@misc{ndc25933,
          volume = {138},
          number = {1},
           month = {July},
          author = {Sharon JL Levy and Janet F Williams},
           title = {Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment.},
       publisher = {American Academy of Pediatrics},
         journal = {Pediatrics},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25933/},
        abstract = {The enormous public health impact of adolescent substance use and its preventable morbidity and mortality highlight the need for the health care sector, including pediatricians and the medical home, to increase its capacity regarding adolescent substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). The American Academy of Pediatrics first published a policy statement on SBIRT and adolescents in 2011 to introduce SBIRT concepts and terminology and to offer clinical guidance about available substance use screening tools and intervention procedures. 

This clinical report provides a simplified adolescent SBIRT clinical approach that, in combination with the accompanying updated policy statement, guides pediatricians in implementing substance use prevention, detection, assessment, and intervention practices across the varied clinical settings in which adolescents receive health care.}
}

@misc{ndc25887,
          number = {8 June 2016},
           month = {June},
           title = {Detecting alcohol use disorders with a single question.},
            year = {2016},
         journal = {Drug and Alcohol Findings Bulletin},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/25887/},
        abstract = {A US study of young people in rural primary care settings finds that alcohol use disorders can be identified with a single question about frequency of drinking.}
}

@article{ndc27988,
          volume = {24},
          number = {6},
          author = {Caroline Parchetka and Nicole Strache and Bianca Raffaelli and Isabel Gemmeke and Katharina Weib and Eric Artiges and Tobias Banaschewski and Arun L W Bokde and Uli Bromberg and Christian Buechel and Patricia Conrod and Sylvane Desrivi{\`e}res and Herta Flor and Vincent Frouin and Hugh Garavan and Penny Gowland and Andreas Heinz and Bernd Ittermann and Herve Lemaitre and Jean-Luc Martinot and Eva Mennigen and Frauke Nees and Marie-Laure Paill{\`e}re-Martinot and Dimitri Papadopoulos and Tomas Paus and Luise Poustka and Sarah Jurk and Michael N Smolka and Nora C Vetter and Henrik Walter and Robert Whelan and Gunter Schumann and Jurgen Gallinat},
           title = {Predictive utility of the NEO-FFI for later substance experiences among 16-year-old adolescents.},
       publisher = {Springer},
         journal = {Journal of Public Health},
           pages = {489 --495},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27988/},
        abstract = {Purpose: The onset of substance use mostly occurs during adolescence. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relevance of personality on the basis of the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to future experiences with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis.

Methods: The test data were derived from the baseline assessment and first follow-up of the IMAGEN study, a European multicenter and multidisciplinary research project on adolescent mental health. In the present study 1004 participants were tested. The characterization of personality was conducted with the NEO-FFI at the age of 14 (T1). The data on substance use were collected with the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) questionnaire at the age of 16 (T2). For the statistical analysis, t-tests and univariate analyses of variance were performed.

Results: The scores of Conscientiousness at T1 were significantly lower for adolescents with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis experiences at T2. We found lower scores of Agreeableness at T1 in participants with tobacco and cannabis use at T2. Extraversion at T1 was significantly higher for adolescents with smoking experiences at T2. No significant associations between Neuroticism or Openness and future substance use were observed.

Conclusion: Low scores of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness seem to have the greatest value for a prediction of later experiences with substance use. As the present study is the first one to examine the predictive value of the NEO-FFI for future substance use in an adolescent sample, further studies are necessary to enable a better applicability in a clinical context.}
}

@article{ndc23769,
          volume = {32},
          number = {4},
           month = {April},
          author = {Vivienne Wallace and Ethne Doorley and Donal Wallace and Brid Hollywood},
           title = {Close practice encounters of the teenage kind.},
       publisher = {Irish College of General Practitioners},
            year = {2015},
         journal = {Forum},
           pages = {12--14},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23769/},
        abstract = {Research by GPs in Ballymun provides an informative snapshot of the health needs of teenage patients and some important pointers from dealing with this often vulnerable group.

Substance misuse and recording of this issue was reviewed. In general, it was noted that whether or not the person attending used alcohol, smoked cigarettes or used other substances was not recorded. No reference was made to alcohol in any of the 380 teenagers' records, but that this was not recorded does not in our view indicate that none of these 380 teenagers drinks alcohol. Seven teenagers were noted to be smokers of cigarettes, seven were noted to be smokers of hash, and there was not mention in the clinical records of other drugs being used.....}
}

@misc{ndc24144,
           title = {Psychosis with coexisting substance misuse overview (Dual diagnosis).},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {National Institute for Health and Care Excellence},
            year = {2015},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24144/}
}

@article{ndc24246,
          volume = {46},
          number = {5},
          author = {Lisa O'Reilly and Pat Dolan},
           title = {The voice of the child in social work assessments: age-appropriate communication with children.},
       publisher = {Oxford University Press},
         journal = {British Journal of Social Work},
           pages = {1191--1207},
            year = {2015},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24246/},
        abstract = {This article describes a child-centred method for engaging with children involved in the child protection and welfare system. One of the primary arguments underpinning this research is that social workers need to be skilled communicators to engage with children about deeply personal and painful issues. 

