@misc{ndc27631,
          number = {21 July 2017},
           month = {July},
           title = {UK trial tests personality-based approach to preventing drinking.},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Drug and Alcohol Findings},
            year = {2017},
         journal = {Drug and Alcohol Findings},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27631/},
        abstract = {The Adventure Trial tested the impact of a personality-targeted intervention delivered by teachers on substance use and misuse among pupils in London. This followed the reported success of the Preventure trial, which found that personality-targeted interventions were effective in reducing motivations for drinking that involve coping with negative feelings, and reducing symptoms of problem drinking during a two-year period.

Key points From summary and commentary:
?	The Adventure Trial examined whether personality-relevant coping skills could prevent drinking problems among London high school pupils.
?	High-risk young people were allocated to receive an intervention matched to their specific vulnerability (?hopelessness?, ?anxiety-sensitivity?, ?impulsivity?, or ?sensation-seeking?).
?	Long-term benefits were observed, with reduced odds of high-risk pupils in the intervention group reporting drinking, ?binge? drinking, and problem drinking, compared to peers allocated to receive standard drug education}
}

@misc{ndc27520,
          volume = {5},
          number = {2},
           month = {April},
          author = {Harry Sumnall and Andrew Percy and Jon C Cole and Lynn Murphy and David Foxcroft},
         address = {Southampton},
           title = {Steps towards alcohol misuse prevention programme (STAMPP): a school and community based cluster randomised controlled trial.},
       publisher = {National Institute for Health Research},
            year = {2017},
         journal = {Public Health Research},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27520/},
        abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alcohol use in young people remains a public health concern, with adverse impacts on outcomes such as health, well-being, education and relationships.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a combined classroom curriculum and parental intervention on self-reported alcohol use [heavy episodic drinking (HED)] and alcohol-related harms (indicators such as getting into fights after drinking, poorer school performance and trouble with friends and family).

DESIGN: A two-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial with schools as the unit of randomisation.
SETTING: A total of 105 post-primary schools in Northern Ireland (NI) and Glasgow/Inverclyde Educational Authority areas.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12,738 male and female secondary school students (intervention delivered when students were in school year 9 in NI or S2 in Scotland in the academic year 2012?13 and aged 12?13 years) were randomised. Randomisation and baseline (T0) surveys took place when children were in school year 8 or S1. Schools were randomised (1 : 1) by an independent statistician to the Steps Towards Alcohol Misuse Prevention Programme (STAMPP) or to education as normal (EAN). All schools were stratified by free school meal provision. Schools in NI were also stratified by school type (male/female/coeducational).

INTERVENTIONS: STAMPP combined a school-based alcohol harm reduction curriculum [an adapted version of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP)] and a brief parental intervention designed to support parents in setting family rules around drinking. The classroom component comprised two phases delivered over 2 years, and the parental component comprised a standardised presentation delivered by a trained facilitator at specially arranged parent evenings on school premises. This was followed up a few weeks later by an information leaflet mailed to all intervention pupils? parents highlighting the main points of the evening.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Self-reported HED (defined as self-reported consumption of ? 6 units in a single episode in the previous 30 days for male students and ? 4.5 units for female students) assessed at 33 months from baseline (T3); and (2) the number of self-reported harms (harms caused by own drinking) assessed at T3.
DATA SOURCES: Self-completed pupil questionnaires.

RESULTS: At final follow-up (T3), data were available for 5160 intervention and 5073 control pupils for the HED outcome, and for 5234 intervention and 5146 control pupils for the self-reported harms outcome. The intervention reduced self-reported HED compared with EAN (p {\ensuremath{<}} 0.001), but did not reduce self-reported harms associated with own drinking. The odds ratio for the intervention effect on HED was 0.596 (standard error 0.0596, 95\% confidence interval 0.490 to 0.725). The mean cost of delivery per school was {\pounds}818 and the mean cost per individual was {\pounds}15. There were no clear cost savings in terms of service utilisation associated with the intervention. The process evaluation showed that the classroom component engaged and was enjoyed by pupils, and was valued by teachers. Schools, students, intervention trainers and delivery staff (teachers) were not blind to study condition. Data collection was undertaken by a team of researchers that included the trial manager and research assistants, some of whom were not blinded to study condition. Data analysis of primary and secondary outcomes was undertaken by the trial statistician, who was blinded to the study condition.

