interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of 40 youth aged 16–25 years. A detailed analysis of the “risk environment” of young women's heroin initiation highlights a complex interplay between women's agency and intimate partner influence. It is argued that dichotomous representations of women as victims or emancipated consumers do not adequately capture the complexity of women's initiation journeys. The study's limitations are noted and implications for drug use prevention and harm reduction strategies are discussed.


",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","50","Substance Use Misuse","BL2 , JA6-6 , LC2-14-2 , LN2 , LN4 , MM26 , T10-4","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Opioids (opiates) > Heroin -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > Context of initiation of drugs and alcohol use -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use -- MM-MO Crime and law > Crime and violence > Crime against persons (assault / abuse / intimidation) -- T Demographic characteristics > Woman (women / female)",,"Opioids (opiates) - Heroin -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Social context - Context of initiation of drugs and alcohol use -- Social context - Context encouraging drugs and alcohol use -- Crime and violence - Crime against persons (assault / abuse / intimidation) -- Woman (women / female)",,"Mayock Paula , Cronly Jennifer , Clatts Michael C","0","no" "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cronly","Jennifer","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Clatts","Michael C","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MM26",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23619",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"T10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "22795","12","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/27/95","2014-10-16 13:48:40","2015-08-07 14:55:57","2014-10-16 13:48:40","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"McKay","Michael T","","","","McKay:Michael T::","",,,,,"","","Parental rules, parent and peer attachment, and adolescent drinking behaviors.","pub","GC16","","none",,,,,,,,"Family factors have been widely implicated in the development of adolescent drinking behaviors. These include parental attachment and parental rules concerning drinking behaviors. Moreover, throughout adolescence attachment to parents gives way to attachment to peers, and parental rules about alcohol use become less strict. The present study examined the relationship between parental and peer attachment, parental rules on drinking and alcohol use in a large sample (n = 1,724) of adolescents in the United Kingdom. Controlling for school grade (proxy for age), sex and the non-independence of respondents (clustering at school level) results showed that scores on a parental rules on drinking questionnaire were a significant statistical predictor when comparing moderate drinkers and abstainers, as well as moderate drinkers and problematic drinkers. Scores on both attachment scales were also significant, but only in the comparison between moderate and problematic drinkers, with lower attachment to parents and higher attachment to peers associated with problematic drinking.","2015","published",,"McKay Michael T",,"","",,"Substance Use & Misuse","50","2","2","Informa healthcare",,"184-188",,,,,,,,,,,"TRUE","","","",,"1532-2491",,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","50","Substance Use Misuse","GC16 , LC2-14 , LG18 , TA14 , VH4-4-8","G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Northern Ireland","Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person)","Europe - Northern Ireland","McKay Michael T","0","yes" "22795",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "22795",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "22795",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "22795",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079","32","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/30/79","2014-12-03 12:31:19","2017-01-23 10:56:21","2014-12-03 12:31:19","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,"Munton","Tony","","","","Munton:Tony::","",,,,,"","","The efficacy and effectiveness of drug and alcohol abuse prevention programmes delivered outside of school settings.","pub","JB2","","public",,"other",,,,,,,"2014","published",,"Munton Tony",,"","",,,,,,"Health Research Board","Dublin",,"68 p.",,,,,"HRB drug and alcohol evidence review 2",,"Health Research Board",,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","5315","","available","","","","","",,"

This paper reports the results of an evidence review on the efficacy and effectiveness of drug and alcohol abuse prevention programmes delivered outside of school settings. It has been written for a practitioner audience, with the objective of providing stakeholders with key messages from recent research that can inform the decisions they need to make.