There is a wide range of research that maintains play is the language of children and the most effective way to learn about children is through their play. Considering this, the overarching aim of this study was to investigate the role of play skills in supporting communication between children and social workers during child protection and welfare assessments. The data collection was designed to establish the thoughts and/or experiences of participants in relation to a Play Skills Training (PST) programme designed by the authors. The key findings of the study reveal that the majority of social work participants rate the use of play skills in social work assessments as a key factor to effective engagement with children. Of particular importance, these messages address how social work services can ensure in a child-centred manner that the voice of children is heard and represented in all assessments of their well-being and future care options.}
}

@misc{ndc23131,
           month = {December},
           title = {Young people?s hospital alcohol pathways. Support pack for A\&E departments.},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Public Health England},
            year = {2014},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23131/},
        abstract = {This document shows how local pathways can work for young people who present to A\&E with alcohol-related conditions. It builds on similar publications by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)1 and Alcohol Concern. 

The pack includes a set of key questions for local professionals in the UK to help them develop effective care pathways within A\&E and into other relevant services. It will be most relevant for A\&E clinicians, hospital managers, substance misuse and young people?s commissioners. It may also have wider interest for local authority children?s services and organisations that are part of the pathway, such as substance misuse services and other young people?s support agencies.}
}

@misc{ndc19886,
          volume = {18 Mar},
           month = {March},
           title = {Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions].},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Drug and Alcohol Findings},
            year = {2013},
         journal = {Effectiveness Bank Bulletin},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19886/},
        abstract = {Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions for young adults discharged from the emergency department.
Suffoletto B., Callaway C., Kristan J. et al. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research: 2012, 36(3), p. 552?560.

For the first time this US study tried mobile phone text messaging as a way to moderate the hazardous drinking of young adults screened at emergency departments. Compared to merely monitoring, text-based advice did cut drinking ? but why did the monitoring-only patients actually start to drink more?

Summary 
Though recommended for US emergency departments, few have implemented formal screening to identify risky drinkers and even fewer then offer brief interventions in the form of short sessions of advice or counselling to reduce risk. Conducting brief intervention via a standardised mobile phone text messaging procedure could help overcome resistance from clinical staff who feel they have neither the time nor the expertise to discuss substance use with patients, and permit low-cost, large-scale implementation. For young adults in particular, text messaging may be preferable to face-to-face counselling.

This pilot study aimed to test the feasibility of brief text-message interventions for young adults identified as risky drinkers in emergency departments, and to gauge the impact to help guide the design of a larger study. It was conducted at three US emergency departments and trauma centres in Western Pennsylvania, where in 2010 research assistants asked 109 (all but three agreed) 18?24-year-old patients to complete a computerised screening assessment of their drinking over the past three months based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C). This assessment consist solely of questions about drinking, not about its consequences which may not yet be evident among young people.

About half (52) the 106 respondents screened positive for hazardous drinking, of whom 45 met criteria for the study, agreed to join it, and completed further baseline assessments of (inter alia) their drinking and related problems. Nearly two thirds were women and just 15\% were unemployed. Their screening responses indicated that most drank at least twice a week and nearly half drank at least six standard US drinks on a single occasion at least once a month. All were advised they could have significant problems related to their drinking and encouraged to talk to their doctors, and were sent and encouraged to read an alcohol advice booklet after discharge.

All further intervention occurred via text messaging over the 12 weeks after the patients had been discharged. The 45 participants were randomly allocated to three groups of 15. One set (the control group) were simply texted reminders about the final assessment to be e-mailed to them 12 weeks after they had been recruited to the study. Another 15 (the assessment-only group) were weekly texted two questions, one about how often they had drunk over the past week, the other about their maximum single occasion consumption.