LIMITATIONS: Although the classroom component was largely delivered as intended, there was very low attendance at the parent/carer event; however, all intervention pupils? parents/carers received an intervention leaflet.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this trial provide some support for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STAMPP in reducing heavy episodic (binge) drinking, but not in reducing self-reported alcohol-related harms, in young people over a 33-month follow-up period. As there was low uptake of the parental component, it is uncertain whether or not the intervention effect was accounted for by the classroom component alone.}
}

@misc{ndc26168,
          volume = {59},
          number = {4 supp},
           month = {October},
          author = {Jai K Das and Rehana Salam and Ahmed Arshad and Yaron Finkelstein and Zulfiqar A Bhutta},
           title = {Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: an overview of systematic reviews.},
       publisher = {Elsevier},
         journal = {Journal of Adolescent Health},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26168/},
        abstract = {Many unhealthy behaviors often begin during adolescence and represent major public health challenges. Substance abuse has a major impact on individuals, families, and communities, as its effects are cumulative, contributing to costly social, physical, and mental health problems. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to prevent substance abuse among adolescents. We report findings from a total of 46 systematic reviews focusing on interventions for smoking/tobacco use, alcohol use, drug use, and combined substance abuse. 

Our overview findings suggest that among smoking/tobacco interventions, school-based prevention programs and family-based intensive interventions typically addressing family functioning are effective in reducing smoking. Mass media campaigns are also effective given that these were of reasonable intensity over extensive periods of time. Among interventions for alcohol use, school-based alcohol prevention interventions have been associated with reduced frequency of drinking, while family-based interventions have a small but persistent effect on alcohol misuse among adolescents. For drug abuse, school-based interventions based on a combination of social competence and social influence approaches have shown protective effects against drugs and cannabis use. Among the interventions targeting combined substance abuse, school-based primary prevention programs are effective. Evidence from Internet-based interventions, policy initiatives, and incentives appears to be mixed and needs further research. 

Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific interventions components with standardized intervention and outcome measures. Various delivery platforms, including digital platforms and policy initiative, have the potential to improve substance abuse outcomes among adolescents; however, these require further research.}
}

@misc{ndc26314,
           month = {October},
           title = {Preventing children and young people?s mental health and substance use problems.},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Mentor},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26314/},
        abstract = {This briefing paper is part of a series produced by Mentor ADEPIS on alcohol and drug education and prevention, for teachers and practitioners. It intends to provide teachers, educators and the wider school workforce with practical guidelines on how to prevent children and young people from developing mental health problems as a result of alcohol and drug misuse.}
}

@misc{ndc26153,
           month = {September},
           title = {Young people ? substance misuse JSNA support pack 2017-18: commissioning prompts. Good practice prompts for planning comprehensive interventions.},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Public Health England},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/26153/},
        abstract = {This document outlines four key principles and useful prompts that local areas might consider when commissioning universal and targeted drug, alcohol and tobacco prevention interventions, and specialist interventions for young people already experiencing harms. It also directs local areas to national data sources on the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco by young people.