","HRB library",,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"JB2 , JB6 , JC4-4 , JF , LC2-14 , LG14-10 , TA14 , TP4 , VH4-2","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention outcome -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Basic prevention categories > Targeted prevention -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention by sponsor or setting -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family structure > Family support -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- T Demographic characteristics > Early school Leaver","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Drugs and alcohol prevention -- Prevention outcome -- Basic prevention categories - Targeted prevention -- Prevention by sponsor or setting -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family structure - Family support -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Early school Leaver","Europe - Ireland","Munton Tony , Wedlock Elaine , Gomersall Alan","0","no" "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Wedlock","Elaine","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JB6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gomersall","Alan","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"JC4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JF",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TP4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "23079",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091","35","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/10/91","2013-12-18 09:40:03","2014-04-09 22:08:35","2013-12-18 09:40:03","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Public Health England","Facilitating access to mutual aid. Three essential stages for helping clients access appropriate mutual aid support.","pub","LC2-4","","public",,,,,,,,"Mutual aid groups are a source of structure and continuing support for people seeking recovery from alcohol or drug dependence, and for those directly or indirectly affected by dependence, such as partners, close friends, children and other family members. The evidence base shows that clients who actively participate in mutual aid are more likely to sustain their recovery, and the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that treatment staff routinely provide information about mutual aid groups and facilitate access for those who want to attend (NICE, 2007; NICE, 2011; NICE, 2012). In working towards compliance with NICE quality standards, local commissioners and service providers will seek to ensure that facilitating access to mutual aid is supported within the local recovery system and that keyworkers recognise it as an integral part of their role. Keyworkers must give thought to the way they approach the subject of mutual aid with their clients because the evidence shows that simply providing information and leaving them to make contact often results in them either never attending or quickly dropping out (Humphreys, 1999). A more active approach involves services promoting and hosting local meetings, holding explicit and structured conversations with clients, and setting care-planned goals around attending and engaging. Evidence shows that this kind of approach is usually more effective (Timko et al., 2006). Some specialist interventions have been developed to help clients engage with specific mutual aid organisations (eg, 12-step facilitation, SMART Recovery Partnership programme and other structured programmes). However, these protocols require specialised training, which is usually delivered over eight to 12 weekly sessions in a group setting. This document provides keyworkers with a pragmatic intervention adapted from an evidence-based approach to facilitating access to mutual aid, using their existing skills in regular one-to-one key-work sessions. It focuses on holding explicit and structured conversations with clients, and setting care-planned goals around attending and engaging in mutual aid programmes. About the mutual aid self-assessment tool: This self-assessment tool has been developed to support local authority partnerships to improve their understanding of the availability of mutual aid locally, to identify any gaps that may exist and to highlight any potential barriers that may need to be overcome. The information gathered as a result of its undertaking will enable partnerships to develop a local action plan that ensures they are taking steps towards fostering effective links between treatment services and local mutual aid groups, and ensuring that all clients have the opportunity and encouragement to access a mutual aid programme of their choice. It is suggested that local commissioners of alcohol and drug services lead on this mutual aid self-assessment. The quality of the self-assessment is likely to be enhanced by completing it in close collaboration with local treatment providers, service user representatives and where possible representatives of local mutual aid groups. [Also see related publication at the link below]","2013-12","published",,"Public Health England",,"","",,,,,,"Public Health England","London",,"28 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"other","aod_disorder_treatment_method","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Public Health England",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21090/","pubn",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"LC2-4 , JS , AH18 , MQ6 , VH4-4 , JP10 , JA8-4 , LC2-14 , MQ6-2","L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health care delivery -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Natural history of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol recovery -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Organisational development -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > treatment factors -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and needs assessment > Needs assessment -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- MP-MR Policy, planning, economics, work and social services > Organisational development > Workforce / staff skills and training","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Health care delivery -- Natural history of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol recovery -- Organisational development -- Treatment and maintenance - treatment factors -- Risk and needs assessment - Needs assessment -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Organisational development - Workforce / staff skills and training","Europe - United Kingdom","Public Health England Public Health England","0","yes" "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JS",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"rehabilitation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AH18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MQ6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21091",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MQ6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090","25","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/10/90","2013-12-18 09:30:00","2014-04-09 22:08:35","2013-12-18 09:30:00","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Public Health England","A briefing on the evidence-based drug and alcohol treatment guidance recommendations on mutual aid.","pub","HZ26","","public",,,,,,,,"Mutual Aid refers to the social, emotional and informational support provided by, and to, members of a group at every stage of recovery. Groups often include people who are abstinent and want help to remain so – these people are actively changing their behaviour using a programme of mutual aid. They also include people who are thinking about stopping and/or actively trying to stop their drug and alcohol use. Groups also exist to support families, children and friends affected by substance misuse. The most common mutual aid groups in England include 12-step fellowships and SMART Recovery. The fellowships (eg, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Cocaine Anonymous (CA) and Al-Anon) are based on a 12-step selfhelp philosophy developed in the 1930s. SMART Recovery applies cognitive behavioural techniques and therapeutic lifestyle change to its mutual aid groups to help people manage their recovery. The role played by mutual aid in promoting and sustaining recovery from drug and alcohol problems has already been examined by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Recovery Orientated Drug Treatment Expert Group (RODT) and the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). This briefing aims to bring these existing findings and recommendations on mutual aid together to increase their visibility and accessibility for the alcohol and drug treatment field.","2013-12","published",,"Public Health England",,"","",,,,,,"Public Health England","London",,"6 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"report","aod_disorder_treatment_method","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Public Health England",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"3",,,"HZ26 , HK2 , LC2-4 , JA6-8 , VH4-4 , JP10 , LC2-14","HJ Treatment method > Treatment outcome -- HJ Treatment method > Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > protective factors -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > treatment factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Treatment outcome -- Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Risk and protective factors - protective factors -- Treatment and maintenance - treatment factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - United Kingdom","Public Health England Public Health England","0","yes" "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HK2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"rehabilitation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21090",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624","23","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/16/24","2014-03-27 12:40:20","2014-04-09 22:09:23","2014-03-27 12:40:20","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","Briefing paper 3: mutual aid.","pub","AH18","","public",,,,,,,,"The briefing papers will provide: 1. a short overview of the topic, produced with input from an expert 2. links to the best evidence-based research and findings from the Skills Hub, the Drug and Alcohol Research Matrices and elsewhere 3. a wider resources section which contains less formal materials such as toolkits, news articles and videos. Mutual aid is typically provided outside formal treatment agencies and is one of the most commonly travelled pathways to recovery. Mutual aid groups come in many different types, with the most widely provided being based on 12-Step principles, for example Narcotics Anonymous and Cocaine Anonymous. Other forms include SMART Recovery, Intuitive Recovery and locally derived peer support networks. Engagement in peer-support for those in recovery can be encouraged by practitioners looking to help change behaviour and improve outcomes. NICE clearly recommends that the benefits of these groups can be further enhanced if keyworkers and other staff in services facilitate contact with them, for example by making an initial appointment, arranging transport or possibly accompanying patients to the first meeting and dealing with any subsequent concerns. These interventions can be of benefit to a wide range of people at different levels of the care and treatment system.","2013-09",,,"Skills Consortium",,"","",,,,,,"Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","London",,"4 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"guideline","rehabilitation","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Skills Consortium",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"AH18 , HZ2-6-6 , LC2-4 , HZ , VH4-4 , JP24-4 , LC2-14","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Natural history of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol recovery -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method > Group therapy -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Rehabilitation -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Natural history of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol recovery -- Psychosocial treatment method - Group therapy -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Rehabilitation -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - United Kingdom","Substance Misuse Skills Consortium Substance Misuse Skills Consortium","0","yes" "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ2-6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP24-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21624",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19161","34","archive","4",,,"disk0/00/01/91/61","2013-01-18 11:05:50","2014-04-09 22:05:12","2013-01-18 11:05:50","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse","Turning evidence into practice. Helping clients to access and engage with mutual aid.","pub","ND2-6","","public",,,,,,,,"Mutual aid improves drug and alcohol treatment and its recovery orientation, say NICE (2007 & 2011) and the report of the Recovery Orientated Drug Treatment expert group (2012). Treatment providers and keyworkers who actively help service users to access and engage with mutual aid are likely to see better outcomes. ‘Mutual aid’ refers to members of a group who give each other social, emotional and informational support at every stage during their recovery from drug or alcohol dependence. They can include people who are thinking about stopping their drug or alcohol use, or those who want to stay stopped.","2013-07","published",,"National Treatment Agency (UK)",,"","",,,,,,"Public Health England","London",,"4 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"guideline","psychosocial_treatment_method","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"National Treatment Agency (UK)",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.nta.nhs.uk/news-2013-RRMA.aspx","http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13596/","pubn",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"ND2-6 , LC2-4 , HZ , VH4-4 , LC2-14","N Communication, information and education > Information transfer > Information transfer from research to practice -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Information transfer - Information transfer from research to practice -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - United Kingdom","National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse","0","yes" "19161",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14743/","pubn",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19161",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18123/","pubn",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19161",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19161",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896","19","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/98/96","2013-05-22 09:21:00","2013-05-22 09:21:00","2013-05-22 09:21:00","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","","Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Social network effects in alcohol consumption among adolescents].","pub","VD","","none",,,,,,,,"Social network effects in alcohol consumption among adolescents. Ali M.M., Dwyer D.S. Addictive Behaviors: 2010, 35, p. 337–342. Is the peer influence on which many substance use prevention programmes are based an illusion due to other factors like pupils sharing similar environments or choosing like-minded friends? Not entirely, finds this unusually rigorous US analysis; the chances of a given child drinking rise by 4% for every 10% more of their school year-mates who drink. Summary Presumptions about the influence of friends and peers on the substance use of young people lie at the heart of important approaches to preventing substance use. However, estimating the strength of this influence is complicated by the tendency for youngsters to choose like-minded friends, meaning that the causal relation is reversed – young drinkers choosing for example to befriend other young drinkers rather than being influenced to take up drinking by their friends. Another type of complicating factor are shared influences which might affect both the focal child's drinking and that of their friends, creating the illusion that one is causally related to the other. An example might be the areas they live in and the schools they attend. Unless these