@article{ndc27988,
          volume = {24},
          number = {6},
          author = {Caroline Parchetka and Nicole Strache and Bianca Raffaelli and Isabel Gemmeke and Katharina Weib and Eric Artiges and Tobias Banaschewski and Arun L W Bokde and Uli Bromberg and Christian Buechel and Patricia Conrod and Sylvane Desrivi{\`e}res and Herta Flor and Vincent Frouin and Hugh Garavan and Penny Gowland and Andreas Heinz and Bernd Ittermann and Herve Lemaitre and Jean-Luc Martinot and Eva Mennigen and Frauke Nees and Marie-Laure Paill{\`e}re-Martinot and Dimitri Papadopoulos and Tomas Paus and Luise Poustka and Sarah Jurk and Michael N Smolka and Nora C Vetter and Henrik Walter and Robert Whelan and Gunter Schumann and Jurgen Gallinat},
           title = {Predictive utility of the NEO-FFI for later substance experiences among 16-year-old adolescents.},
       publisher = {Springer},
         journal = {Journal of Public Health},
           pages = {489 --495},
            year = {2016},
             url = {http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/27988/},
        abstract = {Purpose: The onset of substance use mostly occurs during adolescence. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relevance of personality on the basis of the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to future experiences with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis.

Methods: The test data were derived from the baseline assessment and first follow-up of the IMAGEN study, a European multicenter and multidisciplinary research project on adolescent mental health. In the present study 1004 participants were tested. The characterization of personality was conducted with the NEO-FFI at the age of 14 (T1). The data on substance use were collected with the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) questionnaire at the age of 16 (T2). For the statistical analysis, t-tests and univariate analyses of variance were performed.

Results: The scores of Conscientiousness at T1 were significantly lower for adolescents with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis experiences at T2. We found lower scores of Agreeableness at T1 in participants with tobacco and cannabis use at T2. Extraversion at T1 was significantly higher for adolescents with smoking experiences at T2. No significant associations between Neuroticism or Openness and future substance use were observed.

Conclusion: Low scores of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness seem to have the greatest value for a prediction of later experiences with substance use. As the present study is the first one to examine the predictive value of the NEO-FFI for future substance use in an adolescent sample, further studies are necessary to enable a better applicability in a clinical context.}
}