1. Effective universal and targeted evidence-based interventions to prevent young people's use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco are commissioned  p.6 
2. A full range of specialist drug, alcohol and tobacco interventions are available to young people in need  p.10 
3. Commissioning is integrated across prevention and specialist interventions and the wider children's agenda  p.15 
4. A skilled workforce is in place to provide effective interventions  p.17}
}

@misc{ndc27523,
          volume = {4},
          number = {5},
          author = {Chris Bonell and Kelly Dickson and Kate Hinds and GJ Melendez-Torres and Claire Stansfield and Adam Fletcher and James Thomas and Katrina Lester and Elizabeth Oliver and Simon M Murphy and Rona Campbell},
         address = {Southampton},
           title = {The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes.},
       publisher = {National Institute for Health Research},
         journal = {Public Health Research},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27523/},
        abstract = {BACKGROUND: Positive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness?

DATA SOURCES: A total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors.
REVIEW METHODS: We included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically.

RESULTS: 32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes.

THEORIES OF CHANGE: PYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ?assets? such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people?s ?intentional self-regulation?, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ?developmental regulation?, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas.

PROCESS EVALUATIONS: Community engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities.

OUTCOME EVALUATIONS: Meta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations.

LIMITATIONS: Insufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: How PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD.}
}

@misc{ndc24540,
           month = {September},
           title = {Prevention of addictive behaviours.},
          author = {Anneke Buhler and Johannes Thrul},
         address = {Luxembourg},
       publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
            year = {2015},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/24540/},
        abstract = {This publication is an update of Prevention of substance abuse, published in 2007. Like the previous analysis, it is a translation of a German study that presents a state-of-the-art review of prevention science. Although originally targeted at the German audience, the evidence base addressed is global in its scope. The review is broad in its considerations, covering not only the main topic of drug abuse but also alcohol and tobacco, as well as behavioural addictions, such as gambling.

Table of contents:
?	Foreword to the English version
?	Summary
?	Chapter 1: Introduction
?	Chapter 2: Methodology
?	Chapter 3: Results
?	Chapter 4: Discussion
?	References / Glossary}
}

@misc{ndc19481,
           month = {August},
           title = {International standards on drug use prevention.},
         address = {Vienna},
       publisher = {United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime},
            year = {2015},
            note = {Minor editorial amendments have been made to this publication, however the content remains the same as the earlier version, first published in 2013.},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19481/},
        abstract = {Prevention strategies based on scientific evidence working with families, schools, and communities can ensure that children and youth, especially the most marginalized and poor, grow and stay healthy and safe into adulthood and old age. For every dollar spent on prevention, at least ten can be saved in future health, social and crime costs.

These global International Standards summarize the currently available scientific evidence, describing interventions and policies that have been found to result in positive prevention outcomes and their characteristics. Concurrently, the global International Standards identify the major components and features of an effective national drug prevention system. It is our hope that the International Standards will assist policy makers worldwide to develop programmes, policies and systems that are a truly effective investment in the future of children, youth, families and communities. This work builds on and recognizes the work of many other organizations (e.g. EMCDDA, CCSA, CICAD, Mentor, NIDA, WHO) which have previously developed standards and guidelines on various aspects of drug prevention.

[For appendices, click on website link above]}
}

@article{ndc23701,
          volume = {Issue 53, Spring 2015},
           month = {March},
          author = {Martin Keane},
           title = {Youth programmes reviewed.},
       publisher = {Health Research Board},
         journal = {Drugnet Ireland},
           pages = {18--19},
            year = {2015},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23701/}
}

@article{ndc23291,
          volume = {32},
          number = {Special issue 01: youth mental health},
           month = {January},
          author = {L O?Keeffe and A O'Reilly and G O?Brien and R Buckley and RJ Illback},
           title = {Description and outcome evaluation of Jigsaw: an emergent Irish mental health early intervention programme for young people.},
       publisher = {Medmedia Group},
            year = {2015},
         journal = {Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine},
           pages = {71--77},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/23291/},
        abstract = {Objectives: Jigsaw is an early intervention mental health service developed by Headstrong which provides support to young people, aged 12?25 years, in 10 communities across Ireland. This study aimed to profile young people who availed of Jigsaw, in one calendar year, and to provide evidence that Jigsaw?s model facilitates the reduction of psychological distress.