confounding factors are controlled for, we risk basing prevention programmes on mistaken estimates about the influence of peers. The featured analysis sought to refine these estimates by as far as possible eliminating other influences. Data for the analysis came from the 1994 wave of a national US study of adolescent health conducted in 132 schools between grades 7 and 12. The children were asked how often they had drunk in the past year, enabling the study to assess what proportion were drinkers and how frequently on average they drank. Just over 20,000 of the pupils (they averaged 15 years of age) were not just surveyed in schools but also interviewed in their homes where their parents too were interviewed, yielding information which could help eliminate influences which might bias the estimate of the influence of peers. Another major advantage of the survey was that it gathered information about two differently constructed sources of peer influence. The first came from asking the young people to name their five closest male and five closest female friends. Since these friends were usually also surveyed, it was possible to assess the extent of their drinking and in turn assess how this might have influenced the focal child. However, these estimates were vulnerable to reverse causality – similar peers gravitating towards each other. This was not the case for the second source of peer influence assessed by the analysis – the drinking of the other children in the same grade of the child's school, an influence particularly relevant to school-based prevention programmes which operate on whole classes and grades in a school. For both sources of influence the analysis assessed the possible impact on the focal child of the proportion of their peers who drank at all and of the average intensity of their drinking.","2013-05-08","published",,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,"","",,"Effectiveness Bank Bulletin","8 May 2013",,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings","London",,,,,,,,,,,,,"review","aod_prevention","alcohol",,,,,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://findings.org.uk/docs/bulletins/Bull_08_05_13.php","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","8 May 2013","Effectiveness Bank Bulletin","VD , TA14 , LC2-14-2 , LC2-14-4 , GC16 , BB , AD12-6","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying) -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption","VA Geographic area > United States","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying) -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use -- Alcohol -- Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption","United States",,"0","yes" "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"aod_use_harm_reduction",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"GC16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19896",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AD12-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318","32","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/93/18","2013-02-15 08:39:43","2013-04-15 11:51:42","2013-02-15 08:39:43","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"McElrath","Karen","","","","McElrath:Karen::","",,,,,"","","Peer injecting: implications for injecting order and blood-borne viruses among men and women who inject heroin.","pub","T8-2","","none",,,,,,,,"A large body of research has highlighted practices and rituals that characterise injecting drug use and behavioural and environmental risks that can contribute to the transmission of blood-borne viruses. Compared with other injecting practices, considerably less is known about peer injecting, i.e. receiving or giving injections, particularly the social context in which it occurs. In this article, we explore peer injecting and injecting order at initiation into injecting drug user (IDU) and during subsequent injection episodes. Using data from semi-structured interviews, we highlight the experiences of 41 males and females who had received injections from other IDUs. Respondents were recruited through various strategies, largely chain referral. The results suggest gendered similarities as well as differences in terms of peer injecting, the order of injection and micro-risk contexts for blood-borne viruses.","2013-02","published",,"McElrath Karen",,"","",,"Journal of Substance Use","18","1","1","Informa healthcare",,"31-45",,,,,,"doi:10.3109/14659891.2012.716901",,,,,,"","","",,"ISSN 1465-9891 print/ISSN 1475-9942 online",,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/14659891.2012.716901","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","18","Journal of Substance Use","T8-2 , VH4-4-8 , LC2-14-2 , JA6-6 , LC2-6 , JH10-6 , JB2-4 , TL4-10-4 , T10-4 , LC2-14 , TE2 , FS38-6-2","T Demographic characteristics > Man (men / male) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social pressure -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health-related prevention > Health information and education > Communicable disease control -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention > Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction -- T Demographic characteristics > Intravenous / injecting drug user -- T Demographic characteristics > Woman (women / female) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- T Demographic characteristics > Gender differences -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > risk-taking behaviour","VA Geographic area > Europe > Northern Ireland","Man (men / male) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social pressure -- Health-related prevention - Health information and education - Communicable disease control -- Drugs and alcohol prevention - Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction -- Intravenous / injecting drug user -- Woman (women / female) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Gender differences -- Specific attitude and behaviour - risk-taking behaviour","Europe - Northern Ireland","McElrath Karen , Harris Julie","0","no" "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Harris","Julie","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JH10-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4-10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"T10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TE2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19318",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS38-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "19225","12","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/92/25","2013-01-30 09:37:28","2014-04-09 22:05:19","2013-01-30 09:37:28","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Anti-Bullying Working Group","Action plan on bullying. Report of the Anti-Bullying Working Group to the Minister for Education and Skills.","pub","VH4-2","","public",,"other",,,,,,"P.33. Self harm and suicidal behaviour The National Office for Suicide Prevention reports that Ireland has the fourth highest rate of youth suicide in Europe49 (based on 2009 data) and the National Suicide Research Foundation reports that in 2010 1,198 young people, aged 19 and under, were treated in hospital as a result of deliberate self-harm.50 It should be noted that many incidents of self-harm and suicidal behaviour are not reported. Self-harm and suicidal behaviour are often closely related and some studies have found that repeated self-harm can be a predictor of suicide. The National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England includes a section on preventing suicide following self-harm. The risk-factors for self-harm are quite similar to those for suicidal behaviour and include psychological, biological, social and environmental factors and factors related to personal history. The trigger for self-harm and suicidal behaviour can be an unfortunate event, such as a relationship breakdown, interpersonal problem or financial difficulty. Depression or other psychiatric disorders, affiliations with deviant peer groups, binge drinking, and being victimised by violence or bullying, can also be important associated contributing factors. Research by McMahon et al identifies other factors associated with self-harm for both genders as drug use and knowing a friend who had engaged in self-harm. P.35 Impact on individuals who engage in bullying behaviour There are consequences also for individuals who engage in bullying behaviour. Children who become involved in such behaviour are also at risk of depression. Indeed, it has been claimed that the greatest risk of suicidal thoughts was detected amongst youngsters who bullied. Some of the possible long-term consequences associated with bullying others include: an increased risk of developing an anti-social personality; anxiety disorders; a likelihood of drug abuse and lawbreaking behaviour in adulthood; decreased educational and occupational attainment; and an aggressive parenting style...","2013-01","published",,"Anti-Bullying Working Group",,"","",,,,,,"Department of Education and Skills","Dublin",,"126 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"VH4-2 , LC2-14-4","L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying)","Europe - Ireland","Anti-Bullying Working Group Anti-Bullying Working Group","0","no" "19225",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056","24","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/10/56","2013-12-11 15:25:49","2015-03-26 14:44:32","2013-12-11 15:25:49","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"McMahon","Elaine M","","","","McMahon:Elaine M::","",,,,,"","","Adolescents exposed to suicidal behavior of others: prevalence of self-harm and associated psychological, lifestyle, and life event factors.","pub","AN8-6-2","","none",,,,,,,,"Exposure to suicidal behavior of others was examined among 3,881 Irish adolescents in the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) study. One third of the sample had been exposed to suicidal behavior, and exposed adolescents were eight times more likely to also report own self-harm. Exposed adolescents shared many risk factors with those reporting own self-harm. Those reporting both exposure and own self-harm presented the most maladaptive profile on psychological, life event, and lifestyle domains, but neither anxiety nor depression distinguished this group. Exposed adolescents are burdened by a wide range of risk factors and in need of support.","2013",,,"McMahon Elaine M",,"","",,"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior","43","6","6",,,"634-645",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"1943-278X",,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://nsrf.ie/publications/journal-articles/#2013","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","43","Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior","AN8-6-2 , TA14 , AA2-4 , VH4-2 , FS62 , LC2-14 , JA6-6 , FS38-6-2","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems > Underage drinking -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > self-destructive behaviour -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > risk-taking behaviour","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems - Underage drinking -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Specific attitude and behaviour - self-destructive behaviour -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Specific attitude and behaviour - risk-taking behaviour","Europe - Ireland","McMahon Elaine M , Corcoran Paul , Keeley Helen , Perry Ivan J , Arensman Ella","0","no" "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Corcoran","Paul","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Keeley","Helen","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"AA2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Perry","Ivan J","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Arensman","Ella","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"FS62",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "21056",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS38-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391","32","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/02/03/91","2013-08-08 09:41:13","2014-04-09 22:07:29","2013-08-08 09:41:13","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Public Health England","Routes to recovery via the community. Mapping user manual.","pub","NF20-4","","public",,,,,,,,"Introduction: Outline of the manual; pages 3-8 Chapter One: Techniques and tools to enhance assessment and build a plan for recovery; pages 9-49 Chapter Two: Setting, achieving and rewarding goals; pages 50-56 Chapter Three Building social support for change; pages 57-70 Chapter Four: Providing information to reduce harm; pages 71-77 Chapter Five: Skills development; pages 78-93 Chapter Six: Exiting treatment and aftercare; pages 94-104","2013","published",,"Public Health England",,"","",,,,,,"Public Health England","London",,"105 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"manual","rehabilitation","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Public Health England",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"NF20-4 , AH18 , LN12 , LC2-4 , JG10-4 , VH4-4 , JP24-4-1 , LC2-14 , FE10-4-6 , JH2 , JB2-4","N Communication, information and education > Education and training > affective and interpersonal education > skills building -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Natural history of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol recovery -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > Community environment -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention approach > Prevention through information and education -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Rehabilitation > Vocational rehabilitation (employment / occupation) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- F Concepts in psychology > Skills > Coping skills -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health-related prevention > Health information and education -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention > Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Education and training - affective and interpersonal education - skills building -- Natural history of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol recovery -- Social context - Community environment -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Prevention approach - Prevention through information and education -- Rehabilitation - Vocational rehabilitation (employment / occupation) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Skills - Coping skills -- Health-related prevention - Health information and education -- Drugs and alcohol prevention - Drugs and alcohol use harm reduction","Europe - United Kingdom","Public Health England Public Health England","0","yes" "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AH18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"screening",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JG10-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP24-4-1",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FE10-4-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JH2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20391",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20263","21","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/02/63","2013-07-23","2015-04-01 11:38:41","2015-04-01 11:38:41","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Ryan","Leighann","","","","Ryan:Leighann::","",,,,,"","","A social norms approach to drug prevention in schools in Ireland-a pre development study.","pub","BD","","public",,"other",,,,,,,"2013","published",,"Ryan Leighann",,"","",,"Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education","57","2","2","American Alcohol & Drug Information Foundation",,"27-46","16 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"0090-1482",,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","57","Journal of Alcohol Drug Education","BD , GC16 , GC2 , LC2-14 , NF2-6-2 , VH4-2","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Tobacco (cigarette smoking) -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Drug use -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- N Communication, information and education > Education and training > Educational institution > School","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Tobacco (cigarette smoking) -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Drug use -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Education and training - Educational institution - School","Europe - Ireland","Ryan Leighann , Van Hout Marie Claire , Foley Michelle","0","yes" "20263",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"GC16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20263",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Foley","Michelle","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"GC2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20263",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20263",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"NF2-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20263",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669","27","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/86/69","2012-10-24 08:33:10","2014-04-09 22:04:15","2012-10-24 08:33:10","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Drug and Alcohol Findings","Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Positive psychology]","pub","HZ2-6-6","","public",,,,,,,,"1. Review of the application of positive psychology to substance use, addiction, and recovery research. Krentzman A.R. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: 2012, in press. The contemporary recovery movement in addictions and the positive psychology movement in the broader field of psychological health have recently grown in prominence but almost entirely in parallel streams, yet the overlaps and possible synergies between them suggest that an integration could be a step forward in recovery from addiction. 2. Applying positive psychology to alcohol-misusing adolescents: a group intervention. Akhtar M., Boniwell I. Groupwork: 2010, 20(3), p. 6–31. Conducted in England, this first study to test positive psychology approaches focused on strengths and wellbeing in the treatment of substance use problems found that a small group of young drinkers and drug users responded well, with substantial remission in alcohol dependence despite the non-substance focus of the group therapy.","2012-10-22","published",,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,"","",,"Effectiveness Bank Bulletin","22 Oct",,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,,,,,,,,,,,,,"review","rehabilitation","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Drug and Alcohol Findings",,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://findings.org.uk/docs/bulletins/Bull_22_10_12.php","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3","22 Oct","Effectiveness Bank Bulletin","HZ2-6-6 , LC2-4 , FN , AH18 , FS30 , HZ , LC2-14 , HZ12","HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method > Group therapy -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- F Concepts in psychology > Motivation -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Natural history of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol recovery -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > choice-making behaviour -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- HJ Treatment method > Behaviour therapy",,"Psychosocial treatment method - Group therapy -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Motivation -- Natural history of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol recovery -- Specific attitude and behaviour - choice-making behaviour -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Behaviour therapy",,"Drug and Alcohol Findings Drug and Alcohol Findings","0","yes" "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"psychosocial_treatment_method","alcohol",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AH18",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS30",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "18669",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16652","18","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/66/52","2011-12-20 12:19:14","2015-12-22 15:29:44","2011-12-20 12:19:14","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"McKay","Michael T","","","","McKay:Michael T::","",,,,,"","","The relationship between alcohol use and peer pressure susceptibility, peer popularity and general conformity in Northern Irish school children.","pub","LC2-14-2","","none",,,,,,,,"This cross-sectional study investigated the bivariate and more fully controlled (with socio-demographic measures) relationship between self-reported drinking behaviour and peer pressure susceptibility, desire for peer popularity and general conformity in a sample of 11–16-year-old school children in Northern Ireland. Self-reported drinking behaviour was assessed using a composite measure of drinking behaviour, the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Mayer, J., & Filstead, W.J. (1979). The adolescent alcohol involvement scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 40, 291–300). Post-primary (High) schools in the Greater Belfast Area were targeted and 629 participants were recruited of whom 610 (97%) successfully completed a set of questionnaires. Bivariate and more fully controlled regression analyses revealed that problematic alcohol use was predicted by higher peer pressure susceptibility, lower desire for popularity and lower general conformity. More problematic drinking was also predicted by being in Middle versus Junior school, and by being female. Despite the suggestion that alcohol use among adolescents is normative behaviour, these results suggest that increasing levels of drinking, assessed by a composite measure are associated with the social risk factors assessed, namely greater susceptibility to peer pressure, less conformity and lower levels of desire for peer popularity.","2012","published",,"McKay Michael T",,"","",,"Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy","19","3","3","Informa healthcare",,"213-222",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"1465-3370",,,,,,,"","","","","not_in_collection","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://informahealthcare.com/toc/dep/0/0","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","19","Drugs Education Prevention and Policy","LC2-14-2 , VH4-4-8 , LC2-14-4 , GC16","L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying) -- G Health and disease > Drugs and alcohol disorder > Alcohol use","VA Geographic area > Europe > Northern Ireland","Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying) -- Drugs and alcohol disorder - Alcohol use","Europe - Northern Ireland","McKay Michael T , Cole Jon C","0","no" "16652",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Cole","Jon C","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16652",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16652",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"GC16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202","23","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/52/02","2011-05-31 09:32:33","2011-11-16 16:40:35","2011-05-31 09:32:33","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Goodman","Anthony","","","","Goodman:Anthony::","",,,,,"","","Teenage drinking and interethnic friendships.","pub","TA14","","public",,"other",,,,,,"This report explores the links between young people's interethnic friendships and their drinking patterns and behaviours. Britain is a multicultural society, but little is currently known about if, and how, young people mix with friends from different ethnic backgrounds and the potential impact of this on drinking attitudes and behaviours. Research was undertaken to examine these links using quantitative and qualitative methods among a sample of 14- and 15-year-olds in diverse locations in London and Berkshire. The report: • explores the intra- and interethnic mix of young people’s friendship groups as described by young people in questionnaires and interviews; • analyses how drinking patterns vary by ethnicity, religion and gender; • investigates the links between young people’s background characteristics, their friendship groups (including the ethnicity of friends) and their reported drinking rates; and • looks at the implications of the findings, including recommendations for harm reduction based on education and peer support programmes.","2011","published",,"Goodman Anthony",,"","",,,,,,"Joseph Rowntree Foundation","London",,"74 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/teenage-drinking-and-interethnic-friendships","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"TA14 , LC2-14-2 , MI10 , VH4-4 , LC2-14 , AD12-6 , RD8-4","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- MA-ML Social science, culture and community > Sociocultural discrimination concepts > Minority group (racial group, immigrant, Traveller) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Drugs and alcohol use behaviour > Alcohol consumption -- R Research > Type of research study > Research involving two or more groups > Cross-cultural study","VA Geographic area > Europe > United Kingdom","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Sociocultural discrimination concepts - Minority group (racial group, immigrant, Traveller) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Drugs and alcohol use behaviour - Alcohol consumption -- Type of research study - Research involving two or more groups - Cross-cultural study","Europe - United Kingdom","Goodman Anthony , Hurcombe Rachel , Healy Jane , Goodman Sue , Ball Emma","0","no" "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Hurcombe","Rachel","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Healy","Jane","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MI10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Goodman","Sue","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ball","Emma","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AD12-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15202",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"RD8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807","25","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/02/08/07","2013-10-29 12:05:51","2013-12-04 11:03:16","2013-10-29 12:05:51","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Haase","Trutz","","","","Haase:Trutz::","",,,,,"","","Risk and protection factors for substance use among young people. A comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students.","pub","BG","","none",,,,,,,,"Summary of a report commissioned by the National Advisory Committee on Drugs.","2011",,,"Haase Trutz",,"","",,"Youth Studies Ireland","6","2","2","Irish Youth Work Press",,"1-9",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"1649-8747",,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://youthstudiesireland.ie/index.php/ysi/index","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","6","Youth Studies Ireland","BG , TA14 , NF24-6 , VH4-2 , LN36 , TP4 , TN , JA6-6 , LC2-14","B Drugs and alcohol substances > Inhalants and solvents -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- N Communication, information and education > Educational environment (school / college) > Student behaviour and participation -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > School context -- T Demographic characteristics > Early school Leaver -- T Demographic characteristics > Student (secondary level) -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors > risk factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Inhalants and solvents -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Educational environment (school / college) - Student behaviour and participation -- Social context - School context -- Early school Leaver -- Student (secondary level) -- Risk and protective factors - risk factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - Ireland","Haase Trutz , Pratschke Jonathan","0","yes" "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Pratschke","Jonathan","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"NF24-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN36",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TP4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "20807",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441","36","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/64/41","2011-11-29 09:17:03","2014-04-09 22:00:04","2011-11-29 09:17:03","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Herbert","Christian","","","","Herbert:Christian::","",,,,,"","","Fact or fiction: a study of attitudes to alcohol and related issues among young people in the Ballymun area.","pub","TA14","","public",,"other",,,,,,"A Questionnaire was developed to engage young people from the ages of 12-18 on their attitudes to alcohol in the Ballymun area. The purpose of this research was to determine if attitudes are different according to age group. Questions ranged from opinions on public drinking, peer pressure and relationships with parents/guardians. The study groups were divided into three categories. It was clear that the 12/13 year age group overall were still at the stage where they agreed that drinking alcohol was against the law for young people, they were at times quiet judgemental and used either stereotypes or education to influence their answers. While the 14-16 year age group were at the stage where drinking alcohol was seen to them as the norm and their answers very much reflected on their social life and their friends, they were not looking at consequences and saw no harm in the activity. The 17/18 year age group were at a reflective stage and at times their answers were quite similar to the 12/13 year olds, this time using life experience/education, they were starting to look at consequences. This research has shown that there are significant changes in attitudes to alcohol among young people; the 12/13 year olds not having a vested interest, to the 14/16 year olds at the stage of experimenting, to the 17/18 year olds now assessing their use. A number of recommendations are given based on the findings.","2011","published",,"Herbert Christian",,"","",,,,,,"Ballymun Youth Action Project","Dublin",,"28 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","5003","","available","","","","","",,,"FR8, TA14, VH4.2",,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.byap.ie/2011/11/reports-on-substance-misuse-launched","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"TA14 , LY8 , LC2-14-2 , TL4-6-2 , VH4-2-5 , JF10-12-4 , BB , AN8-6-2 , LC2-14-4 , FR16","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Availability or accessibility to minors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- T Demographic characteristics > Underage drinker -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention by sponsor or setting > Youth-club / cafe based prevention -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems > Underage drinking -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying) -- F Concepts in psychology > Attitude and behaviour > Attitude toward drugs and alcohol","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Dublin","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Availability or accessibility to minors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Underage drinker -- Prevention by sponsor or setting - Youth-club / cafe based prevention -- Alcohol -- Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems - Underage drinking -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying) -- Attitude and behaviour - Attitude toward drugs and alcohol","Europe - Ireland - Dublin","Herbert Christian , Fennelly Cara","0","no" "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Fennelly","Cara","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LY8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TL4-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JF10-12-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AN8-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16441",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FR16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702","31","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/47/02","2011-02-16 09:40:32","2014-10-17 10:32:28","2011-02-16 09:40:32","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Keane","Martin","","","mkeane@hrb.ie","Keane:Martin::","",,,,,"","","Commentary on NACD study on risk and protective factors for substance use.","pub","TA14","","public",,,,,,,,,"2011","published",,"Keane Martin",,"","",,"Drugnet Ireland","Issue 36, Winter 2010",,,"Health Research Board",,"19",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,"