The final 15 (the intervention group) were sent the same questions, but an automated process then responded with texts depending on their answers. Those who had not drunk were congratulated, while those who had drunk moderately were told they were not drinking at a dangerous level and offered brief information about the risks of drinking. Full intervention was reserved for the (on different weeks) roughly 10?50\% whose text responses indicated heavy single-occasion drinking over the past week. They were texted a message expressing concern over their drinking and asked if they would be willing to aim this week to drink moderately. Those who were willing were texted a reinforcing message followed by computer-selected strategies for cutting down, such as keeping track of their drinking, setting goals, pacing and spacing, eating at the same time, finding alternatives, avoiding 'triggers', planning ways to handle 'urges', and refusing drinks. Those unwilling to aim to drink moderately were prompted to reflect on their decision by texts such as: "It's OK to have mixed feelings about reducing your alcohol use. Consider making a list of all the reasons you might want to change."}
}

@article{ndc18724,
          volume = {12},
          number = {1},
           title = {Ultra high risk of psychosis on committal to a young offender prison: an unrecognised opportunity for early intervention.},
          author = {Darran Flynn and Damian Smith and Luke Quirke and Stephen Monks and Harry G Kennedy},
       publisher = {BioMed Central},
            year = {2012},
         journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18724/},
        abstract = {BACKGROUND: 
The ultra high risk state for psychosis has not been studied in young offender populations. Prison populations have higher rates of psychiatric morbidity and substance use disorders. Due to the age profile of young offenders one would expect to find a high prevalence of individuals with pre-psychotic or ultra-high risk mental states for psychosis (UHR). Accordingly young offender institutions offer an opportunity for early interventions which could result in improved long term mental health, social and legal outcomes. In the course of establishing a mental health in-reach service into Ireland's only young offender prison, we sought to estimate unmet mental health needs.

METHODS: 
Every third new committal to a young offenders prison was interviewed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) to identify the Ultra High Risk (UHR) state and a structured interview for assessing drug and alcohol misuse according to DSM-IV-TR criteria, the Developmental Understanding of Drug Misuse and Dependence - Short Form (DUNDRUM-S).

RESULTS: 
Over a twelve month period 171 young male offenders aged 16 to 20 were assessed. Of these 39 (23\%, 95\% confidence interval 18\% to 30\%) met UHR criteria. UHR states peaked at 18 years, were associated with lower SOFAS scores for social and occupational function and were also associated with multiple substance misuse. The relationship with lower SOFAS scores persisted even when co-varying for multiple substance misuse.

CONCLUSIONS: 
Although psychotic symptoms are common in community samples of children and adolescents, the prevalence of the UHR state in young offenders was higher than reported for community samples. The association with impaired function also suggests that this may be part of a developing disorder. Much more attention should be paid to the relationship of UHR states to substance misuse and to the health needs of young offenders.}
}

@article{ndc17679,
          volume = {21},
          number = {8},
          author = {Claire Kiernan and Aislinn Ni Fhearail and Imelda Coyne},
            note = {PMID: 22585075},
           title = {Nurses' role in managing alcohol misuse among adolescents.},
       publisher = {MA Healthcare},
            year = {2012},
         journal = {British Journal of Nursing},
           pages = {474--478},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17679/},
        abstract = {Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed by young people, aged 11-17 years, in the UK and Ireland, which has implications for all health professionals caring for adolescents. Alcohol misuse is increasingly common among adolescents and is a significant concern for families, communities and society. Health professionals need to be aware of the dangers involved with underage drinking, how to recognise the signs of alcohol misuse, and how to intervene appropriately. 

Over the past few years, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of adolescents presenting to emergency departments (EDs) owing to alcohol-related injuries. This increase means that all nurses and other health professionals are suitably placed to provide education and support to adolescents who are consuming excessive alcohol. Regular alcohol misuse can lead to adverse health outcomes, and therefore nurses need to take an active role in health promotion to ensure that adolescents are aware of the associated dangers. 

This article summarises the harmful effects of underage drinking, the influencing factors and outlines the current guidelines on alcohol misuse in young people. It discusses strategies that nurses can use in the ED setting, and all healthcare settings, to motivate adolescents to change health-damaging behaviours.}
}

@misc{ndc16487,
           month = {November},
           title = {Alcohol screening and brief intervention for youth: a practitioner's guide.},
         address = {Bethesda, MD},
       publisher = {National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism},
            year = {2011},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16487/},
        abstract = {With this Guide, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) introduces a simple, quick, empirically derived tool for identifying youth at risk for alcohol-related problems. If you manage the health and well-being of children and adolescents ages 9?18 years, this Guide is for you.

Why choose this tool?
It can detect risk early: In contrast to other screens that focus on established alcohol problems, this early detection tool aims to help you prevent alcohol-related problems in your patients before they start or address them at an early stage.

It?s empirically based: The screening questions and risk scale, developed through primary survey research, are powerful predictors of current and future negative consequences of alcohol use.

It?s fast and versatile: The screen consists of just two questions that you can incorporate easily into patient interviews or pre-visit screening tools across the care spectrum, from annual exams to urgent care.

It?s the first tool to include friends? drinking: The ?friends? question will help you identify patients at earlier stages of alcohol involvement and target advice to include the important risk factor of friends? drinking.}
}