Methods: Participants were 2420 young people who received support, directly or indirectly, from Jigsaw. Demographic details, including age, gender, presenting issues and referral pathways, captured on the Jigsaw Data System were described and psychological distress was assessed using the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE) questionnaires.

Results: A gender balance was almost observed and the majority of participants were between 15 and 17 years old. The most common presenting issue was anxiety and the most common referral sources were self, parent, general practitioner, school and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS). Participants reported high levels of psychological distress pre-intervention and levels were significantly lower post intervention.

Conclusions: Although a lack of control group limits interpretation of the study findings, this study provides emerging evidence that Jigsaw is an accessible and effective service which plays a key role in the continuum of mental health care for young people in Ireland.}
}

@article{ndc21214,
          volume = {Issue 48, Winter 2013},
           month = {January},
          author = {Martin Keane},
           title = {New standards to support the voluntary capacity of youth work provision in Ireland.},
       publisher = {Health Research Board},
         journal = {Drugnet Ireland},
           pages = {15--16},
            year = {2014},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/21214/}
}

@article{ndc19676,
          volume = {Issue 45, Spring 2013},
           month = {April},
          author = {Martin Keane},
           title = {Assessment of the value of youth work in Ireland.},
       publisher = {Health Research Board},
         journal = {Drugnet Ireland},
           pages = {1--2},
            year = {2013},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19676/}
}

@misc{ndc19890,
          volume = {26 Mar},
           month = {March},
           title = {Effectiveness Bank Bulletin [Long-term effect of community-based adolescent treatment].},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {Drug and Alcohol Findings},
            year = {2013},
         journal = {Effectiveness Bank Bulletin},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19890/},
        abstract = {Long-term effect of community-based treatment: evidence from the adolescent outcomes project.
Edelen M.O., Slaughter M.E., McCaffrey D.F. et al. Drug and Alcohol Dependence: 2010, 107, p. 62?68.

The title speaks of long-term effects but in fact there were none from sending young US substance users to a youth therapeutic community specialising in substance use problems compared to non-specialist group homes; early gains had all eroded, an instance of the general difficulty of sustaining youth treatment outcomes.

Summary 
Few studies have reported on the long-term impacts of substance use treatment for adolescents, and those which have provide at best limited evidence that impacts persist. In particular, no such study has yet assessed long-term outcomes for drug-involved juvenile offenders receiving treatment outside custody, the majority of adolescent treatment admissions.

This US evaluation offers the first assessment of long-term effects nearly nine years after offenders had been referred by the juvenile justice system either to a drug-specialist residential therapeutic community for adolescents (the Phoenix Academy), or to other residential group living programmes of similar size and structure, but which did not offer specialised substance use treatment.

Relative to the group homes, the community had previously been shown to result 12 months after referral in significantly better substance use and psychological functioning. This report sets out to establish whether these improvements persisted and even 'snowballed', or were eroded by time and other influences.

In 1999 and 2000, 449 young people aged 13?17 joined the study after being contacted at a juvenile court; all were legal wards of the court. Of these, 175 were initially admitted the specialist community where they stayed for on average just over five months, about the same time as other young people stayed after being sent instead to one of the six comparison group homes.

The featured report drew its data from the 412 youngsters who completed any of the long-term follow-up interviews about three, seven and eight and a half years after the baseline interviews; of these, nearly 90\% had completed the final interview. Typically they were 15?16-year-old Hispanic/Latino boys who by the final follow-up would have averaged about 24 years of age. At study intake nearly 8 in 10 had met criteria for substance abuse and 55\% for dependence. For about half their main substance was cannabis. Despite extensive substance use, 59\% did not feel they needed treatment.