There are similarities and differences between the findings reported in the National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) study by Haase and Pratschke (2010) on risk and protective factors for substance use among young people and the findings in the international literature.  

Thomas and colleagues (2008) undertook a substantive review of the evidence on effective early interventions for at-risk youth, which included a review of existing systematic reviews and meta-analysis; the authors identified the key categories of risk factors relating to poor outcomes for at-risk youth. From this review of the literature, they concluded that family, school, individual and peer, and community were the key risk factor categories. They investigated other risk factors for poor outcomes, including teenage pregnancy, youth homelessness, mental health, youth offending and alcohol and drug use, but did not include these factors in their final analysis. The NACD study used similar categories to group 70 potential risk factors for substance use into five broad domains: individual, peer, family, school and community. The NACD authors developed an approach and questionnaire based on their reading of individual academic studies. 
 
Frischer and colleagues (2007) undertook a systematic review of the literature when investigating predictive factors for illicit drug use among young people and presented an alternative typology. They grouped the findings of 62 high-quality quantitative studies into four domains: personal (biological and psychological), personal (behavioural and attitudinal), interpersonal relationships, and structural (environmental and economic). These domains differ from those used by the NACD and by Thomas and colleagues. When Frischer and colleagues completed the synthesis, they were able to explore the nature of the behavioural and attitudinal domain, which is perhaps the most amenable to change and receptive to interventions to prevent alcohol and other drug use; the more we know about why and how young people make decisions about substance use, the better interventions can be tailored to intervene in this decision-making process.
 