There were some appreciable differences between those sent and not sent to the Phoenix Academy, notably in motivation for treatment, extent of recent cannabis use, and substance use problems. An attempt was made to adjust outcomes for differences on these and other (totalling 88) dimensions as assessed before starting treatment. Then estimates were made of how well the young people would have done had they all been sent to Phoenix, or all to the other centres.}
}

@techreport{ndc20356,
            type = {Other},
           title = {National quality standards for volunteer led youth groups.},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Department of Children and Youth Affairs},
            year = {2013},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20356/},
        abstract = {In 2011, the DCYA introduced a set of standards for staff led youth work projects and services: these were called the National Quality Standards Framework (NQSF) for youth work. These standards are helping to ensure the provision and ongoing development of quality youth work opportunities for young people. As a natural progression to the NQSF, the DCYA has now developed a set of National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups, aimed at local youth groups and clubs. These have been developed and refined in consultation with young people, volunteers, youth organisations, the National Youth Work Advisory Committee, the Irish Vocational Education Association and VEC Youth/Liaison Officers. They present an opportunity for youth groups to demonstrate their commitment to best practice and to the delivery of quality programmes and activities, which meet the needs and expectations of their young members. As well as being a benchmark for progress, the National Quality Standards for Volunteer-led Youth Groups provide a fundamental building block on which practice can be developed on an ongoing basis. They are intended as a ?living document? that will evolve over time and be reviewed and informed by the process as the national quality standards are implemented in clubs and groups across the country.}
}

@article{ndc17267,
          volume = {Issue 41, Spring 2012},
           month = {April},
          author = {Vivion McGuire},
           title = {BYAP marks its 30th year with launch of two reports.},
       publisher = {Health Research Board},
         journal = {Drugnet Ireland},
           pages = {6},
            year = {2012},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17267/}
}

@techreport{ndc19045,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Assessment of the economic value of youth work},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {National Youth Council of Ireland},
            year = {2012},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/19045/},
        abstract = {Overall Conclusions 
This study, for the first time in Ireland, completed a detailed, comprehensive assessment of the economic value and contribution of the youth work sector. Indecon?s independent analysis found that the sector is substantial in scale and reach, with almost 383,000 young people benefiting from a wide range of programmes and services, provided by almost 1,400 staff and over 40,000 persons working in a voluntary capacity across the State. The sector operates within a very challenging economic context, with young people experiencing high rates of unemployment and social and economic exclusion, while significant numbers are at risk of poverty and the adverse long-term implications of drug and alcohol abuse, and involvement in crime and anti-social behaviour.

The results of the cost-benefit assessment of the economic value of youth work presented in this study suggest that the public funding provided by the State for youth work services represents value for money. Specifically, we estimate that over a 10-year period the benefits of youth work programmes would exceed the costs by a factor of 2.2. This reflects in particular the benefits of targeted programmes in the areas of justice, health and welfare, compared to a scenario where the absence of these supports is likely to mean that the State would face higher costs. It also reflects the strong volunteering effort in the delivery of youth work services throughout the State, the absence of which would mean that the State would face a substantially greater cost if these human resources had to be fully remunerated. 

Policy decisions on the future development of the youth work sector should factor in these features and, in particular, the economic as well as social impacts of targeted interventions which address the needs of young people in a pre-emptive and holistic manner.}
}

@article{ndc20809,
          volume = {5},
          number = {2},
          author = {Michael O? hAodain},
           title = {?Coffee houses? and ?Crime prevention': Some thoughts on youth caf{\'e}s and Garda youth diversion projects in the context of youth work in Ireland.},
       publisher = {Irish Youth Work Press},
         journal = {Youth Studies Ireland},
           pages = {1--16},
            year = {2012},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/20809/},
        abstract = {There has been a significant increase in the number of youth caf{\'e}s and Garda Youth Diversion Projects in Ireland. It could be argued that they represent two differing approaches to youth work; that youth caf{\'e}s generally represent the ?universal? approach, while Garda Youth Diversion Projects are more representative of the ?targeted? approach. This paper will consider both initiatives in the context of youth work in Ireland, setting their emergence and development against the backdrop of youth work?s traditions and values, while also acknowledging the changing nature of the field and questioning the current direction of youth work. It will question the extent to which these developments reflect the core traditions and values of youth work and will go on to suggest that youth caf{\'e}s, if properly funded and truly grounded in the traditions and values of youth work, have great potential to engage young people as critical and active participants in their communities and society.}
}