Frischer and colleagues reported that ‘the available evidence indicates that higher levels of drug use are strongly associated with young people’s reasons for using drugs after controlling for risk factors’ and they noted that ‘qualitative research shows that the context in which young people experience drugs is crucial for understanding how risk and protective factors operate in relation to experimental and sustained drug use’.
The authors’ finding that ‘the key predictors of drug use are parental discipline, family cohesion and parental monitoring’ is echoed in the NACD study. However, they did not find, as the NACD study did, that the school environment strongly influenced the decision to use drugs. Frischer and colleagues found that ‘age is strongly associated with prevalence of drug use among young people’, while the NACD study found that age, after controlling for other factors, has a minor influence on the decision to use drugs.
 
Scaife and colleagues (2009) developed a theoretical framework to assist with the design of interventions based on the findings of Frischer and colleagues’ systematic review. Scaife and colleagues argued that the work of Frisher and colleagues shows that ‘[young people’s] beliefs explain just as much variance in drug [use] as risk factors do...[consequently]...we need to consider more explicitly the extent to which such beliefs are linked in with psychologically meaningful group membership, and then transmitted into group behaviours’. According to Scaife and colleagues, young people’s primary group membership derives from their peers; they are often part of one or a number of friendship-based groups. The sociological literature, drawing on the school of symbolic interactionism, refers to such groups as ‘reference groups’ and, according to Scaife and colleagues, these ‘reference groups’ are important sources of norms. The authors highlight a number of studies that show how young people’s motivations for engaging in risky drinking are linked to social group memberships, activities and cultures. One example is drinking to gain respect and image in the social group. The NACD study did not explore whether the substance-use behaviour reported by young people was influenced by the norms, real or perceived, that they associated with their peer group.  
 
While the NACD study identified risk and protective factors, it did not answer the question ‘Why do some young people decide to use drugs while others do not? Ajzen (1991, cited in Scaife et al. 2009) developed the ‘theory of planned behaviour’ and hypothesised that young people possess the capacity to perform a cost-benefit analysis of a situation, regardless of their family or school experience; their behaviour is intentional, it symbolises and affirms their group membership and it resonates with the norms of the peer group. This hypothesis by Ajzen could explain an important finding in the NACD study, ‘if friends use substances, the young person is at a considerably greater risk of using the same substances’. For example, if young people perceive substance use to be a norm among their peers, this perception, real or imagined, reduces its risk profile. In effect, young people may actually perceive substance use as a protective factor, as it may constitute an important symbolic ritual of connectedness with their peers and in some cases may protect and enhance group identity. Such considerations need to be built into prevention interventions that seek to tackle and reduce the risk factors associated with substance use.
 
Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behaviour. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Frisher M, Crome L, Macleod M, Bloor R and Hickman M (2007) Predictive factors for illicit drug use among young people: a literature review. Home Office Online Report 05/07. London: Home Office. Available at http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr0507.pdf
Haase T and Pratschke J (2010) Risk and protection factors for substance use among young people: a comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students. Dublin: Stationery Office. Available at www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14100
Scaife V, O’Brien M, McEune R, Notley C, Millings A and Biggart L (2009) Vulnerable young people and substance misuse: expanding on the risk and protection-focused approach using social psychology. Child Abuse Review, 18(4): 224–239.
Thomas J, Vigurs C, Oliver K, Suarez B, Newman M, Dickson K and Sinclair J (2008) Targeted youth support: rapid evidence assessment of effective early interventions for youth at risk of future poor outcomes. In Research Evidence in Education Library. London: EPPI-CentreUniversity of London. Available at http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2417
",,,,,"Issue 36, Winter 2010",,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","Issue 36, Winter 2010","Drugnet Ireland","TA14 , LG18-12 , LC2-4 , VH4-2 , TP4 , JA8-2 , LC2-6 , JA6 , LC2-14 , FS38-6-2","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social support -- T Demographic characteristics > Early school Leaver -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and needs assessment > Risk assessment -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social pressure -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > risk-taking behaviour","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social support -- Early school Leaver -- Risk and needs assessment - Risk assessment -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social pressure -- Risk and protective factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Specific attitude and behaviour - risk-taking behaviour","Europe - Ireland","Keane Martin","0","no" "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TP4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA8-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14702",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS38-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646","33","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/56/46","2011-07-28 14:41:24","2014-10-17 11:53:19","2011-07-28 14:41:24","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Keane","Martin","","","mkeane@hrb.ie","Keane:Martin::","",,,,,"","","The social norms approach to tackling substance use.","pub","JC4-4","","public",,,,,,,,,"2011","published",,"Keane Martin",,"","",,"Drugnet Ireland","Issue 38, Summer 2011",,,"Health Research Board",,"16-17",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,"

 What are the underlying assumptions of the social norms approach?
Numerous surveys have shown that young people tend to overestimate the prevalence (behaviour) and acceptance (attitudes) of substance use among their peers. It is assumed that young people are strongly influenced by what they perceive to be the group norms among their peers (norms = behaviours and attitudes) hence there is a strong likelihood that they will think and behave in similar ways. For example, if they perceive that binge-drinking of alcohol is the norm among their peers, a) they will form the belief/attitude that it is expected of them and b) they will engage in such behaviour. In such cases, they may ignore the information campaigns that tell them the dangers of consuming large amounts of alcohol or the long-term adverse effects of smoking tobacco and/or cannabis.  

Why is this approach gaining favour?
McAlaney and colleagues1 state in a recent paper on the international development of the social norms approach to drug education and prevention: ‘The growth of the social norms approach is perhaps partially explained by growing disenchantment with conventional prevention approaches.’
 
Such approaches include providing information awareness (drug education) on the adverse consequences of substance use, affective education where interventions seek to improve self-esteem and, to some extent, the life-skills approach, particularly when targeting ‘at-risk’ youth. All these conventional approaches are coming in for criticism and are increasingly viewed as being ineffective in preventing, delaying or reducing substance use among young people.
 
What are the key components of the social norms approach and how is it delivered?
Reliable data are required on what young people perceive to be the norm in a) peer attitudes towards substance use, and b) peer behaviour in relation to substance use. Reliable data are also required on a) actual attitudes towards substance use and b) actual behaviour in relation to substance use. Data can be collected at baseline with the target group and used to design interventions and for follow-up comparisons. Data from published studies, for example, the ESPAD, HBSC and NACD surveys2 can also be used to challenge misperceptions about the prevalence and attitudes towards substance use among young people.  
 
How is the social norms approach delivered?
‘Social norms interventions have typically come in one of two forms: social marketing or individual normative feedback. Social marketing approaches rely on universal, mass communication methods for educating students regarding actual [substance use] behaviours... . Individual normative feedback is personalised and may provide a more relevant and powerful intervention.’3 
 
What is the evidence that the social norms approach can be effective?
According to McAlaney and colleagues,
 
The goal of [global social norms] campaigns is to disseminate the accurate substance use norms to the target population, such as “Most (73%) students at [college name] have no more than four alcoholic drinks on a night out.” This approach was first implemented in 1989 at Northern Illinois University, which reported a drop in rates of heavy drinking from 43% to 25% over a 9-year period, accompanied by a reduction in the misperception of heavy drinking among peers from 70% to 33%.
 
Moreira and colleagues undertook a Cochrane systematic review to determine whether social norms feedback reduces alcohol misuse among university or college students. The review included 22 controlled trials involving 7,275 participants randomly assigned to a social norms intervention group or to a control group (no social norms intervention – assessment only, questionnaire used to measure alcohol consumption or alternative educational or psychosocial intervention). The following outcomes were observed:  
·         Alcohol-related problems; significant reduction with web/computer feedback in three studies (278 participants);
·         Peak Blood Alcohol Content (BAC); significant reduction with web/computer feedback in two studies (198 participants);
·         Drinking frequency; significant reduction with web/computer feedback in two studies (243 participants) and individual face-to-face feedback with two studies (217 participants);
·         Drinking quantity; significant reduction with web/computer feedback in five studies (556 participants) and group face-to-face feedback with three studies (173) participants;
·         Binge drinking; significant reduction with web/computer feedback in one study (80 participants), individual face-to-face feedback in three studies (278 participants) and group face-to-face feedback in four studies (264 participants);
·         Drinking norms; significant reduction with web/computer feedback in three studies (312 participants).
 
In summarising the key findings of the Cochrane review, the authors make the following points:
 
This systematic review based on 22 trials enrolling 7,275 participants shows that a social norms intervention delivered by web or computer or via individual face-to-face sessions (for some outcomes) is more effective than a control intervention, typically consisting of a leaflet with drinking related advice, for reduction of alcohol misuse in college or university students. Significant effects were more apparent for short term outcomes (up to three months). However, there was some evidence of effect continuing through to medium-term follow-up from four to sixteen months, particularly for web/computer feedback.
 
Authors’ conclusion on the implications for practice
Overall, this systematic review suggests that individual and personalised normative interventions over the immediate and medium term appear to reduce alcohol use, misuse and related problems amongst university or college students. The use of social norms interventions should also be considered for use and study in other settings since they have the potential to be a very cost-effective intervention for reducing alcohol use and related harms. The use of new technologies, such as computer or web/computer delivered interventions, could be a successful and cost-effective method for providing normative feedback.
 