@techreport{ndc16853,
           month = {December},
            type = {Other},
           title = {UNODC youth initiative: discussion guide. Draft.},
         address = {Vienna},
       publisher = {United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime},
            year = {2011},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16853/},
        abstract = {Contents:
Section 1: Perceptions about Drug Use
Section 2: What is Vulnerability? 
Section 3: The Direct Effects of Using Drugs
Section 4: Abuse of Prescription Drug
Section 5: Consequences and Risks Associated with Drug Use
Section 6: Prevention of Drug Use 
Section 7:Treatment of Drug Dependence 
Section 8: The Role of Youth in the Global Effort to Prevent Drug Use

Ice breaker ideas 
Guidelines for Creating Activities
Appendix: Youth Friendly Sites Providing Information about Drug Use
A site on how to manage your privacy on Facebook
Forum Guidelines for Youth Initiative Facebook page}
}

@misc{ndc16953,
           title = {Toolkit on how to better involve young people in alcohol-related projects.},
          author = {Ingunn Aanes},
       publisher = {Alcohol Policy Youth Network},
            year = {2011},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16953/},
        abstract = {Alcohol Policy Youth Network hosted several activities in the period 2008-2011 and has gathered good practices from these events to this toolkit on how to address three main challenges when it comes to youth and alcohol:
?	Youth (organizations) don?t see alcohol as a problem.
?	Lack of interest to make alcohol related projects.
?	Lack of knowledge and skills to make alcohol related projects.
The participants, trainers and speakers of the activities helped to make this toolkit that will help APYN?s member organizations to tackle these challenges.

1. Introduction 
2. Why alcohol can be a problem (Facts) 
2.1 Alcohol related harm to the human body
2.2 Alcohol related harm to society
2.3 Alcohol and youth
3. How can we work on alcohol related projects 
3.1 Effective measures in alcohol policy
3.2 Prevention projects
3.3 Media and lobbying
?	Media
?	Lobbying
4. Project development 
4.1 Tips for project development
4.2 Examples
A. Case study 1- Skjenkekontrollen
B. Casestudy 2 ? Plan for national youth councils
5. Conclusion}
}

@techreport{ndc16441,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Fact or fiction: a study of attitudes to alcohol and related issues among young people in the Ballymun area.},
          author = {Christian Herbert and Cara Fennelly},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Ballymun Youth Action Project},
            year = {2011},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16441/},
        abstract = {A Questionnaire was developed to engage young people from the ages of 12-18 on their attitudes to alcohol in the Ballymun area. The purpose of this research was to determine if attitudes are different according to age group. Questions ranged from opinions on public drinking, peer pressure and relationships with parents/guardians. The study groups were divided into three categories. It was clear that the 12/13 year age group overall were still at the stage where they agreed that drinking alcohol was against the law for young people, they were at times quiet
judgemental and used either stereotypes or education to influence their answers.

While the 14-16 year age group were at the stage where drinking alcohol was seen to them as the norm and their answers very much reflected on their social life and their friends, they were not looking at consequences and saw no harm in the activity. The 17/18 year age group were at a reflective stage and at times their answers were quite similar to the 12/13 year olds, this time using life experience/education, they were starting to look at consequences. This research has shown that there are significant changes in attitudes to alcohol among young people; the 12/13 year olds not having a vested interest, to the 14/16 year olds at the stage of experimenting, to the 17/18 year olds now assessing their use. A number of recommendations are given based on the findings.}
}