Limitations of the Cochrane review
Small sample sizes in many of the studies
 
Can the social norms approach be transferred to alternative settings and target groups?
The evidence to date suggests that the social norms approach has been mainly delivered to university and college students in the USA. However, this is changing and, as pointed out by McAlaney and colleagues, the approach has been used to change an array of behaviours e.g. sunscreen use, rumour spreading in high-school and towel re-use in hotels. In addition, Moreira and colleagues state that social norms should be considered for other settings.
  
1.     McAlaney J, Bewick B and Hughes C (2011) The international development of the ‘social norms’ approach to drug education and prevention. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 18(2): 81–89.
2.     ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs); HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children); NACD (National Advisory Committee on Drugs)
3.     Moreira MT, Smith LA and Foxcroft D (2009) Social norms interventions to reduce alcohol misuse in University or College students. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006748. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub2. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006748/pdf_fs.html
",,,,,"Issue 38, Summer 2011",,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","Issue 38, Summer 2011","Drugnet Ireland","JC4-4 , TA14 , JC4-2 , FR16-6-4-2 , MC2 , FR16 , HZ , JP10 , LC2-14 , JB2","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Basic prevention categories > Targeted prevention -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Basic prevention categories > Universal prevention -- F Concepts in psychology > Attitude and behaviour > Attitude toward drugs and alcohol > Attitude toward drugs and alcohol addict or user -- MA-ML Social science, culture and community > Sociocultural aspects of AOD use > Societal attitude toward drugs and alcohol -- F Concepts in psychology > Attitude and behaviour > Attitude toward drugs and alcohol -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Treatment and maintenance > treatment factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention",,"Basic prevention categories - Targeted prevention -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Basic prevention categories - Universal prevention -- Attitude and behaviour - Attitude toward drugs and alcohol - Attitude toward drugs and alcohol addict or user -- Sociocultural aspects of AOD use - Societal attitude toward drugs and alcohol -- Attitude and behaviour - Attitude toward drugs and alcohol -- Psychosocial treatment method -- Treatment and maintenance - treatment factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Drugs and alcohol prevention",,"Keane Martin","0","no" "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JC4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FR16-6-4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MC2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FR16",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JP10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15646",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701","39","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/47/01","2011-02-16 09:40:02","2014-11-03 16:29:55","2011-02-16 09:40:02","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Long","Jean","","","","Long:Jean::","",,,,,"","","NACD study on risk and protective factors for substance use among young people.","pub","TA14","","public",,,,,,,,,"2011","published",,"Long Jean",,"","",,"Drugnet Ireland","Issue 36, Winter 2010",,,"Health Research Board",,"16-18",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","available","","","","","",,"

A study commissioned by the National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) reported findings in relation to drug use among 479 early school leavers and 512 school attendees aged 16–18 years, and identified risk and protective factors for substance use.1 Data were collected throughout Ireland in March–May and September–December 2008. The participants were interviewed face-to-face. A second questionnaire on the attributes of the schools or education centres was completed by the school principal or education/training centre manager.

The drugs used and the proportions using each drug are presented in Table 1. It is clear that use of substances other than alcohol was more common among early school leavers than among school attendees. Table 2 presents the prevalence of drug use among the school attendees in this NACD study compared to that reported by participants in the 2007European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) survey. With the exception of crack cocaine and solvents, the proportions reporting use of each drug were similar in both studies.

In order to examine the relationship between drug use and other attributes or factors, the types of drugs used were classified into four groups: 1) tobacco or cigarettes, 2) alcohol and legal party pills, 3) cannabis, and 4) other drugs (Table 3). Use of the four groups of drugs was examined across three time periods: lifetime use, use in the 12 months prior to the survey, and use in the 30 days prior to the survey.

Seventy attributes or factors which described the young people studied were identified and grouped into five categories: 1) personal characteristics and attitudes, 2) factors related to parents and home, 3) factors related to the education centre or school, 4) substance use within the peer group, and 5) characteristics of the neighbourhood in which the young person lived. The relationships between drug use and other factors were analysed using multi-level models. The main relationships are highlighted below.

Factors related to the young person
Age had a minor influence on drug use. Alcohol consumption increased with age among students attending school, particularly among those aged over 18 years. Gender had no influence on alcohol, tobacco or other drug use. Ethnicity influenced alcohol consumption and cannabis use among early school leavers. Travellers and non-white ethnic minorities were less likely to use alcohol and cannabis than white Irish early school leavers. Ethnicity had no influence on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or other drug use among students attending school.
 
Low self-concept or self-esteem increased the likelihood of smoking cigarettes among both groups. Aggressive ‘acting-out’ behaviour was associated with use of alcohol among both groups.
 
Having a girl or boy friend increased the likelihood of smoking cigarettes among both groups, and of cannabis use among early school leavers.
 
There were strong interactions between the use of one substance and the use of another. Among both early school leavers and students attending school, having tried cigarettes was a strong predictor of drinking alcohol and using cannabis. Having drunk alcohol at least once predicted having smoked cigarettes. For both groups, having used cannabis increased the likelihood of using other drugs, and for students attending school, having dabbled in drugs increased the odds of using cannabis.
 
Factors related to the young person’s parents and home
Parental involvement and concern were protective factors, although they appeared to affect different substance classes in each of the two groups. For school attendees, parental concern reduced the likelihood of drinking alcohol. For early school leavers, parental concern reduced the likelihood of drinking alcohol and using cannabis. Parental involvement and concern did not influence whether or not those in either group smoked.
 
Substance use by parents or siblings increased the risk of a young person using the same substance. If parents or siblings drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes used cannabis or used other drugs, there was an increased likelihood that the school attendee did likewise. If the parents of early school leavers smoked cigarettes or used cannabis, the odds were increased that the young person did likewise.
 
Factors related to the training centre or school
Factors relating to the centre or school were measured at the individual level and at the level of the educational establishment. The latter data were collected through a separate questionnaire completed by the person in charge of the training centre or school.
 
A positive relationship with supportive teachers or a positive school experience had a beneficial effect on school attendees in terms of reducing the risk of drinking alcohol and of using cannabis or other drugs. However, it had no effect on the likelihood of smoking cigarettes. These positive effects were not detected among the early school leavers. The authors state (p. 14):
 
Two considerations follow from this observation. First, the relationship between these aspects of the school experience, on the one hand, and substance use, on the other, is likely to involve reciprocal effects. Students who have a satisfying and enjoyable school experience are less likely to use substances, and those who do not use substances are more likely to have a good relationship with teachers and school. Secondly, this effect is remarkable by its absence among early school-leavers, suggesting that those who have left school early are relatively homogeneous in relation to this characteristic. These are, as other studies have shown, young people who have not had a positive experience of school or good relationships with teachers in general This underlines the close, internal relationship that exists between early school-leaving and substance use, which forms the backdrop to this study.
 
Small effects were identified in relation to the educational establishment: the provision of drug awareness and information sessions for staff working in training centres reduced the likelihood that early school leavers used cannabis or other drugs. The unmet counselling needs of early school leavers who attended training centres were associated with higher alcohol consumption. Within the school sector, the number of substance use classes or information sessions for parents was associated with a lower risk of cigarette smoking among students attending school, and small positive effects were observed for schools with substance use policies.
 
Factors linked to the young person’s peer group
Substance use by the peer group was a risk factor rather than a protective factor for both groups. Positive peer group activities, such as playing sport, were not examined. If most of the interviewee’s friends smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, or used cannabis or other drugs, there was a greater likelihood that he or she did likewise. The authors state ‘it is equally possible that young people choose their friends, at least in part, on the basis of prior substance-use behaviour or factors that are causally related to this’.
 
Rates of cigarette smoking were not affected by ease of access in the case of either group. Ease of access to alcohol did not influence consumption among early school leavers; interestingly, however, it did increase the likelihood of consumption among those still attending school. Among both groups, rates of cannabis and other drug use were significantly higher where access to the specific drug was easier.
 
Factors related to the neighbourhood
The influence of factors related to the neighbourhood was comparatively small. The neighbourhood relationships identified were not easy to explain and may mask other unanswered questions.  
 
Conclusion
This study identifies a number of risk and protective factors which can increase or decrease the risk of using substances among 15–18-year-olds in Ireland. The authors conclude: ‘When attention is focused on those factors that are amenable to change, the most important conclusion is that both the family (the young person’s parents above all) and the educational institution can have a major impact on this decision’ (p. 16). In addition, we need to examine how we provide interventions targeted to the individual and his/her peer group. The article on p.19 below comments on the risk and protective factors identified in the NACD study and in other research literature, and may facilitate the development of such interventions.  
 