@techreport{ndc14610,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Youthwork as a response to drugs issues in the community. A report on the Gurranabraher?Churchfield Drugs Outreach Project: profile, evaluation, and future development.},
          author = {Pat Leahy and Emma Bennet and Aoife Farrell},
         address = {Cork},
       publisher = {Youth Work Ireland Cork},
            year = {2011},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/14610/},
        abstract = {The key findings from this study are:
?A social rather than medical or legal based response to drugs issues offers policy makers and practitioners a genuinely holistic methodology for effective intervention
?A local rather than universal response rooted in harm reduction allows for cultural, geographical and community factors to dictate the nature of an intervention
?Effective praxis in this field requires skilled, independent, reflexive, motivated and creative practitioners operating within a supportive agency setting
?A clear theoretical framework encompassing knowledge of young people, drugs work, human behaviour and communities is a fundamental prerequisite to best practice
?A high degree of service visibility in the community and easy access to the services is required 
?Community based projects work effectively with service users who will never enter treatment; they offer drug users an effective alternative to medicalised responses 
?In many cases inappropriate and problem drug use is a consequence of social inequality; interventions that can respond to these social issues in (particularly disadvantaged) communities offer the people who suffer from drugs issues a far more comprehensive range of services than a medicalised response. 
?Human contact between the service user and the practitioner in the form of a relationship founded on trust is the key building block of success
?In terms of cost effectiveness community based projects offer excellent value for money; the overwhelming majority of funding is used in the provision of frontline services.}
}

@misc{ndc16631,
          number = {7},
           title = {Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people.},
          author = {Kristin V Carson and Malcolm P Brinn and Nadina A Labiszewski and Adrian J Esterman and Anne B Chang and Brian J Smith},
         address = {London},
       publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
            year = {2011},
         journal = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/16631/},
        abstract = {Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of multi-component community based interventions in influencing smoking behaviour, which includes preventing the uptake of smoking in young people.

Conclusions: There is some evidence to support the effectiveness of community interventions in reducing the uptake of smoking in young people, but the evidence is not strong and contains a number of methodological flaws.}
}

@techreport{ndc13490,
           month = {July},
            type = {Other},
           title = {National quality standards framework (NQSF) for youth work.},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13490/},
        abstract = {The NQSF is intended to be both practical and developmental, in that it will enable youth work  organisations to assess service provision and to identify areas for development. As engagement in the NQSF is a continuous process, it is not expected that all organisations will be able to immediately and fully achieve all the standards as set out in this document. Neither is it the intention that the NQSF would require uniformity of provision. Rather, it aims to ensure that youth work providers continue to offer a rich and varied service, and commit to a process of continuous development through
engagement in the NQSF.

The NQSF is primarily a support and development tool for youth work organisations. Self-assessment is fundamental to the process. In addition, there is also an external assessment function, which serves to validate the self-assessment process and which is performed by VEC (Youth/Liaison) Officers for local youth work services or by the NQSF Standards Officer for national youth work organisations.}
}

@misc{ndc13317,
           month = {April},
           title = {Youth caf{\'e} toolkit: how to set up and run a youth caf{\'e} in Ireland.},
          author = {Cormac Forkan and John Canavan and Carmel Devaney and Pat Dolan},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Stationery Office},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13317/},
        abstract = {This toolkit is designed for anybody involved in a youth caf{\'e} ? you might just be starting out on the road to setting one up, you might be in the early stages of working on one and have some things already happening, or you might be involved in a well-established youth caf{\'e}. 