1. Haase T and Pratschke J (2010) Risk and protection factors for substance use among young people: a comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students. Dublin: Stationery Office. Available at www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14100
",,,,,"Issue 36, Winter 2010",,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","Issue 36, Winter 2010","Drugnet Ireland","TA14 , LG18-12 , VH4-2 , JA8-2 , TP4 , LC2-6 , LG18-12-2 , LN , JA6 , LC2-14 , FS38-6-2","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and needs assessment > Risk assessment -- T Demographic characteristics > Early school Leaver -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Social pressure -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role > Role of parent -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > risk-taking behaviour","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role -- Risk and needs assessment - Risk assessment -- Early school Leaver -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Social pressure -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role - Role of parent -- Social context -- Risk and protective factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Specific attitude and behaviour - risk-taking behaviour","Europe - Ireland","Long Jean , Keane Martin","0","no" "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Keane","Martin","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA8-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TP4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14701",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS38-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639","27","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/46/39","2011-02-02 12:24:57","2012-11-12 15:15:52","2011-02-02 12:24:57","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Percy","Andrew","","","","Percy:Andrew::","",,,,,"","","Teenage drinking cultures","pub","AN8-6-2","","public",,"other",,,,,,"This report investigates the onset and development of drinking behaviours within teenage friendship groups.","2011","published",,"Percy Andrew",,"","",,,,,,"Joseph Rowntree Foundation","York",,"90 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/teenage-drinking-cultures","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"AN8-6-2 , MC12-8-2 , LY8 , TA14 , VH4-4-8 , LC2-14-4 , BB , MM20-4 , AM","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems > Underage drinking -- MA-ML Social science, culture and community > Sociocultural aspects of AOD use > Sociocultural drugs and alcohol use > Social drinking -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Availability or accessibility to minors -- T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying) -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Alcohol -- MM-MO Crime and law > Drugs and alcohol offence > Supplying drugs and alcohol to a minor -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences","VA Geographic area > Europe > Northern Ireland","Drugs and alcohol related societal (social) problems - Underage drinking -- Sociocultural aspects of AOD use - Sociocultural drugs and alcohol use - Social drinking -- Availability or accessibility to minors -- Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying) -- Alcohol -- Drugs and alcohol offence - Supplying drugs and alcohol to a minor -- Drugs and alcohol effects and consequences","Europe - Northern Ireland","Percy Andrew , Wilson Joanne , McCartan Claire , McCrystal Patrick","0","no" "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Wilson","Joanne","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MC12-8-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McCartan","Claire","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LY8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McCrystal","Patrick","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"TA14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-4-8",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BB",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"MM20-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14639",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AM",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860","30","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/58/60","2011-11-10 09:50:36","2012-07-09 14:05:30","2011-11-10 09:50:36","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Van Hout","Marie Claire","","","","Van Hout:Marie Claire::","",,,,,"","","Peer and universal drug prevention in Ireland: food for thought.","inpress","AA2-4","","none",,,,,,,,"I am writing to the Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education to present results from a regional study investigating prevalence of substance use among 12 Irish secondary schools in the North Eastern region of Ireland: Counties Louth, Monaghan, Cavan and Meath. 6 of these schools received peer education, as adjunct to the universal national drug education curriculum, Social Personal and Health Education, (SPHE). The research aimed to present regional youth substance prevalence data for the Regional Drug Task Force Data Coordination unit. However, some interesting differences emerged between schools receiving peer education funded by the Drug Task Force and those schools did not. The letter also wishes to draw attention to the current lack of peer education program quality assurance and outcome evaluations in Ireland, with an increasing amount of freelance companies offering peer education (Substance Use Peer Education Responses Program (SUPER), Hands on Peer Education (HOPE), Peer Education Program (PEP), Positive Youth Education (PYE), and DAP, Cross Care) often funded by local and regional Drugs Task Forces. A systematic review of the National Documentation Centre on Drug Use databases yielded no peer education evaluations conducted to date in Ireland.","2011",,,"Van Hout Marie Claire",,"","",,"Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education","55","2","2","American Alcohol & Drug Information Foundation",,"8-13",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"0090-1482",,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Peer-universal-drug-prevention-in/268478438.html","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_in_all_cases",,"1","55","Journal of Alcohol Drug Education","AA2-4 , JC4-4 , JC4-2 , VH4-2-14 , VH4-2 , VH2-2-27 , VH4-2-2 , VH4-2-28 , LC2-14 , JB2 , BD","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Basic prevention categories > Targeted prevention -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Basic prevention categories > Universal prevention -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Drugs and alcohol prevention -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Tobacco (cigarette smoking)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Louth -- VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland -- VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Meath -- VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Cavan -- VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Monaghan","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Basic prevention categories - Targeted prevention -- Basic prevention categories - Universal prevention -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Drugs and alcohol prevention -- Tobacco (cigarette smoking)","Europe - Ireland - Louth -- Europe - Ireland -- Europe - Ireland - Meath -- Europe - Ireland - Cavan -- Europe - Ireland - Monaghan","Van Hout Marie Claire","0","no" "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JC4-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JC4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH2-2-27",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-28",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JB2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "15860",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BD",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002","42","archive","3",,,"disk0/00/01/30/02","2010-04-16 11:52:11","2014-04-09 21:53:19","2010-04-16 11:52:11","guideline",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Family Support Network","Good practice guidelines for peer led family support groups.","pub","HZ2-6-6","","public",,"other",,,,,,"1. Introduction 2. Starting a peer led family support group 3. Providing support in a group 4. Facilitation 5. Seeking external support 6. Setting up a family support network Appendix A: Governance Appendix B: Steering group members Appendix C: Source documents","2010-04","published",,"Family Support Network",,"","",,,,,,"Family Support Network","Dublin",,"66 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"guideline","aod_disorder_treatment_method","alcohol_drugs_in_general",,,,,,"Family Support Network",,,"","","4815","","available","","","","","",,,"LG14.10, VH4.2",,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.fsn.ie/research/index.html","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"3",,,"HZ2-6-6 , HK2 , VH4-2 , NM6-2 , JG10-2-4 , LG2 , LG14-10 , HZ2-6 , LC2-14","HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method > Group therapy -- HJ Treatment method > Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- N Communication, information and education > Recommendations or guidelines > Practice / clinical guidelines -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Prevention approach > Family-focused prevention -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family and drugs and alcohol -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family structure > Family support -- HJ Treatment method > Psychosocial treatment method > Family or marital therapy -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Psychosocial treatment method - Group therapy -- Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment method -- Recommendations or guidelines - Practice / clinical guidelines -- Prevention approach - Family-focused prevention -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family and drugs and alcohol -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family structure - Family support -- Psychosocial treatment method - Family or marital therapy -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe - Ireland","Family Support Network Family Support Network","0","no" "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HK2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"NM6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JG10-2-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"HZ2-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13002",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13442","19","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/34/42","2010-08-03 06:55:30","2011-11-16 16:35:40","2010-08-03 06:55:30","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,,,,,"",,"",,,,,"","Coolmine Therapeutic Community","Coolmine Therapeutic Communities. Helping people help themselves: annual report 2008.","pub","JT14-4-12-4","","public",,"annual_report",,,,,,"Therapeutic Communities (TC) are designed to foster change and positive growth in their clients, emphasising group work and the taking of personal responsibility within a highly structured environment. The focus is on offering a holistic approach to dealing with addiction which means that in addition to dealing with the person in recovery, support is also provided for their friends and family thereby creating a strong social network to help them succeed. Coolmine is the oldest therapeutic community in Ireland with over 35 years providing services for drug and alcohol addiction throughout Ireland.","2010-01","published",,"Coolmine Therapeutic Community",,"","",,,,,,"Coolmine Therapeutic Community","Dublin",,"28 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://coolmine.ie/","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"JT14-4-12-4 , LN12 , VH4-2-5 , LC2-14 , JT14-10 , JT8_8_2","J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health care programme or facility > Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment unit -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > Community environment -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Residential facility -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Health care programme or facility > Community-based treatment (primary care)","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland > Dublin","Health care programme or facility - Drugs and alcohol disorder treatment unit -- Social context - Community environment -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Residential facility -- Health care programme or facility - Community-based treatment (primary care)","Europe - Ireland - Dublin","Coolmine Therapeutic Community Coolmine Therapeutic Community","0","no" "13442",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN12",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13442",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2-5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13442",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13442",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JT14-10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "13442",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JT8_8_2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072","21","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/60/72","2011-10-12 10:21:12","2014-04-09 21:59:26","2011-10-12 10:21:12","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Gilligan","Robbie","","","","Gilligan:Robbie::","",,,,,"","","In the front line of integration: young people managing migration to Ireland.","pub","TA14","","public",,"other",,,,"Published by the Children’s Research Centre, Trinity College in association with the Trinity Immigration Initiative Children, Youth and Community Relations Project.",,"Executive Summary •This research aimed to find out what life is like for young people aged 15 to 18 who have migrated to Ireland. •169 migrant young people from sites purposefully selected across the county took part in open-ended focus group discussions. Although not formally representative, the results give us a flavour of the views that may be found among migrant youth living in Ireland today. It is the first national study of its kind. •The young people we spoke to faced many challenges dealing with differences between life in Ireland and the life they had known prior to migration. These differences existed in many areas such as how older and younger generations are expected to relate, rules and expectations for students in school and how people interact with one another socially. Each young person had to find their own way, day in day out, of adjusting to these challenges. Friendships •Friendships with local Irish young people were valued. These were also a useful means of acquiring language and accent. However experiences were mixed with some finding it easy to make friends locally, others finding it difficult, and others not particularly wanting it. •Barriers to friendships with local Irish young people included perceived differences in cultural background, language and accent, differences in educational and life experience, racism and differences in attitude towards education, authority, religion and alcohol. •Many migrant young people are unfamiliar with the ‘slagging’ (mostly friendly trading in insults) which is common currency among local Irish young people and some struggle to understand and adjust to it. ‘Slagging’ is often harmless, but at times it can be a vehicle for more genuine hostility.","2010","published",,"Gilligan Robbie",,"","",,,,,,"Children's Research Centre","Dublin",,"90 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","","978-1-902230-36-8",,,,,,,,"","","","","electronic_only","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.tcd.ie/immigration/community/index.php","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"TA14 , VH4-2 , MI10 , LC2-14 , RD8-4","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- MA-ML Social science, culture and community > Sociocultural discrimination concepts > Minority group (racial group, immigrant, Traveller) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- R Research > Type of research study > Research involving two or more groups > Cross-cultural study","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Sociocultural discrimination concepts - Minority group (racial group, immigrant, Traveller) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Type of research study - Research involving two or more groups - Cross-cultural study","Europe - Ireland","Gilligan Robbie , Curry Philip , McGrath Judy , Murphy Derek , Ní Raghallaigh Muireann , Rogers Margaret , Scholtz, Jennifer Jean , Gilligan Quinn Aoife","0","no" "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Curry","Philip","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"McGrath","Judy","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"MI10",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Murphy","Derek","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Ní Raghallaigh","Muireann","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"RD8-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Rogers","Margaret","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Scholtz,","Jennifer Jean","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "16072",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Gilligan Quinn","Aoife","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100","42","archive","5",,,"disk0/00/01/41/00","2010-10-28 09:57:13","2016-03-01 16:35:09","2010-10-28 09:57:13","monograph",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Haase","Trutz","","","","Haase:Trutz::","",,,,,"","National Advisory Committee on Drugs","Risk and protection factors for substance use among young people: a comparative study of early school-leavers and school-attending students.","pub","TA14","","public",,"government_publication",,,,,,"This report presents the results of a study of substance use among young people in Ireland based on information collected in 2008 during face-to-face interviews with 991 people, aged between 15 and 18. The target population comprised school-attending students and young people who, having left school, were attending either a Youthreach centre for education or FÁS Community Training Centre. This latter population is described in this study as “early school-leavers” and represents approximately 12% of the full annual cohort of early school-leavers.","2010","published",,"Haase Trutz",,"","",,,,,,"Stationery Office","Dublin",,"144 p.",,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","4918","","available","","","","","",,,"Ref NACD",,,,,,,,,,"",,"http://www.nacda.ie/","pub",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"2",,,"TA14 , NF24-6 , BG , VH4-2 , LN36 , TP4 , TN , LG18-12-2 , JA6 , LC2-14 , FS38-6-2 , AA2","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- N Communication, information and education > Educational environment (school / college) > Student behaviour and participation -- B Drugs and alcohol substances > Inhalants and solvents -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Social context > School context -- T Demographic characteristics > Early school Leaver -- T Demographic characteristics > Student (secondary level) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Marital relations > Family and kinship > Family relations > Family role > Role of parent -- J Health care, prevention and rehabilitation > Risk and protective factors -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > risk-taking behaviour -- A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Educational environment (school / college) - Student behaviour and participation -- Inhalants and solvents -- Social context - School context -- Early school Leaver -- Student (secondary level) -- Marital relations - Family and kinship - Family relations - Family role - Role of parent -- Risk and protective factors -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations -- Specific attitude and behaviour - risk-taking behaviour -- Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use","Europe - Ireland","Haase Trutz , Pratschke Jonathan , National Advisory Committee on Drugs National Advisory Committee on Drugs","0","no" "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Pratschke","Jonathan","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"NF24-6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"BG",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LN36",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TP4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"TN",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LG18-12-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"JA6",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"FS38-6-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "14100",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"AA2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17921","19","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/79/21","2012-07-03 14:05:22","2015-09-16 11:40:31","2012-07-03 14:05:22","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"McMahon","Elaine M","","","","McMahon:Elaine M::","",,,,,"","","Bullying victimisation, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys.","pub","TA14","","none",,,,,,,,"School bullying victimisation is associated with poor mental health and self harm. However, little is known about the lifestyle factors and negative life events associated with victimisation, or the factors associated with self harm among boys who experience bullying. The objectives of the study were to examine the prevalence of bullying in Irish adolescent boys, the association between bullying and a broad range of risk factors among boys, and factors associated with self harm among bullied boys and their non-bullied peers. Analyses were based on the data of the Irish centre of the Child and Adolescent Self Harm in Europe (CASE) study (boys n = 1870). Information was obtained on demographic factors, school bullying, deliberate self harm and psychological and lifestyle factors including negative life events. In total 363 boys (19.4%) reported having been a victim of school bullying at some point in their lives. The odds ratio of lifetime self harm was four times higher for boys who had been bullied than those without this experience. The factors that remained in the multivariate logistic regression model for lifetime history of bullying victimisation among boys were serious physical abuse and self esteem. Factors associated with self harm among bullied boys included psychological factors, problems with schoolwork, worries about sexual orientation and physical abuse, while family support was protective against self harm. Our findings highlight the mental health problems associated with victimisation, underlining the importance of anti-bullying policies in schools. Factors associated with self harm among boys who have been bullied should be taken into account in the identification of boys at risk of self harm.","2010",,,"McMahon Elaine M",,"","",,"Social Science & Medicine","71","7","7",,,"1300-1307",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,"0277-9536",,,,,,,"","","","","not_in_collection","","","","","",,,,,,,,,,,,,"","http://www.nsrf.ie/publications_2010/BullyingVicimisation.pdf","","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","",,,"1","71","Social Science Medicine","TA14 , VH4-2 , LC2-14-4 , FS62 , FS62_4","T Demographic characteristics > Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Peer pressure (bullying) -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > self-destructive behaviour -- F Concepts in psychology > Specific attitude and behaviour > self-destructive behaviour > suicidal behaviour / suicide","VA Geographic area > Europe > Ireland","Adolescent / youth (teenager / young person) -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Peer pressure (bullying) -- Specific attitude and behaviour - self-destructive behaviour -- Specific attitude and behaviour - self-destructive behaviour - suicidal behaviour / suicide","Europe - Ireland","McMahon Elaine M , Reulbach U , Keeley Helen , Perry Ivan J , Arensman Ella","0","no" "17921",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Reulbach","U","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH4-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17921",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Keeley","Helen","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17921",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Perry","Ivan J","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"FS62",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17921",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Arensman","Ella","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"FS62_4",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17979","15","archive","1684",,,"disk0/00/01/79/79","2012-07-05 15:39:00","2012-07-05 15:39:00","2012-07-05 15:39:00","article",,,"show",,,,"","","","","","","","","","","0",,,"Mulder","Juul","","","","Mulder:Juul::","",,,,,"","","Is it the music? Peer substance use as a mediator of the link between music preferences and adolescent substance use.","pub","AA2-4","","none",,,,,,,,"Both music preferences and the substance use behavior of peers are important elements in explaining adolescent substance use. The extent to which music preference and peer use overlap in explaining adolescent substance use remains to be determined. A nationally representative sample of 7324 Dutch school-going adolescents (aged 12–16) provided data on music preferences, substance use behaviors and perceived number of peers using substances. Factor analyses showed that preferences for eight music genres factored into four styles: Pop (chart music, Dutch pop), Adult (classical music, jazz), Urban (rap/hiphop, soul/R&B) and Hard (punk/hardcore, techno/hardhouse); substance use was indicated by smoking, drinking, and cannabis use. Structural equation modeling revealed that the relationship between music preference and substance use was either wholly or partially mediated by perceived peer use. Music can model substance use and fans of different types of music may select friends with use patterns that reinforce their own substance use inclinations.","2010",,,"Mulder Juul",,"","",,"Journal of Adolescence","33",,,"Elsevier",,"387-394",,,,,,,,,,,,"","","",,,,,,,,,"","","","","not_in_collection","","","","","",,"

 

",,,,,,,,,,,"",,"","",,"","",,,,,,"",,,,,,,"",,,,,"",,,,,"","",,,,,"","",,"","","","display_if_logged_in",,"1","33","Journal of Adolescence","AA2-4 , LC2-14-2 , LC2-14 , VH","A Drugs and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence > Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use > Problem drugs and alcohol use -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations > Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- L Social psychology and related concepts > Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics > Peer relations","VA Geographic area > Europe","Prevalence of drugs and alcohol use - Problem drugs and alcohol use -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations - Level of drugs and alcohol use among peers -- Interpersonal interaction and group dynamics - Peer relations","Europe","Mulder Juul , ter Bogt Tom , Raaijmakers Quinten AW , Nic Gabhainn Saoirse","0","yes" "17979",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"ter Bogt","Tom","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14-2",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17979",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Raaijmakers","Quinten AW","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"LC2-14",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "17979",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Nic Gabhainn","Saoirse","","",,,,,,,,,,,,"VH",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,