This toolkit offers advice on 11 areas that are core to youth caf{\'e}s, namely:
?	involving young people in a youth caf{\'e};
?	partnership between adults and young people in a youth caf{\'e};
?	mission and activities/programmes for a youth caf{\'e};
?	role of staff and volunteers in a youth caf{\'e};
?	training for staff, volunteers and young people;
?	design and location of the youth caf{\'e} building;
?	management of a youth caf{\'e};
?	funding and sustainability of a youth caf{\'e};
?	promotion of a youth caf{\'e};
?	evaluation and monitoring of a youth caf{\'e};
?	policies for a youth caf{\'e}.}
}

@misc{ndc13315,
           month = {April},
           title = {Youth caf{\'e}s in Ireland: a best practice guide.},
          author = {Cormac Forkan and John Canavan and Pat Dolan and Ciara Bradley and Bernadine Brady and Catherine Carty and Liam Coen and Carmel Devaney and Noreen Kearns and Anne Kenny and Brian Merriman and Connie O'Regan},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Stationery Office},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13315/},
        abstract = {Conceptual model and framework for youth caf{\'e}s
By grounding the ?youth caf{\'e}? idea in a conceptual base, it is possible to set out what is unique to the model of youth care provided by such caf{\'e}s and how it differs to the ?youth club? model. Considering this, a youth caf{\'e} can be conceptualised as: offering support, ranging from practical to advisory, for young people in a non-stigmatising way; being based on well-established youth work principles; providing a forum for young people to develop their social networks and thus their social support; playing an important role in offering a secure base for young people; being central in its potential to enable a young person to become or stay resilient; helping connect resilience to civic engagement.

One of the most attractive features of a youth caf{\'e} is that it can work with young people across all levels of need, including universal populations through to those ?at risk?. The 2007 Youth Caf{\'e} Survey commissioned by the OMCYA estimates that there are more than 20 youth caf{\'e}s in operation around Ireland, with the highest density in Co. Wexford (Donnelly et al, 2009).

In the Request for Tender for this research, the OMCYA described the main types of youth caf{\'e}s found in Ireland as:
Type 1 ? A place or space to simply ?hang out? with friends, to chat, drink coffee or a soft drink, watch TV or movies, surf the Internet, etc.
Type 2 ? All the above but also with the inclusion of entertainment or leisure services chosen by the young people themselves, together with information on State and local services of interest and relevance to young people.
Type 3 ? This is perhaps the ideal model and the one that should be aimed for in the medium to long term, where all the above activities and facilities are augmented by the actual provision of services targeted directly at young people. This can include education and training, healthcare (both physical and emotional) and direct targeted assistance.}
}

@techreport{ndc18226,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Brief guide to recent youth caf{\'e} publications.},
          author = {Cormac Forkan},
         address = {Galway},
       publisher = {Child and Family Research Centre},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/18226/}
}

@techreport{ndc15244,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Tobacco, alcohol and drugs. For{\'o}ige policy and guidelines.},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {For{\'o}ige},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15244/},
        abstract = {This document provides guidelines for For{\'o}ige leaders regarding tobacco, alcohol and drug use. It outlines practices for education and prevention and the management of situations where suspected substance misuse is taking place, procedures for medical emergencies and guidelines for meeting with parents or guardians. This booklet also outlines some basic facts about drug use, street names and effects of the substance.}
}

@techreport{ndc15080,
            type = {Other},
           title = {Jigsaw annual report 2009},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Headstrong ? The National Centre for Youth Mental Health},
            year = {2010},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15080/},
        abstract = {2009 was significant in the life of Jigsaw with another two projects being awarded project grants in Counties Kerry and Meath to implement their community business plans over the next three years.

County Roscommon developed their business plan during the course of the year and will seek Headstrong Board approval in 2010.

Jigsaw youngballymun has been implementing its Jigsaw wraparound facilitator programme and has developed its universal strand of work to encompass a youth caf{\'e} and peer mentoring support programs. 

Jigsaw Galway had its first full year of operation which saw over 500 young people supported through both the Jigsaw
hub in Mary Street and outreach.}
}

@misc{ndc12999,
           title = {Dealing with drugs, alcohol and tobacco in youth work settings: guidelines for youth workers.},
         address = {Dublin},
       publisher = {Irish Youth Work Press},
            year = {2010},
            note = {Drafted \& edited by Fran Bissett},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12999/}
}